Download or read book MODEL BASED ENGINE OUT EMISSIONS ANALYSIS FOR A GASOLINE TURBOCHARGED DIRECT INJECTION SPARK IGNITED ENGINE IN ELEVATED HEV CRANKING SPEED written by and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract : The in-cylinder trapped air, residual gas, and temperature are important dynamic parameters in Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) Spark Ignition (SI) engines for fuel and combustion control. However, their real-time prediction for transient engine operations is complicated, especially when concerning variable valve timing. A dynamic cycle-by-cycle control-oriented discrete nonlinear model is proposed and developed in this thesis to estimate the in-cylinder mixture temperature and the mass of trapped air, and residual gas at the point of Intake Valve Closing (IVC). The developed model uses in-cylinder, intake, and exhaust pressures as the primary inputs. The exhaust gas backflow into the cylinder is estimated using a compressible ideal gas model that is designed for engines equipped with Variable Valve Timing (VVT). The designed model is integrated into a rapid-prototype control system for real-time operation. The model's dynamic behavior is validated using an engine dynamometer transient test cycle under real-time conditions. The cold crank-start phase significantly contributes to total engine-out emissions during the US Federal Test Procedure (FTP). The first three engine cycles of the cold crank-start for a Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engine in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) elevated cranking speed is investigated at 20°C. To this end, the impact of the operating strategy on the individual-cylinder engine-out emissions is analyzed quantitatively. For this purpose, a new dynamic method was developed to translate the engine-out emissions concentration measured at the exhaust manifold outlet to mass per cycle per cylinder. The HEV elevated cranking speed provides valve timing control, throttling, and increased fuel injection pressure from the first firings. This study concentrates on analyzing the cranking speed, spark timing, valve timing, and fuel injection strategy, and parameter effects on engine-out emissions. Design of Experiment (DOE) method is used to create a two-step multi-level fractional-factorial test plan with a minimum number of test points to evaluate the significant parameters affecting engine-out emissions during cold crank-start. The split injection parameters, including the Start of the first Injection (SOI), End of the second injection (EOI), and split ratio, in addition to the first cycle additive fuel factor, are investigated. Results show that using the high cranking speed with stabilized low intake Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP), highly-retarded spark timing, high valve overlap, late intake first injection, 30 CAD bTDC firing EOI, and low first cycle fuel factor reduces the average first three cycles HC emission by 94\%.

Download or read book Modeling and Simulation of Knock and Nitric Oxide Emissions in Turbocharged Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engines written by Dirk Linse and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2013-11-13 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden neue Modelle entwickelt, um Stickoxidemissionen und Klopfen in turboaufgeladenen Ottomotoren mit Direkteinspritzung abbilden zu können. Das Klopfmodell basiert auf einer Zündfortschrittsvariable für das Transportgleichungen für den Favre-Mittelwert und die - Varianz hergeleitet worden sind. Die in diesen Gleichungen auftretenden mittleren chemischen Quellterme werden mittels einem „presumed PDF“ Ansatz für Temperatur und Mischungsbruch in Kombination mit tabellierter detaillierter Reaktionskinetik bestimmt. Mit diesem Klopfmodell lässt sich an jedem Ort im Brennraum die Selbstzündungswahrscheinlichkeit bestimmen. Zur Bestimmung der Stickoxidemissionen wurde ein neues Multizonenmodell hergeleitet. Damit lassen sich die Zonen auf das verbranntes Gemisch konditionieren, um dort die Stickoxidbildung mittels detaillierter Reaktionskinetik zu berechnen. Durch den Abgleich mit experimentellen Ergebnisse konnte gezeigt werden, dass das Klopf- und NOx-Modell in der Lage sind den mittleren Klopfzeitpunkt und Anzahl klopfender Arbeitsspiele bzw. die Stickoxidemissionen mit hinreichender Genauigkeit zu bestimmen.

Download or read book Cost Effectiveness and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-09-28 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others? Written to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.

