Download or read book Modeling Hydraulic Fractures Using Microseismic Events written by Mohammed Zaki AlQassab and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancements in hydraulic fracturing technology have enabled the development of unconventional reservoirs. Hydraulic fractures increase the total surface area of the wellbore, which leads to an increase in production rate. One way to evaluate the success of hydraulic fracturing jobs is to detect microseismic events during fracturing. Mapping microseismic events help engineers identify the areal extent of the fractures. However, estimating the actual size, shape, and orientation of hydraulic fractures from microseismic events is challenging because microseismic events are week signals and include noise (Warpinski 2009). Here we propose a novel workflow that builds a discrete fracture model directly from microseismic events. We use several techniques such as density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), surface fitting, embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM), and proxy-based assisted history matching (AHM). We first define the region for each stage using the perforation intervals. Then, we use DBSCAN to reduce noise and identify clusters in each stage. Next, we choose the main cluster in each stage to fit a fracture plane to the microseismic events. The last step is to calibrate the fracture model using two scaling factors: one reduces the fracture height and the other reduces the fracture half-length. We determine the appropriate scaling factors using AHM. Therefore, the final calibrated fracture model would match field production data. We found that preliminary fracture model overestimates the size of the fractures. Hence, calibrating the fracture model with production data is important. There are several field applications that can benefit from our workflow. For example, we can compare the fracture models for several offset wells in a reservoir and make some correlations with their fracturing strategies. The best fracturing strategy can then be implemented for future wells. We also introduce a new approach that estimates bottom hole pressure from static wellhead pressure in wellbores filled with gas and water. We divide the gas column into (n) small segments. Then, we evaluate the pressure in each segment along with the depth of the gas-water interface by numerically solving (n+1) equations. This approach is useful in history matching since obtaining bottom hole pressure is challenging and expensive

Download or read book Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-08-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past several years, some energy technologies that inject or extract fluid from the Earth, such as oil and gas development and geothermal energy development, have been found or suspected to cause seismic events, drawing heightened public attention. Although only a very small fraction of injection and extraction activities among the hundreds of thousands of energy development sites in the United States have induced seismicity at levels noticeable to the public, understanding the potential for inducing felt seismic events and for limiting their occurrence and impacts is desirable for state and federal agencies, industry, and the public at large. To better understand, limit, and respond to induced seismic events, work is needed to build robust prediction models, to assess potential hazards, and to help relevant agencies coordinate to address them. Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies identifies gaps in knowledge and research needed to advance the understanding of induced seismicity; identify gaps in induced seismic hazard assessment methodologies and the research to close those gaps; and assess options for steps toward best practices with regard to energy development and induced seismicity potential.

Download or read book Spring slider and Finite Element Modeling of Microseismic Events and Fault Slip During Hydraulic Fracturing written by Ali Kashefi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydraulic fracturing increases reservoir permeability by opening fractures and triggering slip on natural fractures and faults. While seismic slip of small faults or fault patches is detectable as microseismic events, the role of aseismic slip is poorly understood. From a modeling standpoint, geomechanical analysis using the Coulomb criterion can determine if faults slip but not whether slip is seismic or aseismic. Here we propose a computational methodology to predict fault slip, and whether slip is seismic or aseismic, using rate-and-state friction. To avoid computational costs associated with resolving small faults, we use the spring-slider idealization that treats faults as points. Interaction between faults is neglected. The method is applied to study fault slip from a hydraulic fracture that grows past a fault, without intersecting it. We represent the hydraulic fracture stressing using an asymptotic expansion of stresses around the tip of a tensile crack. We investigate the effect of fault length, orientation, and distance from the hydraulic fracture. For velocity-weakening faults with stiffness smaller than a critical stiffness, slip is seismic, whereas faults with stiffness greater than the critical stiffness slip aseismically. Furthermore, we compare the spring-slider idealization with a finite element analysis that resolves spatially variable slip. The spring-slider idealization provides reasonably accurate predictions of moment and even moment-rate history, especially for faults having stiffness close to or larger than the critical stiffness. Differences appear for large faults where rupture propagation is important, though differences might still be negligible for many applications. The spring-slider methodology could be applied to model statistics of microseismicity and aseismic slip on a population of small faults in a reservoir by populating a stochastic fracture network with spring sliders having frictional properties drawn from a statistical characterization based on well logs and experimental correlations between friction and rock properties.

Download or read book Microseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Shawn Mawell and published by SEG Books. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microseismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing: Improved Engineering of Unconventional Shale Reservoirs (SEG Distinguished Instructor Series No. 17) covers the use of microseismic data to enhance engineering design of hydraulic fracturing and well completion. The book, which accompanies the 2014 SEG Distinguished Instructor Short Course, describes the design, acquisition, processing, and interpretation of an effective microseismic project. The text includes a tutorial of the basics of hydraulic fracturing, including the geologic and geomechanical factors that control fracture growth. In addition to practical issues associated with collecting and interpreting microseismic data, potential pitfalls and quality-control steps are discussed. Actual case studies are used to demonstrate engineering benefits and improved production through the use of microseismic monitoring. Providing a practical user guide for survey design, quality control, interpretation, and application of microseismic hydraulic fracture monitoring, this book will be of interest to geoscientists and engineers involved in development of unconventional reservoirs.

