Download or read book Mod lisation du langage naturel appliqu e la reconnaissance de l criture manuscrite en ligne written by Freddy Perraud and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: L'évolution de la société de l'Information avec les concepts d'ubiquité, de nomadisme, d'accès à l'information sans discontinuer, en tous lieux et en tous temps, et si possible avec le minimum d'efforts pour l'utilisateur impose de repenser les interfaces de communication. En effet, dans ces situations, la plupart du temps, le clavier n'apporte pas les solutions de confort attendu. L'utilisation de commandes gestuelles, et en particulier de l'écriture manuscrite, se révèle être aujourd'hui une alternative crédible pour ces nouveaux systèmes communicants (assistant numérique, ardoise électronique, etc.). Les performances des systèmes de reconnaissance actuels sont encore bien inférieures à celles de l'humain notamment dans la prise en compte d'informations contextuelles d'ordre linguistique. Les travaux que nous présentons dans ce manuscrit s'inscrivent dans un cadre industriel (CIFRE) et visent à améliorer le système de reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite nommé MyScript Builder, développé par la société Vision Objects. Dans un tel système, la prise en compte des propriétés du langage constitue un élément clé. C'est l'objectif central de ce travail pour lequel encore peu de contributions sont disponibles. Nous avons cherché à concevoir, développer et tester des modèles de langage les plus efficaces possibles pour un système de reconnaissance de l'écriture manuscrite en-ligne. Plusieurs types de contraintes étaient à satisfaire. En articulier, il fallait veiller au compromis taille/performance, mais aussi envisager la portabilité de la méthode afin de pouvoir la généraliser à différentes langues. Ainsi, nous avons privilégié une approche probabiliste basée sur des n-classes pour traiter les langues naturelles. Nous avons expérimenté de nombreuses techniques de classification basées sur différentes méthodes d'exploration de l'espace de recherche et se basant sur un critère de nature contextuelle ou syntaxique. Par ailleurs, des modèles structurels appelés lexiques d'expressions, ont été étudiés pour traiter des entités linguistiques spécifiques. Ces modèles ont fait l'objet d'expérimentations poussées pour évaluer les améliorations apportées au système de reconnaissance MyScript Builder. Sur des phrases appartenant à 13 langues différentes, le taux d'erreur a été diminué de 30 %en moyenne à l'aide de modèles n-classes par rapport à une version ne comportant qu'un simple lexique. Les lexiques d'expressions s'avèrent particulièrement performants puisque le nombre d'erreurs de reconnaissance est réduit de moitié.
Download or read book Int gration et mod lisation de connaissances linguistiques pour la reconnaissance d criture manuscrite en ligne written by Sabine Carbonnel and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LA RECONNAISSANCE D'ECRITURE MANUSCRITE EST UN PROBLEME DIFFICILE QUI NE PEUT SE REDUIRE A LA RECONNAISSANCE DE FORMES GRAPHIQUES : IL EST PRIMORDIAL D'INTEGRER DES CONNAISSANCES LINGUISTIQUES POUR GUIDER LA RECONNAISSANCE. LES OBJECTIFS DE NOS TRAVAUX SONT D'INTEGRER DES CONNAISSANCES LEXICALES POUR AMELIORER UN SYSTEME DE RECONNAISSANCE DE MOTS MANUSCRITS EN-LIGNE TOUT EN TENANT COMPTE DE CONTRAINTES (TEMPS DE CALCUL ET ENCOMBREMENT MEMOIRE) EN VUE DU PORTAGE DU SYSTEME SUR DES MATERIELS A CAPACITES REDUITES. NOUS PROPOSONS UN TRAITEMENT LEXICAL BASE SUR UN MODELE DE LANGAGE DE N-GRAMMES DE CARACTERES, UNE MODELISATION POUR REDUIRE L'ESPACE DES RECHERCHES DANS UN LEXIQUE AINSI QU'UNE MODELISATION AUTOMATIQUE D'UNE DISTANCE D'EDITION SPECIFIQUE A L'ECRITURE. CES MODELISATIONS AMELIORENT LE SYSTEME DE RECONNAISSANCE SUR LEQUEL SE BASENT NOS TRAVAUX, LIMITENT LA DUREE DU TRAITEMENT LEXICAL ET SONT DE PLUS FACILEMENT ADAPTABLES AUX EVOLUTIONS DU SYSTEME ET AU CONTEXTE D'UTILISATION. .
