Download or read book Microstructure Evolutions and Iron Redistribution in Zircaloy Oxide Layers written by X. Iltis and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To understand the acceleration of the Zircaloy corrosion kinetics in PWR conditions, TEM microstructural characterizations of oxide layers grown in an autoclave or directly in-reactor have been performed. To separate the influence on the oxidation process of the irradiation damage in the alloy from the dynamic effect of neutron flux, oxide layers have also been grown in an autoclave on previously neutron-irradiated cladding. The comparative characterization of these oxide layers leads to the following results: the nucleation and growth process are observed to be similar on oxides formed in-autoclave and significantly different on oxides grown directly in-reactor, indicating that this process is essentially affected by neutron irradiation or, more generally, parameters specific to the reactor environment. Concerning grain growth phenomena, it appears that the high microstructural instability noticed in oxides formed in-reactor is also the consequence of parameters specific to the reactor environment such as neutron irradiation or the lithium concentration gradient. Finally, the iron distribution in the oxide is almost the direct image of the iron distribution in the metal.

Download or read book Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry written by George P. Sabol and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1996 with total page 907 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry written by George P. Sabol and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2000 with total page 953 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry written by Gerry D. Moan and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2002 with total page 891 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation The 41 papers of this proceedings volume were first presented at the 13th symposium on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry held in Annecy, France in June of 2001. Many of the papers are devoted to material related issues, corrosion and hydriding behavior, in-reactor studies, and the behavior and properties of Zr alloys used in storing spent fuel. Some papers report on studies of second phase particles, irradiation creep and growth, and material performance during loss of coolant and reactivity initiated accidents. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR.

Download or read book Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 976 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Oxidation and the Testing of Turbine Oils written by Cyril A. Migdal and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 2008 with total page 929 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents papers from a December 2005 symposium held in Norfolk, Virginia, and sponsored by ASTM Committee D2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and its Subcommittees D02.09 on Oxidation and D02.C0 on Turbine Oils. Contributors include equipment manufacturers, end users, lubricant producers, lubricant additive suppliers, test equipment manufacturers, and standard test method developers. They share information on industry trends, evolving technologies, and changing equipment designs and operating conditions, with a focus on how these factors impact oxidation. Some topics covered include turbine oil performance limits, a new form of the rotating pressure vessel oxidation test, and degradation mechanisms leading to sludge and varnish in modern turbine oil formulations. B&w photos are included. There is no subject index. Migdal is affiliated with Chemtura Corporation.

Download or read book Oxidation of Intermetallic Precipitates in Zircaloy 4 written by D. Pêcheur and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intermetallic precipitates are known to play a critical role in the oxidation process of Zircaloys. Since under irradiation they undergo structural changes, a specific study was conducted to analyze whether these transformations modify the oxidation behavior of the Zircaloy-4. Oxidation kinetics in autoclave were measured on reference, ion irradiated, and neutron irradiated materials. In the case of ion-irradiated samples, the oxidation kinetics are changed, while in the case of neutron-irradiated cladding, no significant change is observed after 60 days of oxidation. The behavior of reference and irradiated precipitates during the growth of these oxide layers was analyzed using analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy. Close to the metal-oxide interface, precipitates are incorporated unoxidized in the oxide layer. Then, when oxidized, at a few hundreds of nanometers from this interface, they undergo two major evolutions: their structure becomes either nanocrystalline or occasionally amorphous and an iron redistribution and depletion is observed. In the case of precipitates previously made amorphous by irradiation, a similar behavior is observed. The role of precipitates on the oxidation of the Zircaloy-4 is discussed in terms of interaction of the precipitates with the zirconia layer (stability of the dense oxide layer) and oxidation kinetics.