Download or read book Study of Microseismic Events written by Yunhui Tan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microseismic is commonly used to monitor the hydraulic fracturing process. Seismic signals are recorded using either surface or downhole geophones to invert for hypocenters of rock movements (moment magnitude usually between -3 and 0) happened during hydraulic fracturing. The location of these microseismic events are used to estimate the stimulated reservoir volume. This thesis focuses on further understanding of microseismic events beyond the cloud of locations. To test whether the lineament of microseismic event cloud represent fluid filled open fractures, we looked at the change of S wave from perforations when it passes microseismic event cloud (Chapter 2). Strong attenuation of S wave suggests that the microseismic event cloud indicates fluid-filled open fractures.We also studied the evolution of medium velocity structure during hydraulic fracturing. By inverting the arrival time of perforation shots recorded by downhole geophones, we found that the velocity of stimulated region is higher than the unstimulated region (Chapter 3).A new model (Rutledge-Eisner model) is introduced to describe the mechanism of microseismic event generation. This model states that the microseismic events are a results of shearing on bedding planes caused by opening of hydraulic fractures. Moment tensor inversion results from surface microseismic monitoring of the Marcellus shale is presented to validate this model (Chapter 4).Based on this model, we explained some phenomena in the temporal and spatial distribution of microseismic events under different geological and geomechanical conditions (Chapter 5). We found that microseismic events concentrate behind the fracture tip in a single planar fracture propagation. Low in-situ stress environment leads to early microseismic events while high in-situ stress lead to late microseismic events during fracturing. Natural fracture networks show unique microseismic temporal patterns with the increased sand concentration. Higher in-situ stress variation between layers lead to more microseismic events and larger magnitude.In summary, microseismic monitoring is an effective method to reveal details about hydraulic fracturing.

Download or read book Microseismic Monitoring written by Vladimir Grechka and published by SEG Books. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past decade, microseismic monitoring, a technology developed for evaluating completions of wells drilled to produce hydrocarbons from unconventional reservoirs, has grown increasingly popular among oil and gas companies. Microseismic Monitoring, by Vladimir Grechka and Werner M. Heigl, discusses how to process microseismic data, what can and cannot be inferred from such data, and to what level of certainty this might be possible. The narrative of the book follows the passage of seismic waves: from a source triggered by hydraulic fracture stimulation, through hydrocarbon-bearing formations, towards motion sensors. The waves’ characteristics encode the location of their source and its focal mechanism. The analysis of various approaches to harvesting the source-related information from microseismic records has singled out the accuracy of the velocity model, fully accounting for the strong elastic anisotropy of hydraulically fractured shales, as the most critical ingredient for obtaining precise source locations and interpretable moment tensors. The ray theory complemented by its modern extensions, paraxial and Fréchet ray tracing, provides the only practical means available today for building such models. The book is written for geophysicists interested in learning and applying advanced microseismic data-processing techniques.

Download or read book Hydraulic Fracture Monitoring written by Ana Karen Ortega Perez and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Well-monitoring before, during, and after hydraulic fracturing treatment is essential to accomplish a successful fracture completion program. By knowing the geometry, orientation, and propagation of the hydraulic fractures, we can identify potential completion issues during fracturing operations and help in the design of more efficient unconventional reservoir completions. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is an emerging technology in hydraulic fracture monitoring that enables continuous, real-time measurements along the entire length of a fiber optic cable. The low-frequency band of DAS records strain perturbations of the medium, due to fracture propagation, which provides critical constraints on hydraulic fracture geometry. In this study, the low-frequency DAS strain fronts was analyzed, with their corresponding pumping curves, for one hydraulic fracturing treatment to obtain information on the hydraulic fractures like fracture azimuth, propagation speed, number of fractures created during each stage and re-stimulation of pre-existent fractures. Then, the microseismicity of the treatment was analyzed to obtain information on hydraulic fractures like length, height, trajectory and cloud growth over time. The microseismicity was also projected onto the strain fronts to study the development of the events with respect to the fracture signal and to find correlations between the strain changes and the microseismic events. Finally, the PKN model was computed using parameters from the stimulation treatment and the DAS strain fronts to forecast anticipated fracture lengths against observations. The PKN modeling results were compared to the microseismic and DAS results to find stages where the hydraulic fractures did not grow or propagate as expected. The low-frequency DAS is able to obtain information on hydraulic fractures that would need extra processing or might not be picked up using other records as microseismicity. However, the spatial constraint of the measurements in DAS needs to be taken into consideration. This spatial constraint can be addressed by the integration of other records. In general, there is good agreement between the LF DAS data, the pumping information, the microseismic data and the PKN model. But when they do not agree on a stage, that gives us an indication that something unexpected happened during injection. Models describing the expected behavior of the different records analyzed in this research were created to explain some possible scenarios of fracture propagation. Most stages in this treatment fall within one of these models.