Download or read book MODELISATION ET RECONNAISSANCE PAR LA LOGIQUE FLOUE written by ERIC.. ANQUETIL and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: DANS LE CADRE GENERAL DES RECHERCHES PORTANT SUR LA COMMUNICATION OU L'INTERACTION ENTRE L'HOMME ET LA MACHINE (HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION), LA LECTURE AUTOMATIQUE DE L'ECRITURE MANUSCRITE CONSTITUE UNE NOUVELLE MODALITE D'INTERACTION POSSIBLE, QUI OFFRE A L'HOMME, NOTAMMENT AVEC L'APPARITION DES INTERFACES ORIENTEES STYLO, UN ENVIRONNEMENT DE DIALOGUE COHERENT, ERGONOMIQUE ET INTUITIF. POUR ENVISAGER DES APPLICATIONS REELLEMENT UTILISABLES, IL EST NECESSAIRE DE DEVELOPPER DES SYSTEMES DE RECONNAISSANCE D'ECRITURE AUX PERFORMANCES TRES PROCHES DE CELLES DE L'HOMME. OR, SI LA LECTURE APPARAIT COMME ETANT UNE ACTIVITE COURANTE ET NATURELLE POUR L'HOMME, LES MECANISMES MIS EN JEU (PERCEPTION VISUELLE, REPRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION MULTI-CONTEXTUELLE, ETC.) S'AVERENT TRES COMPLEXES A MODELISER. LA RECONNAISSANCE DE L'ECRITURE MANUSCRITE CONSTITUE PAR CONSEQUENT UN PROBLEME DE RECONNAISSANCE DES FORMES DIFFICILE QUI FAIT AUJOURD'HUI L'OBJET DE RECHERCHES TRES ACTIVES. NOUS PROPOSONS DANS CETTE THESE UNE NOUVELLE APPROCHE BASEE SUR LES CONCEPTS DE LA THEORIE DE LA LOGIQUE FLOUE POUR ABORDER LA MODELISATION ET L'ANALYSE DE L'ECRITURE MANUSCRITE. CETTE APPROCHE A ETE MISE EN OEUVRE POUR DEVELOPPER UN SYSTEME DE RECONNAISSANCE EN-LIGNE, OMNI-SCRIPTEUR, DE LETTRES ET DE MOTS MANUSCRITS. LE SYSTEME DEVELOPPE REPOSE SUR LA CONCEPTION D'UNE METHODOLOGIE DE MODELISATION EXPLICITE BASEE SUR LA GENERATION AUTOMATIQUE DE SYSTEMES D'INFERENCE FLOUE A PARTIR DE DONNEES D'APPRENTISSAGE. LA METHODOLOGIE PROPOSEE EST NOTAMMENT FONDEE SUR LES CONCEPTS DE LA CLASSIFICATION POSSIBILISTE, UTILISEE POUR MODELISER LES PROPRIETES LES PLUS PERTINENTES ASSOCIEES A UNE CLASSE. CHAQUE CLASSE DE LETTRES EST AINSI MODELISEE DE MANIERE INTRINSEQUE PAR UNE REPRESENTATION QUALITATIVE (THEORIE DES SOUS-ENSEMBLES FLOUS) OU LES CONNAISSANCES SONT STRUCTUREES ET HIERARCHISEES D'APRES LEUR PERTINENCE. LA STRATEGIE D'ANALYSE DU TRACE DES MOTS MANUSCRITS PROPOSEE EST ALORS GUIDEE PAR LA STRUCTURE DES MODELES DE LETTRES GENERES. ELLE MET EN OEUVRE NOTAMMENT UNE APPROCHE CONSTRUCTIVE PROPOSEE POUR FAIRE FACE AU PROBLEME DE LA SEGMENTATION DU TRACE DES MOTS EN LETTRES. ENFIN, LE PROCESSUS DE DECISION ASSOCIE A LA PHASE DE RECONNAISSANCE A ETE CONCU SUR LA BASE D'UNE FUSION COHERENTE DES CONNAISSANCES DEDUITES DE L'ANALYSE DU TRACE DU MOT ET DE LA RECONNAISSANCE DE SES DIFFERENTES LETTRES. LE SYSTEME DE RECONNAISSANCE D'ECRITURE MANUSCRITE OMNI-SCRIPTEUR PROPOSE, EST ALORS CAPABLE DE RECONNAITRE A LA FOIS DES MOTS OU DES LETTRES ISOLEES.
