Download or read book Molecular Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase in Infectious Virus written by Alok Mohan Mulky and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase written by Stuart LeGrice and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reverse Transcriptase (RT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) arguably ranks amongst one of the most extensively studied retroviral enzymes. Heterologous expression and purification of HIV-1 RT in the early eighties, approval of the first nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NRTI) in 1987, discovery of resistance to RT inhibitors, approval of the first non-nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NNRTI) in 1996 and the various crystal structures of RT with and without bound substrate(s) and/or inhibitors represent only a few of the important milestones that describe the a bench-to-bedside success in the continuing effort to combat HIV-1 infection and its consequences. Nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors remain important components in frequently used drug regimens to treat the infection. RT inhibitors also play important roles in recently validated strategies to prevent transmission of the virus. The relevance of HIV-1 RT as a drug target has simultaneously triggered interest in basic research studies aimed at providing a more detailed understanding of interactions between proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecule ligands in general terms. In light of the ever-growing knowledge on structure and function of HIV-1 RT, this enzyme serves as a valuable “model system” in efforts to develop novel experimental tools and to explain biochemical processes. This monograph is designed to provide an overview of important aspects in past and current HIV-1 RT research, with focus on mechanistic aspects and translation of knowledge into drug discovery and development. The first section includes chapters with emphasis placed on the coordination of the RT-associated DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities. The second covers mechanisms of action and future perspectives associated with NRTIs and NNRTIs, while the third section includes chapters focusing on novel strategies to target the RT enzyme. Chapters of the final part are intended to discuss mechanisms involved in HIV variability and the development of drug resistance. We hope that these contributions will stimulate interest, and encourage research aimed at the development of novel RT inhibitors. The lack of bona fide RNase H inhibitors with potent antiviral activity provides an example for challenges and opportunities in the field.
Download or read book Molecular Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Rev Pathway written by Roochi Trikha and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Analysis of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein written by John William Dubay and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HIV Protocols written by Nelson Michael and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The worldwide impact of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV- is reflected in the cumulative number ofHIV- 1 infections, which is now predicted to exceed 40 million by the year 2000---equivalent to the n- ber of humans who perished in World War II. The medical and scientific - sponse to the HIV-1 pandemic has steadily grown since its recognition in 1981. The outlay by the United States alone for HIV research funded by the National Institutes of Health in 1997 was $1. 4 billion. Laboratory-based HIV research has brought together academic clinicians, retrovirologists, molecular biologists, and immunologists in the formation of research teams attempting to dissect the viral and host factors contributing to disease pathogenesis. Increasing focus is being placed on those aspects of viral biology and host immune responses that bear on the development of vaccines to prevent HIV infection. HIVProtocols reflects the state of HIV research in several ways. First, chapters are organized into four sections: Virology, Molecular Biology, Humoral Immunology, and Cellular Immunology. This organization is a natural consequence of the diverse scientific disciplines that have been attracted to HIV research. Second, the chapters reflect such diverse research directions as viral coreceptor usage, quantitation of viral genomes, HIV promoter function, B-cell epitope mapping, and measurements of T-cell function, each of which bears on the goal of understanding the viral and host immune responses that will be critical to the design of effective preventive vaccines.
Download or read book Molecular Analysis of the Contributions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase in Post Entry Steps of Early Stage Virus Replication written by Kallesh Danappa Jayappa and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Retroviruses written by Bryan Cullen and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to specifically cover the molecular biology of retroviruses - of immense importance since the high profile of HIV. International contributors provide detailed reviews of the latest knowledge. An excellent text for both medical and non-medical researchers, it also serves as an illuminating introduction for scientists active in other areas.