Download or read book Understanding Downhole Microseismic Data Analysis written by Jubran Akram and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed as an excellent resource text for students and professionals, providing an in-depth overview of the theory and applications of downhole microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing. The readers will benefit greatly from the detailed explanation on the processes and workflows involved in the acquisition design modeling, processing and interpretation of microseismic data.

Download or read book Unconventional Reservoir Geomechanics written by Mark D. Zoback and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-05-16 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview of the key geologic, geomechanical and engineering principles that govern the development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. Covering hydrocarbon-bearing formations, horizontal drilling, reservoir seismology and environmental impacts, this is an invaluable resource for geologists, geophysicists and reservoir engineers.

Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Ching H. Yew and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Revised to include current components considered for today's unconventional and multi-fracture grids, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition explains one of the most important features for fracture design — the ability to predict the geometry and characteristics of the hydraulically induced fracture. With two-thirds of the world's oil and natural gas reserves committed to unconventional resources, hydraulic fracturing is the best proven well stimulation method to extract these resources from their more remote and complex reservoirs. However, few hydraulic fracture models can properly simulate more complex fractures. Engineers and well designers must understand the underlying mechanics of how fractures are modeled in order to correctly predict and forecast a more advanced fracture network. Updated to accommodate today's fracturing jobs, Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, Second Edition enables the engineer to: - Understand complex fracture networks to maximize completion strategies - Recognize and compute stress shadow, which can drastically affect fracture network patterns - Optimize completions by properly modeling and more accurately predicting for today's hydraulic fracturing completions - Discusses the underlying mechanics of creating a fracture from the wellbore - Enhanced to include newer modeling components such as stress shadow and interaction of hydraulic fracture with a natural fracture, which aids in more complex fracture networks - Updated experimental studies that apply to today's unconventional fracturing cases

Download or read book Analysis of Microseismic Events Associated with Hydraulic Fracture Propagation written by Chennu Fan and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microseismicity a tool for reservoir characterization written by S. A. Shapiro and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing written by Xi Zhang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-12-15 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing Comprehensive single-volume reference work providing an overview of experimental results and predictive methods for hydraulic fracture growth in rocks Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing: Experiment, Model, and Monitoring provides a summary of the research in mechanics of hydraulic fractures during the past two decades, plus new research trends to look for in the future. The book covers the contributions from theory, modeling, and experimentation, including the application of models to reservoir stimulation, mining preconditioning, and the formation of geological structures. The four expert editors emphasize the variety of diverse methods and tools in hydraulic fracturing and help the reader understand hydraulic fracture mechanics in complex geological situations. To aid in reader comprehension, practical examples of new approaches and methods are presented throughout the book. Key topics covered in the book include: Prediction of fracture shapes, sizes, and distributions in sedimentary basins, plus their importance in petroleum industry Real-time monitoring methods, such as micro-seismicity and trace tracking How to uncover geometries of fractures like dikes and veins Fracture growth of individual foundations and its applications Researchers and professionals working in the field of fluid-driven fracture growth will find immense value in this comprehensive reference on hydraulic fracturing mechanics.

Download or read book Imaging the Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing in Naturally fractured Reservoirs Using Induced Seismicity and Numerical Modeling written by Xueping Zhao and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Comparison of Hydraulic Fracture Modeling with Downhole and Surface Microseismic Data in a Stacked Fluvial Pay System written by Nur Azlinda Mohammad and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Challenges and Innovations in Geomechanics written by Marco Barla and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 1124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of computational geomechanics, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the 16th International Conference of the International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG 2020/21). Contributions include a wide range of topics in geomechanics such as: monitoring and remote sensing, multiphase modelling, reliability and risk analysis, surface structures, deep structures, dams and earth structures, coastal engineering, mining engineering, earthquake and dynamics, soil-atmosphere interaction, ice mechanics, landfills and waste disposal, gas and petroleum engineering, geothermal energy, offshore technology, energy geostructures, geomechanical numerical models and computational rail geotechnics.

Download or read book Microseismic Monitoring and Geomechanical Modelling of CO2 Storage in Subsurface Reservoirs written by James P. Verdon and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-01-11 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents an impressive summary of the potential to use passive seismic methods to monitor the sequestration of anthropogenic CO2 in geologic reservoirs. It brings together innovative research in two distinct areas – seismology and geomechanics – and involves both data analysis and numerical modelling. The data come from the Weyburn-Midale project, which is currently the largest Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) project in the world. James Verdon’s results show how passive seismic monitoring can be used as an early warning system for fault reactivation and top seal failure, which may lead to the escape of CO2 at the surface.