Download or read book Microstructure Evolution in Ion Irradiated Oxidized Zircaloy 4 Studied with Synchrotron Radiation Microdiffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy written by Kimberly Colas and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The corrosion process (oxidation and hydriding) of zirconium alloy fuel cladding is one of the limiting factors on fuel rod lifetime, particularly for Zircaloy-4. The corrosion rate of this alloy shows indeed a great acceleration at high burnup in light water reactors (LWRs). Understanding the corrosion behavior under irradiation for this alloy is an important technological issue for the safety and efficiency of LWRs. In particular, understanding the effect of irradiation on the metal and oxide layers is a key parameter in the study of corrosion behavior of zirconium alloys. In this study, Zircaloy-4 samples underwent helium and proton ion irradiation up to 0.3 dpa, forming a uniform defect distribution up to 1 ?m deep. Both as-received and precorroded samples were irradiated to compare the effect of metal irradiation to that of oxide layer irradiation. After irradiation, samples were corroded to study the impact of irradiation defects in the metal and in preexisting oxide layers on the formation of new oxide layers. Synchrotron X-ray microdiffraction and microfluorescence were used to follow the evolution of oxide crystallographic phases, texture, and stoichiometry both in the metal and in the oxide. In particular, the tetragonal oxide phase fraction, which has been known to play an important role in corrosion behavior, was mapped in both unirradiated and irradiated metals at the submicron scale and appeared to be significantly affected by irradiation. These observations, complemented with electron microscopy analyses on samples in carefully chosen areas of interest, were combined to fully characterize changes caused by irradiation in metal and oxide phases of both alloys.

Download or read book Microstructure of Oxides on Zircaloy 4 1 0Nb Zircaloy 4 and Zircaloy 2 Formed in 10 3 MPa Steam at 673 K written by H. Anada and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microstructure of ZrO2 formed on sheet materials of Zircaloy-2 (Zr2), Zircaloy-4 (Zr4), and an alloy of 1.0% Nb added to Zircaloy-4 (1Nb-Zr4) was analyzed using HRTEM (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy). The relationship between the corrosion behavior of the alloys and the microstructure is discussed. Stress-relieved sheet specimens of the three alloys were prepared and corrosion tested under static conditions in steam at 673 K and 10.3 MPa for a total of 220 days. The order of corrosion resistance in 673-K steam was Zr2, 1Nb-Zr4, and Zr4. Several transitions were observed in the corrosion kinetic curve of 1Nb-Zr4 and Zr2. However, only the first transition was observed in the curve of Zr4. Oxide structure in the pre-transition region on Zr4 was analyzed to be in the following order from the outside surface: columnar m-ZrO2, t-ZrO2 layer, substoichiometric Zr oxide layer, and ?-Zr matrix. The t-ZrO2 layer was approximately 50 to 80 nm thick, and the substoichiometric Zr oxide layer was approximately 100 to 200 nm. These layers were absent in the microstructure of the oxide in the post-transition region. The substoichiometric Zr oxide layer consisted of m-ZrO2 grains that were less than 10 nm in diameter and some as yet unidentified grains that had lattice parameters similar to distorted and significantly oriented ?-Zr. However, the t-ZrO2 layered structure and the substoichiometric Zr oxide layer structure were observed in the post-transition oxides on Zr2 and 1Nb-Zr4. It was also observed that transformation of columnar grains to fine equiaxed grains had occurred near the lateral cracks and the incorporated intermetallic precipitates in post-transition oxides. It is implied from these results that the t-ZrO2 layer and the substoichiometric Zr oxide layer structures play an important role as a barrier layer in controlling the occurrence of kinetic transitions.