Download or read book Human Retrovirus Protocols written by Tuofu Zhu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-04 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A cutting-edge collection of basic and state-of-the-art methods optimized for investigating the molecular biology of this class of retrovirus. These readily reproducible techniques range from methods for the isolation and detection of human retroviruses to cutting-edge methods for exploring the interplay between the viruses and the host. Here, the researcher will find up-to-date techniques for the isolation and propagation of HIV, HTLV, and foamy virus from a variety of sources. There are also assays for determining the cell tropism of HIV-1, the coreceptor usage of HIV-1, and human gene expression with HIV-1 infection by microarrays, as well as for phenotyping HIV-1 infected monocytes and examining their fitness. Highlights include the detection and quantification of HIV-1 in resting CD4+, a new cloning system for making recombinent virus, cDNA microarrays, and the determination of genetic polymorphisms in two recently identified HIV-1 co-factors that are critical for HIV-1 infection.
Download or read book Investigating the Functional Interaction Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase and Reverse Transcripts and the Mechanism by which Integrase Influences the Early Events of Reverse Transcription written by Charles Warren Dobard and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HIV 1 Integrase written by Nouri Neamati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.
Download or read book Molecular Analysis of HIV 1 Rev written by David McDonald and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular and Functional Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 ENV Genes written by Sarah Ashelford and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Characterization of HIV 1 in Hong Kong written by Wai-Chi Sabrina To and published by Open Dissertation Press. This book was released on 2017-01-27 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation, "Molecular Characterization of HIV-1 in Hong Kong: a Study of Drug Resistance Mutations, Tropism and Viral Evolution" by Wai-chi, Sabrina, To, 杜維之, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a life-long threat which cannot be prevented by vaccination or completely cured by antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The establishment of genotypic resistant testing (GRT) greatly improved the infection management and provided further guidelines on ARV strategies. The current study aimed to utilize the accumulated GRT data to investigate the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology, trends of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) among local patients and intra-host viral evolution. In order to maximize the therapeutic options for HIV-1 patients, the genotypic study also extended to two relatively new ARV classes for determination of integrase polymorphisms and tropism prevalence. From 1994 through 2013, a total of 3,108 plasma samples were available from 2,475 HIV-1 positive patients for epidemiological and viral investigations. The predominant genotypes in Hong Kong were subtype B (42.1%) and CRF01_AE (39.7%). Other genotypes including subtypes A1, C, D, F1, G, CRF02_AG, CRF06_cpx, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC and CRF12_BF were also identified. Though the phylogenetic studies of subtype B and CRF01_AE identified several sporadic distinct clusters, their transmissions had been widely established between all local risk groups. In contrast, most of the non-B and non-AE cases were infected outside Hong Kong or circulated within non-Chinese population. However, one of the clusters in CRF07_BC suggested that this genotype might have been established quite well among local Chinese men-who-have-sex-with-men community. Routine GRT also provided valuable longitudinal data to study intra-host viral evolution. The observed intra-host evolutionary rates in CRF01_AE variants (11.68 x 〖10〗 DEGREES(-4), IQR: 8.87 - 20.54 x 〖10〗 DEGREES(-4) substitutions per site per year) was significantly higher than subtype B variants (5.27 x 〖10〗 DEGREES(-4), IQR: 3.32 - 8.01 x 〖10〗 DEGREES(-4) substitutions per site per year). Of 2,157 treatment-naive patients included in this study, 4.4% of them were found carrying surveillance protease (PR) or reverse transcriptase (RT) DRMs. More importantly, half of the GRT data from 407 treatment-failure patients were potentially resistant to PR or RT inhibitors. The introduction of integrase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists provided new insights and era for treating HIV-1 patients who were resistant to PR or RT inhibitors. The integrase GRT results showed that there were no major DRMs observed in integrase inhibitors-naive patients. The distribution of integrase polymorphic sites between subtype B and CRF01_AE was significantly differed. On the other hand, the prevalence of X4/Dual-Mixed tropism in CRF01_AE variants was always significantly higher than subtype B, regardless of the interpretation algorithms and treatment history. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and intra-host viral evolution of Hong Kong in the last two decades by utilizing the GRT data obtained from the ARV surveillance program. The in-house integrase GRT and genotypic tropism test were as well evaluated. The high prevalence of X4/Dual-Mixed tropism in CRF01_AE isolates would definitely limit the salvage therapeutic options for CRF01_AE-infected patients. Summarizing these findings, it is possible to project that CRF01_AE virus has unique characteristics from subtype B and should be invest
