Download or read book Millimeter Wave Single and Dual Polarized 2x2 MIMO Phased Arrays and In Situ Over the Air System Level Self Calibration Techniques for 5G Applications written by Ahmed Nafe and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation presents two millimeter-wave phased-antenna arrays at 28 GHz for fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication applications as well as techniques for performing in-situ self-test and self-calibration of single- and dual-polarized 5G phased-arrays. First, a scalable 64-element single-polarized transmit/receive phased array is built with 2x2 beamformer chips on a low-cost printed circuit board (PCB). The design emphasis is placed on minimizing the printed circuit board cost, optimizing the cross-polarization performance, and on-grid scalability. The array is capable of scanning +/-50 deg. in azimuth and +/-45deg. in elevation at 29 GHz with cross-polarization rejection better than 20 dB. It achieves an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) >50 dBm over a 4 GHz bandwidth from 27 to 31 GHz. Therefore, it is a suitable candidate for Gbps multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) base-station applications. Second, a 2x64-element dual-polarized dual-beam phased array for 5G polarization MIMO is built. The phased-array has two 1:16 dual Wilkinson networks and microstrip antennas with rotated feeds for cross-polarization cancellation. The array demonstrates a measured effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) at Psat of 52 dBm for each beam and is capable of scanning +/-50 deg.in azimuth and +/-25 deg. in elevation with >28-dB cross-polarization rejection. Simultaneous dual-beam operation is demonstrated with near-ideal patterns for each beam. The array demonstrates independent simultaneously transmitted 2x16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 2x64- QAM data streams delivering an aggregate maximum data rate of 2x20 and 2x30 Gb/s, respectively. Next, the problem of phased-array calibration is considered. Two calibration techniques are developed and tested for calibrating single and dual-polarized 5G phased arrays at 28 GHz.The first technique addresses the calibration of single-polarized phased-arrays in a MU-MIMO hybrid beamforming base station system. The procedure, labeled Quad-BIST, enables built-in self-test (BIST) and self-calibration of the arrays in-situ without having to remove the array from the field. Quad-BIST relies on mutual coupling between antennas in neighboring arrays arranged in Quad-fashion to extract the calibration coefficients and perform channel characterization. Quad-BIST was successfully applied to 5G 28 GHz arrays with 4x4 and 8x8 elements in each quadrant. The results show that Quad-BIST predicts the channel states (gain and phase control) with rms errors of 0.2 dB/2 deg. and 0.4 dB/2.5 deg. for the 4x4 and 8x8 quadrants, respectively, as compared to far-field techniques. The relative channel ratios are found to be within rms errors of0.8 dB/7.5deg.. Near-ideal patterns are attained using the quadrant-level calibration for both arrays with side-lobe level's below -20 dB over scan. The second technique is for the calibration of dual-polarized dual-beam phased arrays. The procedure, labeled (DP-BIST), exploits the mutual coupling between different antennas of orthogonally polarized beams sharing the same aperture to enable in-situ self-calibration and self-test of the phased array channels of each beam. DP-BIST was applied to a 16-element dual-polarized dual-beam linear phased-array at 29 GHz, and predicted the relative channel states (gain and phase control) with rms errors better than 0.3 dB /3 deg. and the relative channel offsets with rms errors of 0.8 dB /6 deg. over a wide-bandwidth. These results demonstrate its feasibility for use in 5G polarization MIMO phased arrays.

Download or read book Dual Band and Wideband Millimeter Wave Phased Arrays for 5G Communication Systems written by Shufan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demands of multi-standard operation have risen in millimeter-wave 5G phased arrays, in order to achieve more band coverage, reduce fabrication and deployment costs and realize inter-band carrier aggregation. This dissertation investigates dual-band and wideband design approaches to realize multi-standard phased array systems. In the dual-band approach, a 32-element dual-band, dual-beam phased array is designed by integrating dual-band patch antennas with commercial narrowband beamformers. Another design introduces an 8-element dual-band, dual-polarized, dual-beam phased array targeted at compact system applications. Both designs achieve 26-29 GHz and 37-41 GHz operation. In the wideband phased array approach, a novel stacked wideband dipole antenna is developed and integrated with a wideband SiGe Tx/Rx beamformers to achieve operation of 23-46 GHz. A single-polarized 64-element array and a dual-polarized 8-element array are then demonstrated with state-of-the-art performance. The 64-element array achieves a maximum EIRP of 50 dBm at P1dB operation, and 8-element dual-pol. array achieves 29 dBm. Both arrays demonstrate less than 4% EVM when transmitting 64-QAM 5G OFDM signal with 6-8 dB backoff from P1dB.