Download or read book Effect of Water Chemistry and Composition on Microstructural Evolution of Oxide on Zr Alloys written by B. X. Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The microstructure of oxide films formed on Zircaloy-4 and Alloy No. 3, which has a composition similar to ZIRLOTM, was investigated by high resolution transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and by scanning probe microscopy after corrosion tests performed at 360°C/18.6 MPa in deionized water or lithiated water with 0.01 M LiOH. The microstructural evolution of the oxide films was analyzed by comparing the microstructure at different depths in the oxide layer. The defects, consisting of vacancies and interstitials, such as points, lines, planes, and volumes, were produced during the oxide growth. Monoclinic, tetragonal, cubic, and amorphous phases were detected and their coherent relationships were identified. The characteristic of oxide with such microstructure had an internal cause, and the temperature and time were the external causes that induced the microstructural evolution during the corrosion process. The diffusion, annihilation, and condensation of vacancies and interstitials under the action of stress, temperature, and time caused stress relaxation and phase transformation. It was observed, in the middle of the oxide layer, that the vacancies absorbed by grain boundaries formed pores to weaken the bonding strength between grains. Pores formed under compressive stress lined up along the direction parallel to the compressive stress. Thus, cracks developed from the pores were parallel to the oxide/metal interface. Li+ and OH- incorporated in oxide films were adsorbed on the wall of pores or entered into vacancies to reduce the surface free energy of the zirconium oxide during exposure in lithiated water. As a result, the diffusion of vacancies and the formation of pores were enhanced, inducing the degradation of the corrosion resistance. The relationship between the corrosion resistance of zirconium alloys and the microstructural evolution of oxide films affected by water chemistry and composition is also discussed.

Download or read book Cold Spray Coatings written by Pasquale Cavaliere and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book combines the contributions of experts in the field to describe the behavior of various materials, micromechanisms involved during processing, and the optimization of cold-spray technology. It spans production, characterization, and applications including wear resistance, fatigue, life improvement, thermal barriers, crack repair, and biological applications. Cold spray is an innovative coating technology based on the kinetic energy gained by particles sprayed at very high pressures. While the technique was developed in the 1990s, industrial and scientific interest in this technology has grown vastly in the last ten years. Recently, many interesting applications have been associated with cold-sprayed coatings, including wear resistance, fatigue life improvement, thermal barriers, biological applications, and crack repair. However, many fundamental aspects require clarification and description.

Download or read book Journal de Physique written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 848 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Proceedings of the 1994 International Topical Meeting on Light Water Reactor Fuel Performance West Palm Beach Florida April 17 21 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 754 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 922 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metals Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Atom Probe Microscopy written by Baptiste Gault and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-27 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atom probe microscopy enables the characterization of materials structure and chemistry in three dimensions with near-atomic resolution. This uniquely powerful technique has been subject to major instrumental advances over the last decade with the development of wide-field-of-view detectors and pulsed-laser-assisted evaporation that have significantly enhanced the instrument’s capabilities. The field is flourishing, and atom probe microscopy is being embraced as a mainstream characterization technique. This book covers all facets of atom probe microscopy—including field ion microscopy, field desorption microscopy and a strong emphasis on atom probe tomography. Atom Probe Microscopy is aimed at researchers of all experience levels. It will provide the beginner with the theoretical background and practical information necessary to investigate how materials work using atom probe microscopy techniques. This includes detailed explanations of the fundamentals and the instrumentation, contemporary specimen preparation techniques, experimental details, and an overview of the results that can be obtained. The book emphasizes processes for assessing data quality, and the proper implementation of advanced data mining algorithms. Those more experienced in the technique will benefit from the book as a single comprehensive source of indispensable reference information, tables and techniques. Both beginner and expert will value the way that Atom Probe Microscopy is set out in the context of materials science and engineering, and includes references to key recent research outcomes.

Download or read book Diffraction Analysis of the Microstructure of Materials written by Eric J. Mittemeijer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overview of diffraction methods applied to the analysis of the microstructure of materials. Since crystallite size and the presence of lattice defects have a decisive influence on the properties of many engineering materials, information about this microstructure is of vital importance in developing and assessing materials for practical applications. The most powerful and usually non-destructive evaluation techniques available are X-ray and neutron diffraction. The book details, among other things, diffraction-line broadening methods for determining crystallite size and atomic-scale strain due, e.g. to dislocations, and methods for the analysis of residual (macroscale) stress. The book assumes only a basic knowledge of solid-state physics and supplies readers sufficient information to apply the methods themselves.