Download or read book Characterizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Interaction written by Shewit Tekeste and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication requires the reverse transcription of its RNA genome into double-stranded DNA copies within the cytoplasm before integration into the host chromosome. Reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) are the viral enzymes responsible for catalyzing the essential steps of reverse transcription and integration, respectively. While numerous studies have led to a greater understanding of the functional roles that RT and IN individually play in HIV-1 replication, little is known about the functional role of RT-IN complex formation in vivo. We hypothesize that RT-IN interaction has functional significance in HIV-1 reverse transcription and replication kinetics. We have mapped the putative binding domain of RT on IN to nine residues on the IN C-terminal domain (CTD). We tested the significance of RT-IN interaction on reverse transcription and viral replication, and identified the step at which viral replication of these IN mutants become defective. We observed impairment of viral cDNA synthesis in viruses harboring IN mutations at the putative RT-binding surface, supporting our hypothesis that the RT-IN interaction during the reverse transcription step is biologically relevant. We have developed a pharmacological approach to study and screen for inhibitors against the RT-IN interaction. Lastly, we have also initiated biochemical studies to determine the IN binding domain domain on RT to contribute to the full understanding of the binding mechanism.
Download or read book Advances in Molecular Biology and Targeted Treatment for AIDS written by Ajit Kumar and published by Springer. This book was released on 1991-05-31 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the Xth International Washington Spring Symposium at the George Washington University in Washington, D.C., held May 15-18, 1990.
Download or read book Biological Characterization of Transmitted Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 written by Tara Grant Edmonds and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) accounts for the majority of infections worldwide, with women representing the larger percentage of infected individuals. The events leading to the transmission of HIV-1 at mucosal surfaces are not well defined. Based on the observations that transmitted viruses nearly exclusively utilize the CCR5 coreceptor, and that in 80% of heterosexual transmissions a single virus variant establishes infection, there appears to be a selection mechanism that allows only a subset of viruses to be transmitted. This genetic bottleneck suggests that transmitted viruses may possess specific phenotypic and/or genotypic properties that allow for their preferential transmission. Elucidating the biological characteristics of these viruses may be instrumental in developing an efficacious vaccine. Utilizing viral sequences determined by single genome amplification (SGA), we generated infectious molecular clones (IMCs) of 10 full-length clade B transmitted viral genomes. To directly examine determinants in Env, we also generated a Renilla luciferase reporter virus that expresses viral env genes in cis (Env-IMC-LucR viruses). Transmitted viruses were compared to "prototypic" macrophage-tropic viruses (BaL, SF162 and YU-2), which are commonly utilized in studies of HIV-1 transmission, for infectivity and replication in primary CD4+ T lymphocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and vaginal mucosal cells. Transmitted viruses replicated to high titers in CD4+ T lymphocyte cultures, with similar kinetics to control viruses. However, in MDM, their replication was 10 to 100-fold lower than that of the controls. In both CD4+ T lymphocytes and MDM, Env-IMC-LucR viruses replicated similarly to their cognate full-length virus, indicating the low macrophage tropism phenotype observed for the transmitted viruses is due to virus-specific molecular determinants in Env. Additionally, MDM infected with transmitted viruses contained significantly less reverse transcribed cDNA compared to cells infected with control viruses, indicating the phenotype manifests early in the virus life cycle. In vaginal mucosal cells, both transmitted and control viruses were infectious, and flow cytometric analysis identified HIV-1 antigen positive T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages in the cultures. These results indicate that transmitted viruses are not highly tropic for MDMs and further analysis will reveal whether transmitted viruses possess tropisms for specific vaginal mucosal cells.
Download or read book Virology Aids Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