Download or read book Optimized Systems and Calibration of Millimeter Wave Phased Arrays for 5G SATCOM and Radar Applications written by Zhe Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Phased array technologies has been in development for many decades but primarily in defense industry with large complicated systems and excessively high cost. With the recent advances in silicon chips and printed-circuit board (PCB) manufacturing, planar phased arrays can be built on a PCB in a compact form with drastically lower cost. The new 5G communication standards also utilize millimeter wave bands that require phased arrays with high effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) and beam steering capabilities. The 5G systems, with the fast growing industry of satellite communications on-the-move, and millimeter wave automotive radars used for self-driving technologies, contribute to a giant market in need of a large amount of low cost phased arrays. This dissertation focuses on such commercial-use phased arrays, studies their artifacts and how to eliminate them, provides solutions to optimized phased-array systems, and proposes calibration methods essential for their performance. First, it presents the intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by the phased array when it is scanned with a simple effective equalization scheme, and then, it presents a TX/RX phased-array system with a reduced number of randomly distributed elements that is optimized for radar applications. This dissertation also presents a new method for phased array calibration based on 2x2 sub-arrays that is more robust across different scan angles and yields better performance while reducing the measurement time. Finally, a method to measure the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the phased array in the near-field is presented, which can be used to verify the calibration and performance of phased arrays in communication systems when they are deployed in the field.

Download or read book MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond written by Xiaoming Chen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-10-29 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover current design practices and performance metrics in this comprehensive guide to the latest methods of developing MIMO antenna systems Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems use multiple sets of antennas to increase the capacity of a radio link, or to send and receive multiple simultaneous data signals over the same radio channel. It’s become an increasingly integral part of wireless and mobile data networks, from the earliest generations of wireless internet to cutting-edge 5G systems. The coming 6G networks will also rely on 6G antenna systems, making it all the more critical for the next generation of engineers and antenna designers to have a firm grasp of this foundational technology. MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond offers a timely introduction to these systems and their design principles. Incorporating the latest designs and a comprehensive overview of current system configurations, it provides complete design procedures and performance metrics for MIMO systems. The result is a one-stop shop for all MIMO applications and wireless standards. MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond readers will also find: The first book ever to cover MIMO design practices specific to 5G wireless communications—and beyond Detailed discussion of MIMO configurations including passive, reconfigurable, beamforming, and more Detailed illustrations and design files MIMO Antenna Systems for 5G and Beyond is ideal for practicing engineers, as well as researchers in wireless and radio engineering sectors.

Download or read book Designing and Evaluating of MIMO Systems for Millimeter wave Communications written by Mojtaba Ahmadi Almasi and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The fifth generation (5G) of wireless communications will integrate all existing technologies while bringing its own to the system. Amongst these technologies, millimeter-wave (mmWave) is emerging as a promising solution for 5G systems. However, to fully harness the potential of mmWave communications, obstacles such as severe path loss, channel sparsity, and hardware complexity should be overcome. The existing cost-effective systems can considerably reduce the hardware complexity and partially severe path loss, while channel sparsity still remains a main problem. Other factors such as transmission reliability and coverage area should be considered in 5G mmWave communications. Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is another enabling technology for 5G systems to improve spectral efficiency through serving more than one user at the same time/frequency/code resources. In particular, users' signals are superimposed in power domains at the transmitter which allows for simultaneously exploiting the available resources. Therefore, mmWave bands along with NOMA plays a crucial role in 5G wireless communications. Aiming to overcome the mentioned obstacles, in the first part of this dissertation, we design a new lens-based reconfigurable antenna multiple-input multiple-output (RA-MIMO) architecture that takes advantage of multi-beam antennas for point-to-point communications. The considered antennas can generate multiple independent beams simultaneously using a single RF chain. This property, together with RA-MIMO architecture, is used to combat small-scale fading and shadowing in mmWave bands. We use well-known space-time block codes (STBCs), together with phase-shifters at the receiver, in the RA-MIMO to suppress the effect of small-scale fading and shadowing. We also study the impact of practical quantized phase-shifters on the performance of the proposed RA-MIMO. On the other hand, to make the most of these multi-beam antennas, a novel multiple access technique is developed for multi-user scenarios named reconfigurable antenna multiple access (RAMA). This technique transmits only each user's intended signal at the same time/frequency/code. This property makes RAMA an inter-user interference-free technique. Further, we integrate the well-known non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique in the proposed and other available mmWave systems. Moreover, to support a huge number of groups of users, we integrate RAMA into NOMA named reconfigurable antenna NOMA (RA-NOMA). This new technique divides the users with respect to their angle of departures (AoDs) and channel gains. Users with different AoDs and comparable channel gains are served via RAMA while users with the same AoDs but different channel gains are served via NOMA. In the second part of this dissertation, we investigate NOMA in mmWave MIMO systems with phased array antennas. Two major obstacles in implementing NOMA are beam misalignment and limited channel coherence time due to the directional transmission. First, the effect of beam misalignment on rate performance in downlink of hybrid beamforming-based NOMA (HB-NOMA) systems is studied. To this end, an HB-NOMA framework is designed and a sum-rate maximization problem is formulated. An algorithm is introduced to design digital and analog precoders and efficient power allocation. Then, regarding perfectly aligned line-of-sight (LoS) channels, a lower bound for the achievable rate is derived. When the users experience misaligned LoS or non-LoS (NLoS) channels, the impact of beam misalignment is evaluated. We take the limited channel coherence time into account for non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in mmWave hybrid beamforming systems. Due to the limited coherence time, the beamwidth of the hybrid beamformer affects the beam-training time, which in turn directly impacts the data transmission rate. To investigate this trade-off, we utilize a combined beam-training algorithm. Then, we formulate a sum-rate expression which considers the channel coherence time and beam-training time as well as users' power and other system parameters."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.