Download or read book Analysis of the Fuel Economy Potential of a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine and a CVT in an HEV and a Conventional Vehicle Based on In situ Measurements written by Byung-Soon Min and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Automotive Spark Ignited Direct Injection Gasoline Engines written by F. Zhao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-08 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injections are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed. The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole; thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and after treatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and a compilation and discussion of areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards presented. All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed.

Download or read book Modeling the Effects of Engine Speed and Fuel Injection Strategies on Power Density and Emission Levels written by Michael F. Stoia and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium and Heavy Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-30 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.

Download or read book Characterization of Single Cylinder Small Bore 4 Stroke CIDI Engine Combustion written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct injection diesel engines power most of the heavy-duty vehicles. Due to their superior fuel economy, high power density and low carbon dioxide emissions, turbocharged, small bore, high speed, direct injection diesel engines are being considered to power light duty vehicles. Such vehicles have to meet stringent emission standards. However, it is difficult to meet these standards by modifying the in-cylinder thermodynamic and combustion processes to reduce engine-out emissions. After-treatment devices will be needed to achieve even lower emission targets required in the production engines to account for the anticipated deterioration after long periods of operation in the field. To reduce the size, mass and cost of the after-treatment devices, there is a need to reduce engine-out emissions and optimize both the engine and the aftertreatment devices as one integrated system. For example, the trade-off between engine-out NOx and PM, suggests that one of these species can be minimized in the engine, with a penalty in the other, which can be addressed efficiently in the after-treatment devices. Controlling engine-out emissions can be achieved by optimizing many engine design and operating parameters. The design parameters include, but are not limited to, the type of injection system: (CRS) Common Rail System, (HEUI) Hydraulically Actuated and Electronically controlled Unit Injector, or (EUI) Electronic Unit Injector; engine compression ratio, combustion chamber design (bowl design), reentrance geometry, squish area and intake and exhaust ports design. With four-valve engines, the swirl ratio depends on the design of both the tangential and helical ports and their relative locations. For any specific engine design, the operating variables need also to be optimized. These include injection pressure, injection rate, injection duration and timing (pilot, main, and post injection), EGR ratio, and swirl ratio. The goal of the program is to gain a better understanding of the spray behavior under high injection pressures in small-bore, high compression ratio, high-speed, direct-injection diesel engines equipped with advanced fuel injection system. The final results demonstrate the capability of the engine in reducing the engine-out emissions and improve the trade-off between nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter, other emissions and fuel economy. This report introduces a new phenomenological model for the fuel distribution and combustion, and emissions formation in the small bore, high speed, direct injection diesel engine. This will be followed by an analysis of the effect of each of injection pressure, EGR, injection advance and retard and swirl ratio on engine-out emissions and fuel economy. A discussion will be given on the 2-D and 3-D trade of maps. Finally a discussion will be made on the low temperature combustion regimes, its major problems and proposed solutions.

Download or read book A Theoretical and Experimental Study of Emissions Modeling for Diesel Engines with Comparisons to In cylinder Imaging written by Gregory James Hampson and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Typescript.