Download or read book Reconnaissance de L criture Manuscrite En ligne Par Approche Combinant Syst mes Vastes Marges Et Mod les de Markov Cach s written by Abdul Rahim Ahmad and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handwriting recognition is one of the leading applications of pattern recognition and machine learning. Handwriting recognition systems have been used as an imput method of many electronic devices and helps in the automation of many manual tasks. To further open the avenues of expanding its applications, specific improvements need to be made in the recognition capability of the system. Hidden Markov Model (HMM) has been the dominant methods of the recognition in handwriting recognition in offline and online systems. However, the use of Gaussian observation densities in HMM and representational model for word modeling often does not lead to good classification. Hybrid of Neural Network (NN) and HMM later improves word recognition by taking advantage of NN discriminative property and HMM representational capability. However, the use of NN does not optimize recognition capability as the use Empirical Risk minimization (ERM) principle in its training leads to poor generalization. In this thesis, we focus on improving the recognition capability of a cursive online handwritten word recognition system by using an emerging method in machine learning, the support vector machine (SVM). We first evaluated SVM in isolated character recognition environment using IRONOFF and UNIPEN character databases. SVM, by its use of principle of structural risk minimization (SRM) have allowed simultaneous optimization of representational and discriminative capability of the character recognizer. We finally demonstrate the various practical issues in using SVM within a hybrid setting with HMM. In addition, we tested the hydrid system of the IRONOFF word database and obtained satisfactory results.
Download or read book Des Mod les de Langage Pour la Reconnaissance de L criture Manuscrite written by Wassim Swaileh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis is about the design of a complete processing chain dedicated to unconstrained handwriting recognition. Three main difficulties are adressed: pre-processing, optical modeling and language modeling. The pre-processing stage is related to extracting properly the text lines to be recognized from the document image. An iterative text line segmentation method using oriented steerable filters was developed for this purpose. The difficulty in the optical modeling stage lies in style diversity of the handwriting scripts. Statistical optical models are traditionally used to tackle this problem such as Hidden Markov models (HMM-GMM) and more recently recurrent neural networks (BLSTM-CTC). Using BLSTM we achieve state of the art performance on the RIMES (for French) and IAM (for English) datasets. The language modeling stage implies the integration of a lexicon and a statistical language model to the recognition processing chain in order to constrain the recognition hypotheses to the most probable sequence of words (sentence) from the language point of view. The difficulty at this stage is related to the finding the optimal vocabulary with minimum Out-Of-Vocabulary words rate (OOV). Enhanced language modeling approaches has been introduced by using sub-lexical units made of syllables or multigrams. The sub-lexical units cover an important portion of the OOV words. Then the language coverage depends on the domain of the language model training corpus, thus the need to train the language model with in domain data. The recognition system performance with the sub-lexical units outperformes the traditional recognition systems that use words or characters language models, in case of high OOV rates. Otherwise equivalent performances are obtained with a compact sub-lexical language model. Thanks to the compact lexicon size of the sub-lexical units, a unified multilingual recognition system has been designed. The unified system performance have been evaluated on the RIMES and IAM datasets. The unified multilingual system shows enhanced recognition performance over the specialized systems, especially when a unified optical model is used.
Download or read book Des primitives aux lettres written by Hamouche Oulhadj and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depuis des années, la communication homme-machine par l'intermédiaire de l'écriture naturelle se heurte, sans succès, au problème complexe de la diversité des formes a identifier. Pour appréhender un tel problème, une nouvelle méthode de reconnaissance structurelle et analytique est proposée. L'approche développée est fondée sur des primitives topologiques insensibles a certaines variations de traces (changement de position et d'échelle, inclinaisons des lettres). Elle assume l'hypothèse d'existence d'un modèle collectif d'écriture que chacun reproduit avec une déformation propre. Ce modèle générique permet de considérer que tout mot écrit par un scripteur donne peut être assimilé a une séquence de lettres prototypes plus ou moins dégénérées. Ainsi, l'information nécessaire à la description d'une lettre repose non seulement sur les primitives représentant cette lettre mais aussi sur l'évaluation du taux de dégénérescence susceptible d'affecter cette lettre en cours de trace. Dans l'approche développée, le problème très délicat de la segmentation du mot est également soulevé. Pour effectuer une segmentation qui correspond exactement aux lettres à reconnaître, une méthode de segmentation intelligente, basée sur une stratégie de prédiction-vérification est proposée. Cette méthode permet de combiner la segmentation du mot et la reconnaissance des lettres dans une opération unique, évitant la segmentation a priori qui est source d'erreurs potentielles. Ces différentes propriétés, renforcées par divers types de connaissances relatives au langage écrit, sont a l'origine des bonnes performances du système étudié
Download or read book Predicting Structured Data written by Neural Information Processing Systems Foundation and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: State-of-the-art algorithms and theory in a novel domain of machine learning, prediction when the output has structure.
Download or read book Mexican Manuscript Painting of the Early Colonial Period written by Donald Robertson and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reprint of the Yale U. Press original (Yale Historical Publications. History of Art, v.12) of 1959 with a new (8 p.) foreword by Elizabeth H. Boone. The Yale edition is cited in BCL3. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Download or read book The Mixtec Pictorial Manuscripts written by Maarten Jansen and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2010-10-15 with total page 598 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook surveys and describes the illustrated Mixtec manuscripts that survive in Europe, the United States and Mexico.
Download or read book An Introduction to Computational Learning Theory written by Michael J. Kearns and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1994-08-15 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emphasizing issues of computational efficiency, Michael Kearns and Umesh Vazirani introduce a number of central topics in computational learning theory for researchers and students in artificial intelligence, neural networks, theoretical computer science, and statistics. Emphasizing issues of computational efficiency, Michael Kearns and Umesh Vazirani introduce a number of central topics in computational learning theory for researchers and students in artificial intelligence, neural networks, theoretical computer science, and statistics. Computational learning theory is a new and rapidly expanding area of research that examines formal models of induction with the goals of discovering the common methods underlying efficient learning algorithms and identifying the computational impediments to learning. Each topic in the book has been chosen to elucidate a general principle, which is explored in a precise formal setting. Intuition has been emphasized in the presentation to make the material accessible to the nontheoretician while still providing precise arguments for the specialist. This balance is the result of new proofs of established theorems, and new presentations of the standard proofs. The topics covered include the motivation, definitions, and fundamental results, both positive and negative, for the widely studied L. G. Valiant model of Probably Approximately Correct Learning; Occam's Razor, which formalizes a relationship between learning and data compression; the Vapnik-Chervonenkis dimension; the equivalence of weak and strong learning; efficient learning in the presence of noise by the method of statistical queries; relationships between learning and cryptography, and the resulting computational limitations on efficient learning; reducibility between learning problems; and algorithms for learning finite automata from active experimentation.
Download or read book The Nature of Statistical Learning Theory written by Vladimir Vapnik and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this book is to discuss the fundamental ideas which lie behind the statistical theory of learning and generalization. It considers learning as a general problem of function estimation based on empirical data. Omitting proofs and technical details, the author concentrates on discussing the main results of learning theory and their connections to fundamental problems in statistics. This second edition contains three new chapters devoted to further development of the learning theory and SVM techniques. Written in a readable and concise style, the book is intended for statisticians, mathematicians, physicists, and computer scientists.
Download or read book Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies written by Matthias Gross and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-05-15 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once treated as the absence of knowledge, ignorance today has become a highly influential topic in its own right, commanding growing attention across the natural and social sciences where a wide range of scholars have begun to explore the social life and political issues involved in the distribution and strategic use of not knowing. The field is growing fast and this handbook reflects this interdisciplinary field of study by drawing contributions from economics, sociology, history, philosophy, cultural studies, anthropology, feminist studies, and related fields in order to serve as a seminal guide to the political, legal and social uses of ignorance in social and political life. Chapter 33 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license available here: https://tandfbis.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/rt-files/docs/Open+Access+Chapters/9780415718967_oachapter33.pdf
Download or read book Reinforcement Learning second edition written by Richard S. Sutton and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2018-11-13 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The significantly expanded and updated new edition of a widely used text on reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence. Reinforcement learning, one of the most active research areas in artificial intelligence, is a computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives while interacting with a complex, uncertain environment. In Reinforcement Learning, Richard Sutton and Andrew Barto provide a clear and simple account of the field's key ideas and algorithms. This second edition has been significantly expanded and updated, presenting new topics and updating coverage of other topics. Like the first edition, this second edition focuses on core online learning algorithms, with the more mathematical material set off in shaded boxes. Part I covers as much of reinforcement learning as possible without going beyond the tabular case for which exact solutions can be found. Many algorithms presented in this part are new to the second edition, including UCB, Expected Sarsa, and Double Learning. Part II extends these ideas to function approximation, with new sections on such topics as artificial neural networks and the Fourier basis, and offers expanded treatment of off-policy learning and policy-gradient methods. Part III has new chapters on reinforcement learning's relationships to psychology and neuroscience, as well as an updated case-studies chapter including AlphaGo and AlphaGo Zero, Atari game playing, and IBM Watson's wagering strategy. The final chapter discusses the future societal impacts of reinforcement learning.
Download or read book Aspects of Linguistic Variation written by Daniël Olmen and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2018-12-03 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Linguistic variation is a topic of ongoing interest to the field. Its description and its explanations continue to intrigue scholars from many different backgrounds. By taking a deliberately broad perspective on the matter, covering not only crosslinguistic and diachronic but also intralinguistic and interspeaker variation and examining phenomena ranging from negation over connectives to definite articles in well- and lesser-known languages, the volume furthers our understanding of variation in general. The papers offer new insights into, among other things, the theoretical notion of comparative concepts, the social or mental nature of language structure, the areal factor in lexical typology and the diachronic implications of semantic maps. The collection will thus be of relevance to typologists and historical linguists, as well as to people studying variation within the areas of cognitive and functional linguistics.
Download or read book Conversations with C zanne written by Paul Cézanne and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers the commentary of people who knew the painter Paul Cezanne, especially in his later years. Now seen as one of the most influential of modern painters, in his 40s he returned to his village of Aix-en-Provence where, he worked in near obscurity and with great dedication until his death in 1906.
Download or read book A New Astronomy written by David Peck Todd and published by . This book was released on 1906 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Epic and Empire written by David Quint and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-01-12 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alexander the Great, according to Plutarch, carried on his campaigns a copy of the Iliad, kept alongside a dagger; on a more pronounced ideological level, ancient Romans looked to the Aeneid as an argument for imperialism. In this major reinterpretation of epic poetry beginning with Virgil, David Quint explores the political context and meanings of key works in Western literature. He divides the history of the genre into two political traditions: the Virgilian epics of conquest and empire that take the victors' side (the Aeneid itself, Camoes's Lusíadas, Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata) and the countervailing epic of the defeated and of republican liberty (Lucan's Pharsalia, Ercilla's Araucana, and d'Aubigné's Les tragiques). These traditions produce opposing ideas of historical narrative: a linear, teleological narrative that belongs to the imperial conquerors, and an episodic and open-ended narrative identified with "romance," the story told of and by the defeated. Quint situates Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained within these rival traditions. He extends his political analysis to the scholarly revival of medieval epic in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and to Sergei Eisenstein's epic film, Alexander Nevsky. Attending both to the topical contexts of individual poems and to the larger historical development of the epic genre, Epic and Empire provides new models for exploring the relationship between ideology and literary form.