Download or read book High Gain Antenna Array Design for 5G MIMO Antenna Systems Using Microstrip Ridge Gap Waveguide written by Abdelmoniem Hassan and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The demand for high data rates and the unavailability of low-frequency bands have driven the need to explore and develop millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands. Indeed, the development of mm-wave frequencies has led to smaller radio frequency (RF) components and more compact profiles, creating more design constraints and challenges. Millimeter-wave technologies are the best-suited candidates that meet the requirements of 5G standards; specifically, for indoor communication, which requires higher gain and more directive beams. Gap waveguide technologies can be used to design high-gain antenna arrays and multiple input multiple output antenna systems (MIMO). In this thesis, we are mainly focusing on Microstrip Ridge Gap Waveguide (MRGW) to design the antenna array systems for the 60 GHz band. Therefore, it is necessary to facilitate the design procedures and propose new design techniques. Here, we propose new design techniques for a large antenna array system using MRGW. The work of this thesis can be divided into two parts. Firstly, developing an efficient modeling and design tool for the MRGW to facilitate the design process. Recently, the use of MRGW has increased due to the need for self-packaged and low loss structures for millimeter-wave applications. The MRGW consists of a grounded textured surface, which is representing an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) surface. The AMC surface is loaded with a thin low dielectric constant substrate with a printed strip topped with another air-filled or dielectric-filled substrate in which the wave propagates between the strip and the conducting plate covering such a substrate. Currently, full-wave and optimization tools are usually used to design the MRGW structure, which makes the design slow and computationally expensive. Thus, an efficient modeling and design tool for the MRGW is proposed. Empirical expressions are developed for different MRGW parameters to provide the effective dielectric constant, characteristic impedance, and the dispersion effect. The expressions are verified with the full-wave solution. The results show the potential of the proposed approach in modeling and designing the MRGW structure. Secondly, an efficient procedure to design a large finite planar array and its corporate feeding network is presented. The procedure is verified by an 8 × 8 and 16 ×16 array of magneto-electric (ME) dipoles fed by a network of MRGW. The procedure is based on designing the corporate feeding network by replacing the elements ports with the corresponding effective input impedance of each element that accounts for the mutual coupling between the antenna elements. In addition, the far-field characteristics of the array parameters such as the directivity, gain, and radiation patterns are predicted using pattern multiplication, including the mutual coupling effects. The results are verified with the full-wave numerical solution. The procedure requires limited resources and speed up the design cycle. The use of the MRGW helps in having the feeding network lines to be titer than using the ridge gap technology. Thus, allowing the distance between the radiating elements becomes smaller than one wavelength to avoid grating lobes. In addition, to avoid undesired bends and very tight lines that cause undesired interaction between the lines, unique power dividers are designed. Furthermore, a transition from waveguide WR-15 to the MRGW is proposed to feed two halves of the array antenna perfect out of phase at all frequencies and rotating each half to form a mirrored array that better radiation pattern symmetry and low cross-polarization. Then, this procedure is implemented to design a circularly polarized antenna array with excellent performance. To further enhance the antenna, gain, and reduce the number of elements, a superstrate dielectric lens with the proper parameters is added. Study of a 4 × 4 MIMO system is studied, where each antenna is a sub-array to achieve the high gain requirements. Finally, A low-profile, compact, and high-efficiency monopulse array antenna has been presented. The monopulse is built based on a hybrid coupler that has a wideband response for the reflection and the transmission coefficients. Then the monopulse system is used to present a multiplexing antenna system for short-range in the near filed region wireless communication. The multiplexing system works as a MIMO system that has four independent channels. The performance of the system is evaluated through the simulation, which shows that it can be a promising candidate for the next wireless communication systems.

Download or read book Millimeter Wave MIMO Communications written by Dalin Zhu and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Knowledge of the propagation channel is critical to exploit the full benefit of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques in millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular systems. Obtaining accurate channel state information in mmWave systems, however, is challenging due to high estimation overhead, high computational complexity and on-grid setting. It is also desirable to reduce the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) resolution at mmWave frequencies to reduce power consumption and implementation costs. The use of low-precision ADCs, though, brings new design challenges to practical cellular networks. In the first part of this dissertation, we develop several new methods to estimate and track the mmWave channel's angle-of-departure and angle-of-arrival with high accuracy and low overhead. The key ingredient of the proposed strategies is custom designed beam pairs, from which there exists an invertible function of the angle to be estimated. We further extend the proposed algorithms to dual-polarized MIMO in wideband channels, and angle tracking design for fast-varying environments. We derive analytical angle estimation error performance of the proposed methods in single-path channels. We also use numerical examples to characterize the robustness of the proposed approaches to various transceiver settings and channel conditions. In the second part of this dissertation, we focus on improving the low-resolution time-frequency synchronization performance for mmWave cellular systems. In our system model, the base station uses analog beams to send the synchronization signal with infinite-resolution digital-to-analog converters (DACs). The user equipment employs a fully digital front end to detect the synchronization signal with low-resolution ADCs. For low-resolution timing synchronization, we propose a new multi-beam probing based strategy, targeting at maximizing the minimum received synchronization signal-to-quantization-plus-noise ratio among all serving users. Regarding low-resolution frequency synchronization, we construct new sequences for carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation and compensation. We use both analytical and numerical examples to show that the proposed sequences and the corresponding metrics used for retrieving the CFOs are robust to the quantization distortion

Download or read book Millimeter wave Wafer Scale Phased Arrays and Wireless Communication Circuits and Systems in SiGe and CMOS Technology written by Woorim Shin and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents a W-band wafer-scale phased array transmitter with high efficiency on-chip antennas. The 4x4 phased array is based on an RF beamforming architecture with an equiphase distribution network and 2-bit phase shifters placed in every element. The differential on-chip antennas are implemented using a 100 um thick quartz superstrate and have an efficiency of ~45% at 110 GHz. The use of electromagnetically coupled antenna leads to wafer-scale phased array concept with simple integration method. The phased array transmitter is implemented in 0.18 [mu]m SiGe BiCMOS process, and the measurement shows an array gain of 26.5 dB, pattern directivity of 17.0 dBi, maximum EIRP of 23-25 dBm at 108-114 GHz. The direct pattern measurement from the phased array transmitter shows beam steering capabilities up to plus/minus ±30° in two orthogonal directions. This is the first demonstration of wafer-scale phased array in silicon technology. Millimeter-wave circuit components in 45nm SOI CMOS technology are also presented. Transmission-line based D-band common-source and cascode amplifers are designed with the peak gain of 8.7 dB at 147 GHz and 6.1 dB at 171 GHz, respectively. The experimental characterization of the technology shows that on-chip passive elements has low-quality factor, and it can offset performance advantage of the active devices. A 60 GHz active phased shifter with quadrature all-pass filter shows -4 dB insertion gain with

Download or read book Mobile Radio Communications and 5G Networks written by Nikhil Marriwala and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 780 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book features original papers by active researchers presented at the International Conference on Mobile Radio Communications and 5G Networks. It includes recent advances and upcoming technologies in the field of cellular systems, 2G/2.5G/3G/4G/5G and beyond, LTE, WiMAX, WMAN, and other emerging broadband wireless networks, WLAN, WPAN, and various home/personal networking technologies, pervasive and wearable computing and networking, small cells and femtocell networks, wireless mesh networks, vehicular wireless networks, cognitive radio networks and their applications, wireless multimedia networks, green wireless networks, standardization of emerging wireless technologies, power management and energy conservation techniques.

Download or read book The Physics and Mathematics of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Cellular Wireless Communication written by Tapan K. Sarkar and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-07-18 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important resource that examines the physical aspects of wireless communications based on mathematical and physical evidence The Physics and Mathematics of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Cellular Wireless Communicationdescribes the electromagnetic principles for designing a cellular wireless system and includes the subtle electromagnetic principles that are often overlooked in designing such a system. This important text explores both the physics and mathematical concepts used in deploying antennas for transmission and reception of electromagnetic signals and examines how to select the proper methodology from a wide range of scenarios. In this much-needed guide, the authors—noted experts in the field—explore the principle of electromagnetics as developed through the Maxwellian principles and describe the properties of an antenna in the frequency domain. The text also includes a review of the characterization of propagation path loss in a cellular wireless environment and examines ultrawideband antennas and the mechanisms of broadband transmission of both power and information. This important resource: Includes a discussion of the shortcomings of a MIMO system from both theoretical and practical aspects Demonstrates how to deploy base station antennas with better efficiency Validates the principle and the theoretical analysis of electromagnetic propagation in cellular wireless communication Contains results of experiments that are solidly grounded in mathematics and physics Written for engineers, researchers, and educators who are or plan to work in the field, The Physics and Mathematics of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in Cellular Wireless Communicationoffers an essential resource for understanding the principles underpinning wireless communications.

Download or read book THz Communications written by Thomas Kürner and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-07 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the fundamentals of THz communications, spanning the whole range of applications, propagation and channel models, RF transceiver technology, antennas, baseband techniques, and networking interfaces. The requested data rate in wireless communications will soon reach from 100 Gbit/s up to 1 Tbps necessitating systems with ultra-high bandwidths of several 10s of GHz which are available only above 200 GHz. In the last decade, research at these frequency bands has made significant progress, enabling mature experimental demonstrations of so-called THz communications, which are thus expected to play a vital role in future wireless networks. In addition to chapters by leading experts on the theory, modeling, and implementation of THz communication technology, the book also features the latest experimental results and addresses standardization and regulatory aspects. This book will be of interest to both academic researchers and engineers in the telecommunications industry.

Download or read book Towards 5G written by Rath Vannithamby and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-01-30 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a group of visionaries and technical experts from academia to industry to discuss the applications and technologies that will comprise the next set of cellular advancements (5G). In particular, the authors explore usages for future 5G communications, key metrics for these usages with their target requirements, and network architectures and enabling technologies to meet 5G requirements. The objective is to provide a comprehensive guide on the emerging trends in mobile applications, and the challenges of supporting such applications with 4G technologies.

Download or read book Advances in Smart Communication Technology and Information Processing written by Soumen Banerjee and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of best selected research papers presented at the 6th International Conference on Opto-Electronics and Applied Optics (OPTRONIX 2020) organized by the University of Engineering & Management, Kolkata, India, in June 2020. The primary focus is to address issues and developments in optoelectronics with particular emphasis on communication technology, IoT and intelligent systems, information processing and its different kinds. The theme of the book is in alignment with the theme of the conference “Advances in Smart Communication Technology and Information Processing.” The purpose of this book is to inform the scientists and researchers of this field in India and abroad about the latest developments in the relevant field and to raise awareness among the academic fraternity to get them involved in different activities in the years ahead – an effort to realize knowledge-based society.

Download or read book We Can Fix Healthcare in America written by Stephen K Klasko, M.D., MBA and published by Mary Ann Liebert. This book was released on 2016-06-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies written by G. Ranganathan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2022-01-12 with total page 1024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gathers selected papers presented at the Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies conference (ICICCT 2021), held on 25–26 June 2021 at Gnanamani College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India. The book covers the topics such as Internet of things, social networks, mobile communications, big data analytics, bio-inspired computing, and cloud computing. The book is exclusively intended for academics and practitioners working to resolve practical issues in this area.

Download or read book Atmospheric Propagation Properties in the 10 to 75 GHz Region written by Institute for Telecommunication Sciences and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The expansion of telecommunication services into the millimeter wave region prompts a careful look at the limitations of the atmosphere that can give rise to severe signal degradations. In Part I the loss and scatter mechanisms in the 10- to 40- GHz range are examined. It is concluded that there is a need for further theoretical and experimental work on the atmospheric propagation properties in order to support the engineering efforts in designing reliable, useful systems. In Part II the discussions are extended to the 40- to 75 -GHz region where absorption by oxygen dominates. In this region, communication through the atmosphere is not practical; however, the oxygen absorption has a great potential for remote sensing of atmospheric variables, and for special (short-range communication) applications. Unsolved problems of the propagation medium are discussed as a basis for formulating proposals; and the objectives of an experimental program for studying oxygen dispersion and absorption are given.

Download or read book Photon Counting Image Sensors written by Eric R. Fossum and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2018-07-06 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Photon-Counting Image Sensors" that was published in Sensors