Download or read book Ethanol Blend Effects On Direct Injection Spark Ignition Gasoline Vehicle Particulate Matter Emissions written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Direct injection spark-ignition (DISI) gasoline engines can offer better fuel economy and higher performance over their port fuel-injected counterparts, and are now appearing increasingly in more U.S. vehicles. Small displacement, turbocharged DISI engines are likely to be used in lieu of large displacement engines, particularly in light-duty trucks and sport utility vehicles, to meet fuel economy standards for 2016. In addition to changes in gasoline engine technology, fuel composition may increase in ethanol content beyond the 10% allowed by current law due to the Renewable Fuels Standard passed as part of the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA). In this study, we present the results of an emissions analysis of a U.S.-legal stoichiometric, turbocharged DISI vehicle, operating on ethanol blends, with an emphasis on detailed particulate matter (PM) characterization. Gaseous species, particle mass, and particle number concentration emissions were measured for the Federal Test Procedure urban driving cycle (FTP 75) and the more aggressive US06 cycle. Particle number-size distributions and organic to elemental carbon ratios (OC/EC) were measured for 30 MPH and 80 MPH steady-state operation. In addition, particle number concentration was measured during wide open throttle accelerations (WOTs) and gradual accelerations representative of the FTP 75. For the gaseous species and particle mass measurements, dilution was carried out using a full flow constant volume sampling system (CVS). For the particle number concentration and size distribution measurements, a micro-tunnel dilution system was employed. The vehicles were fueled by a standard test gasoline and 10% (E10) and 20% (E20) ethanol blends from the same supplier. The particle mass emissions were approximately 3 and 7 mg/mile for the FTP75 and US06, respectively, with lower emissions for the ethanol blends. During steady-state operation, the geometric mean diameter of the particle-number size distribution remained approximately the same (50 nm) but the particle number concentration decreased with increasing ethanol content in the fuel. In addition, increasing ethanol content significantly reduced the number concentration of 50 and 100 nm particles during gradual and WOT accelerations.

Download or read book Concepts in Turbocharging for Improved Efficiency and Emissions Reduction written by Mehrdad Zangeneh and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2014-09-22 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legislative requirements to reduce CO2 emissions by 2020 have resulted in significant efforts by car manufacturers to explore various methods of pollution abatement. One of the most effective ways found so far is by shortening the cylinder stroke and downsizing the engine. This new engine then needs to be boosted, or turbocharged, to create the full and original load torque. Turbocharging has been and will continue to be a key component to the new technologies that will make a positive difference in the next-generation engines of years to come. Concepts in Turbocharging for Improved Efficiency and Emissions Reduction explores the many ways that turbocharging will deliver concrete results in meeting the new realities of sustainable, green transportation. This collection of very focused technical papers, selected by Mehrdad Zangeneh, PhD., a professor of thermo-fluids at University College in London, provides an assessment of several novel designs intended to improve fuel consumption and cap emissions, while maintaining torque at all speeds. The book is divided into four sections, each addressing the most cutting-edge technologies on the market today: o Two-Stage Turbocharging o Variable Geometry Compressors o Unconventional Compressor Configurations o Electrically Assisted Turbocharging

Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Studies of Hydrocarbon Emissions from Automotive and Small Utility Engines written by Xiaobo Sun and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multidimensional Modeling of Combustion and Knock in Spark ignition Engines with Detailed Chemical Kinetics written by Long Liang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Exhaust emission factors for nonroad engine modeling spark ignition written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Multi dimensional Modeling of Ignition and Combustion in Premixed and DIS CI direct Injection Spark compression Ignition Engines written by Zhichao Tan and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Assessing the Hydrocarbon Emissions in a Homogeneous Direct Injection Spark Ignited Engine written by Michael S. Radovanovic and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the purpose of researching hydrocarbon (HC) emissions in a direct-injection spark ignited (DISI) engine, five experiments were performed. These experiments clarified the role of coolant temperature, injection pressure, and injection timing in HC emissions; the final two experiments illustrated the effect of coolant temperature and injection pressure on separate sweeps of injection timing and the subsequent HC levels. The first three experiments were performed with isopentane. All five of the experiments were repeated with two fuels: UTG 91, a typical research gasoline, and a fuel with a high driveability index (DI), i.e. a less volatile fuel. The results showed less-than intuitive results for the response of HC to varying coolant temperature and varying injection pressure. For the coolant temperature data, the deviation from intuition is discussed and is probably due to vaporization problems. For the injection pressure results, the counterintuitive trend is expected to be the balance of two negative effects of high and low fuel pressure: high droplet velocities and large droplet diameters. Finally, the injection timing results were more logical. The early injections are high for this engine due to late exhaust valve closing, and the late injections have high HC because of a decreasing time to vaporize and poor mixing caused by the lack of intake air motion.

Download or read book Emissions from Combustion Engines and Their Control written by Donald J. Patterson and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 1972 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: