Download or read book Misclassifying Core Expenses as Special Items written by Yun Fan and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior classification shifting studies pool core expenses together and conclude that managers misclassify core expenses as income-decreasing special items to inflate reported core earnings (e.g., McVay 2006; Fan et al. 2010). Their core expense measure combines cost of goods sold (COGS) with selling, general and administrative expenses (SGA). This study models COGS and SGA separately and investigates the choice of COGS versus SGA misclassification that managers make to meet different profitability benchmarks. We find that when reported gross margin shows a small increase from four quarters ago, COGS (but not SGA) misclassification is more prominent. In comparison, both COGS and SGA misclassification are more prevalent when firms report small core earnings or small increases in core earnings and when actual earnings just meet or beat the analyst forecast in the fourth quarter. Moreover, our study sheds light on real activities management (RAM) research. Specifically, we find that managers engage in RAM of COGS to achieve the gross margin benchmark, but not core earnings benchmarks. For SGA, we show that unexpected SGA contain a significant expense misclassification effect, suggesting the importance to control for expense misclassification effect for future RAM research. Overall, our study extends prior expense management literature on both classification shifting and RAM.

Download or read book The Use of Special Items to Inflate Core Earnings written by Sarah Elizabeth McVay and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Misclassification of Negative Core Earnings and Signal Driven Price Association written by Ahmed Abdalla and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides evidence that managers strategically report large negative special items (NSP hereafter) when the current year's expected core earnings deviate from the previous year's reported core earnings benchmark. The strategic reporting of NSP is consistent with misclassifying negative core earnings (operating expenses and losses) as NSP and is more likely associated with poor financial reporting firms. Decomposing NSP into misclassified negative core earnings and real NSP reveals that only the noneconomically-based component of NSP is associated with subsequent financial restatements. The misclassification practice is consistent with a conjecture by managers that misclassified negative core earnings receive less valuation implications. Consistent with this conjecture, I find that the misclassified component forecasts earnings similar to reported core earnings; however it receives an ERC (earnings response coefficient) that is inconsistent with its forecasting ability. Further results show that changes in stock price association with NSP are mainly driven by a “noisy” reporting signal of misclassification.

Download or read book Reading Between the Lines of Corporate Financial Reports written by Jacek Welc and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-11-28 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a digestible step-by-step guide to reading corporate financial reports, drawing upon real-life case studies and examples of corporate collapses and accounting scandals, and applying practical tools to financial statement analysis. Appealing to a range of practitioners within corporate finance including investors, managers, and business analysts, this book is the first to specifically address the challenges facing those who are not professional accountants and auditors when examining corporate financial reports. Corporate financial reports are used widely by managers, investors, creditors, and government agencies to examine company performance and evaluate potential risks. However, although seemingly an invaluable source of information for managerial decision-making, financial reports are often based on rough simplifications of a very complex reality. With no way of avoiding deliberate manipulations and fraudulent activity, these statements cannot be relied on completely when selecting stocks or evaluating credit risk, and therefore poor analysis can lead to potentially disastrous investment decisions. The author suggests that in order to effectively interpret corporate financial reports, we must 'read between the lines' to accurately assess a company's economic performance and predict its long-term viability.

Download or read book The Impact of the Sarbanes Oxley Act on Earnings Management Using Classification Shifting written by Xudong (Daniel) Li and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines whether the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (thereafter, SOX) curbs firms' earnings management behavior through shifting core expenses to special items. The passage of SOX could be an effective deterrent to misclassification activities as it aims to prevent accounting fraud and limit management misbehavior, imposing significant legal liabilities and stiffer penalties on managers for aggressive financial reporting. Alternatively, because classification shifting does not affect reported net income, thereby is less likely to be detected and associated with lower litigation risk, it is likely to be used as a substitute for accruals-based earnings management and therefore experiences an increasing trend in the post-SOX period. Using a sample period from 1988 to 2010, I find evidence consistent with the deterrent effect, that is, the magnitude of unexpected core earnings declines and firms shift fewer core expenses to special items after the passage of the SOX of 2002. My study adds to the literature on the impact of SOX on earnings management by finding that SOX is effective in curbing classification shifting between core earnings and special items, a form of earnings management that misrepresents components of earnings but has no effect on the bottom line income.

Download or read book Research Handbook on Financial Accounting written by Luz Parrondo and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2024-01-18 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through careful classification of the opportunities and challenges facing current financial regulatory bodies, the Research Handbook on Financial Accounting inspects the financial implications of our ever-changing modern economic and environmental climate.

Download or read book Business and the Ethical Implications of Technology written by Kirsten Martin and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-11 with total page 301 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on how firms should engage ethical choices in developing and deploying digital technologies. Digital technologies are devices that rely on rapidly accelerating digital sensing, storage, and transmission capabilities to intervene in human processes. While the ethics of technology is analyzed across disciplines from science and technology studies (STS), engineering, computer science, critical management studies, and law, less attention is paid to the role that firms and managers play in the design, development, and dissemination of technology across communities and within their firm. This book covers the topic from three angles. First, it illuminates diverse facets of the intersection of technology and business ethics. Second, it uses themes to explore what business ethics offers to the study of technology and, third, what technology studies offers to the field of business ethics. Each field brings expertise that, together, improves our understanding of the ethical implications of technology. Chapter “A Micro-ethnographic Study of Big Data-Based Innovation in the Financial Services Sector: Governance, Ethics and Organisational Practices", chapter ”The Challenges of Algorithm-Based HR Decision-Making for Personal Integrity" and chapter “Female CEOs and Core Earnings Quality: New Evidence on the Ethics Versus Risk-Aversion Puzzle" are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license via link.springer.com.

Download or read book Ethics and Sustainability in Accounting and Finance Volume I written by Kıymet Tunca Çalıyurt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-01-14 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses recent developments relating to ethical and sustainable issues in accounting & finance. Accounting is often seen as a technical discipline that records, classifies and reports financial transactions. However, since the financial information produced concerns all interest groups both within and outside the enterprise, accounting also has social characteristics and involves multi-faceted duties and responsibilities. As such, in addition to basic principles and accepted rules and standards in the field, this book focuses on the ethical aspects and fundamentals of this profession that accountants should also take into consideration, as this is the only way to build and preserve society’s confidence in accounting and increase its social credibility.

Download or read book Do IPO Firms Misclassify Expenses Implications for IPO Price Formation and Post IPO Stock Performance written by Xiaotao Kelvin Liu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates whether IPO firms inflate “core” earnings through classification shifting (i.e., misclassifying core expenses as income-decreasing special items) immediately prior to IPOs. We provide initial evidence that IPO firms engage in classification shifting in the pre-IPO period. Using hand-collect price and share information from IPO prospectuses, we find that pre-IPO classification shifting is positively associated with the price revision from the mid-point of the initial price range to the final offer price, suggesting that pre-IPO classification shifting influences IPO price formation. Furthermore, we find that pre-IPO classification shifting is negatively associated with post-IPO stock returns. Overall, our findings caution investors, auditors, and regulators that classification shifting, a seemingly innocuous accounting maneuver, can mislead investors in their IPO valuation and is associated with post-IPO underperformance.

Download or read book International Financial Statement Analysis Workbook written by Thomas R. Robinson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-03 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The workbook you need to test your understanding of financial statement analysis, from the seasoned experts at the CFA Institute In a global, highly interconnected investment landscape, financial analysts must have a thorough, working knowledge of international financial statement analysis. This companion Workbook to International Financial Statement Analysis, Second Edition accompanies the second edition of International Financial Statement Analysis, the essential guide to this important field, written by top experts at the CFA Institute. Designed to help busy professionals understand and apply the concepts and methodologies essential to accurate financial analysis, this workbook enables readers to test their knowledge and comprehension of the tools and techniques described in the main text before putting them to use in real world situations. This informative study guide contains carefully constructed problems with detailed solutions, as well as concise learning outcome statements and summary chapter overviews. The must-have companion to International Financial Statement Analysis, Second Edition Filled with pedagogical tools for applying key concepts Chapter overviews include coverage of: the differences and similarities in income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements around the world; the impact of foreign exchange rates on the financial statements of a multinational corporation; the difficulty in measuring the value of employee compensation; the importance of income tax accounting and reporting, and much more To acquire a practical mastery of international financial statement analysis, you need to be able to practice putting theory into action, and International Financial Statement Analysis Workbook, Second Edition provides the review resources you need to succeed.

Download or read book Handbook of Research on Accounting and Financial Studies written by Farinha, Luís and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The competitive nature of organizations in today’s globalized world has led to the development of various approaches to increasing profitability and maintaining an advantage over rival companies. As technology continues to be integrated into business practices, specifically in the area of accounting and finance, professionals and educators need to be prepared for advancing economic techniques, and they need to maintain a high level of financial literacy. The Handbook of Research on Accounting and Financial Studies is a pivotal reference source that provides vital research on advanced knowledge and emerging business practices and teaching dynamics in the fields of accounting and finance. While highlighting topics such as cost-benefit analysis, risk management, and corporate governance, this publication explores new initiatives in entrepreneurship and performance management. This book is ideally designed for business managers, consultants, entrepreneurs, auditors, tax practitioners, economists, accountants, academicians, researchers, and students seeking current research on modern advancements and recent findings in accounting and financial studies.

Download or read book The Impact of Financial Covenants in Private Loan Contracts on Classification Shifting written by Yun Fan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines whether firms with private loan contracts that contain debt covenants based on earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) are more likely to misclassify core expenses as special items (i.e., classification shift). Misclassifying core expenses as income-decreasing special items allows the firm to increase EBITDA and thereby potentially avoid debt covenant violations. Consistent with our expectation, firms misclassify core expenses as special items when at least one EBITDA-related financial covenant is close to violation. In addition, classification shifting is more prominent when financially distressed firms are close to the violation of at least one EBITDA-related covenant. While prior research on classification shifting focuses primarily on equity market incentives (e.g., meeting analysts' earnings forecasts), our study extends this research to private loan contracts to highlight that creditors also affect classification shifting. Classification shifting appears to be an additional earnings management technique used by managers to avoid debt covenant violations.

Download or read book Detecting Opportunistic Special Items written by Carol Anilowski Cain and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The frequency of special items has increased dramatically over time, offering a convenient conduit for the inappropriate classification of past, present, and future recurring expenses as non-recurring. Identifying this misclassification is especially important in light of the pervasive use of non-GAAP earnings in recent periods, as special items offer camouflage for excluded recurring expenses. Building on prior research, we propose a method for identifying the predicted level of special items, attributing any excess to opportunism, and demonstrate the importance of this partitioning for financial statement users. In particular, we provide evidence that the opportunistic portion of special items is associated with lower future earnings, cash flows, and returns. We conclude that this portion of special items is more likely to contain opportunistically misclassified recurring expenses that should have been recognized as such in prior, current, or future periods. Thus, we provide a meaningful partition of special items that should be useful to investors, analysts, creditors, auditors, and regulators, as each of these parties must assess the implications of special items.

Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstracts of dissertations available on microfilm or as xerographic reproductions.

Download or read book Misclassification of Employees and Independent Contractors for Federal Income Tax Purposes written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book CFA Level 2 Study Guide 2024 written by MUHAMMAD ZAIN and published by Zain Academy. This book was released on 2024-02-06 with total page 834 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Engage with Excellence: Your Gateway to Conquering the CFA Level 2 Exam with Zain Academy's Comprehensive Study Guide Welcome to Zain Academy's CFA Level 2 Study Guide 2024, your ultimate resource crafted meticulously by Muhammad Zain, a seasoned financial expert. This guide is not just a study material; it's your strategic partner in navigating the challenging waters of the CFA Level 2 Exam. 🌟 Key Features of Our Study Guide: - 1,574 Questioning Mind Study Points: Dive into an extensive collection of study points designed to provoke thought and deepen your understanding. - 1,352 True/False Questions with Detailed Explanations: Test your knowledge and reinforce learning with a vast array of questions accompanied by thorough explanations. - User-Friendly Format: Available in an integrated printable PDF format, optimized for all screen sizes – study anytime, anywhere. - Unlimited Access, No Restrictions: Once you acquire this guide, it’s yours forever. Study at your own pace, on any device, without any time constraints. 📚 Free Sample and Learning Videos: - Try Before You Buy: Get a taste of our quality content with a free sample of the book. - Complimentary Learning Videos on YouTube: Enhance your study experience with our series of free educational videos. 👨‍🏫 Personal Support from Muhammad Zain: - Unlimited Personal Guidance: As an author committed to your success, Muhammad Zain offers personalized support and guidance until you pass the exams. Have a question? Reach out via WhatsApp or Email for an expert's advice. - Join Our CFA WhatsApp Group: Become part of a community of like-minded candidates. Gain access to exclusive articles, blog posts, exam strategies, and tricks. 💡 Why Choose Zain Academy's Guide? - Expertly Crafted Content: Created by a professional with deep industry knowledge. - Focused on Your Success: Our guide and support are designed with one goal – to help you pass the CFA Level 2 Exam on your first attempt. 🌐 Embark on Your Journey to Success: Subscribe your guide today and take the first step towards achieving your CFA dreams with Zain Academy. Remember, with us, you're not just preparing for an exam; you're building a foundation for a successful career in finance.

Download or read book The Effects of Misclassifying Workers as Independent Contractors written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Ways and Means. Subcommittee on Income Security and Family Support and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: