Download or read book Microbial Risk Assessment of Sustainable Urban Stormwater Management Practices written by Keah-Ying Lim and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Urban Water Management (SUWM), a new approach to manage stormwater as a water resource instead of nuisance, has the potential to supplement the diminishing traditional water supplies as well as reducing surface water pollution from storm runoff. Uncertainties of public health risks represent one of the main barriers for the smooth transition to SUWM approach as urban stormwater is known to be highly variable in water quality and is less studied than the conventional water supplies. My research is aimed at improving our state-of-knowledge for the public health risks associated with the SUWM practices. Using the Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework as my main research tool, I investigated the risk implications of three SUWM scenarios: 1) rainwater harvesting, 2) stormwater harvesting, and 3) discharging stormwater into recreational water. As household-level rainwater harvesting is the most readily implementable SUWM approach, I first investigated the public health risks associated with using the rooftop harvested rainwater for household produce irrigation---a reasonable scenario considering the relatively clean water quality of rainwater. My result showed that the risk associated with consuming produce irrigated by harvested rainwater exceeded the EPA's benchmark for safe drinking water, but is still at least ten-fold lower than when reclaimed water is used for the same purpose. To investigate the risks associated with capturing, treating, and reusing urban stormwater collected from urban developments, I examined three non-potable household applications: 1) toilet-flushing, 2) showering, and 3) foodcrop irrigation. My results showed that harvested stormwater is only safe for toilet-flushing under the circumstances considered. However, interpretations of the risks also differ depending on the risk benchmark used for comparison. In my final case study, I adopted a new contamination source apportionment QMRA method to investigate the recreational health risks associated with discharging stormwater into a popular recreational beach. My results showed that sewage contamination of urban stormwater is the governing factor for elevated risks in the water. However, the risk levels are within the acceptable risk set by the U.S. EPA in most of the cases in spite of the violation of water quality standard due to contribution of fecal bacteria from non-human sources. The overall finding of my research demonstrated that the QMRA is a powerful tool to provide a scientific basis for SUWM decisions. The risk outcomes can be used to set the appropriate public health risk management guidelines and water legislation that are necessary for the progress of SUWM practices.
Download or read book Strategic Planning of Sustainable Urban Water Management written by Per-Arne Malmqvist and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2006-06-30 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strategic planning of urban water systems is a complex task. The Urban Water programme covered projects from various disciplines at 9 Swedish Universities, from 1999 to 2006. The projects developed a "toolbox" for strategic planning of drinking-, waste- and stormwater management, covering aspects such as the environment, health and hygiene, financing, organisation, households, and technical function. Strategic Planning of Sustainable Urban Water Management synthesises the results and presents a comprehensive approach, which includes not only the technical, economic and environmental aspects, but also the challenges of institutional capacity and public participation in the planning process. Furthermore, the experience from a number of case studies are summarised and can offer readers inspiration for their own planning situations.
Download or read book Urban Stormwater written by Victorian Stormwater Committee, and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 1999-10-28 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The intense concentration of human activity in urban areas leads to changes in both the quantity and quality of runoff that eventually reaches our streams, lakes, wetlands, estuaries and coasts. The increasing use of impervious surfaces designed to provide smooth and direct pathways for stormwater run-off, has led to greater runoff volumes and flow velocities in urban waterways. Unmanaged, these changes in the quantity and quality of stormwater can result in considerable damage to the environment. Improved environmental performance is needed to ensure that the environmental values and beneficial uses of receiving waters are sustained or enhanced. Urban Stormwater - Best-Practice Environmental Management Guidelines resulted from a collaboration between State government agencies, local government and leading research institutions. The guidelines have been designed to meet the needs of people involved in the planning, design or management of urban land uses or stormwater drainage systems. They provide guidance in ten key areas: *Environmental performance objectives *Stormwater management planning *Land use planning *Water sensitive urban design *Construction site management *Business surveys *Education and awareness *Enforcement *Structural treatment measures *Flow management Engineers and planners within local government, along with consultants to the development industry, should find the guidelines especially useful. Government agencies should also find them helpful in assessing the performance of stormwater managers. While developed specifically for application in Victoria, Australia, the information will be of value to stormwater managers everywhere.
Download or read book Urban Stormwater Management in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-03-17 with total page 611 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid conversion of land to urban and suburban areas has profoundly altered how water flows during and following storm events, putting higher volumes of water and more pollutants into the nation's rivers, lakes, and estuaries. These changes have degraded water quality and habitat in virtually every urban stream system. The Clean Water Act regulatory framework for addressing sewage and industrial wastes is not well suited to the more difficult problem of stormwater discharges. This book calls for an entirely new permitting structure that would put authority and accountability for stormwater discharges at the municipal level. A number of additional actions, such as conserving natural areas, reducing hard surface cover (e.g., roads and parking lots), and retrofitting urban areas with features that hold and treat stormwater, are recommended.
Download or read book Evaluation of Microbial Risk Assessment Techniques and Applications written by J. A. Soller and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2003-12-01 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This investigation reviewed and evaluated methodologies used for microbial risk assessment with respect to their applicability for reclaimed water applications. The investigation was comprised of five primary components: a comprehensive database of articles, reports and books describing microbial risk assessment methodologies was established and reviewed. Risk assessment techniques and models were identified for estimating the public health risk from exposure to microorganisms via reclaimed water applications. Two models were identified for further evaluation: a static (individual based) and a dynamic (population based). In the third component, the two models were evaluated to differentiate between the conditions under which models predict similar and substantially different estimations of risk. Through numerical simulation, exposure/pathogen combinations were identified when it may be appropriate to use the less complex, static model. Case study risk assessment scenarios demonstrated the model selection process for three realistic, yet hypothetical reclaimed water scenarios.The fourth component presents a constraint analysis for existing reuse regulations. The constraint analysis is carried out by documenting the existing reuse regulations. The constraint analysis is carried out by documenting the existing regs in three states for landscape irrigation and uses that comparison as a starting point to identify how microbial risk assessment may be useful within the context of existing and potential future water reuse regulations. The investigation concludes by identifying criteria for a computer interface that would allow regulatory and/or municipal agencies/utilities to take advantage of the analysis discussed in the report. This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online - click on the Pay Per View icon below
Download or read book Hydrological Aspects of Climate Change written by Ashish Pandey and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-04-17 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume arises from the work of Roorkee Water Conclave 2020 and focuses on the hydrological aspects of climate change, hydrological extremes, and adaptation for water resources management. The research papers in this book are centred on themes such as climate change and water security, water resources management, and adaptation to climate change. This volume contains chapters on historical purview of the developments in water management, policy issues, latest development in sustainable water management including their practical applications, real time adverse impact on climate, and more. This volume will be useful to students, researchers as well as practitioners.
Download or read book Health Impact Assessment for Sustainable Water Management written by Lorna Fewtrell and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2008-07-15 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Impact Assessment for Sustainable Water Management is a pioneering international text, exploring and developing this emerging discipline. It is the first to take an international perspective seeking to draw generic lessons from both the developed and developing nations’ experience in this new area of activity. The approach is being applied in policy development to strengthen the ‘evidence-base’ and across a wide spectrum of resource developments, industrial and urban infrastructure projects and in ‘aid’ projects in developing countries. This book illustrates the importance of considering health in water management developments and demonstrates the role of health impact assessment (HIA) in this process. Case-studies illustrate a range of management approaches to different system implementation issues and scale factors, ranging from domestic rainwater harvesting for the supply of non-potable water to a large-scale hydroelectric project. The concept, objectives, terminology and challenges of HIA are introduced and illustrated by case studies including rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse, sustainable drainage and evaluations of the health impacts of flooding. Developing country case studies include a small-scale irrigation project in Zimbabwe, a large hydro-electric scheme in Lao (Peoples Democratic Republic) and the implementation issues surrounding the use of domestic wastewater as a resource in demand by agricultural enterprises in Pakistan. The case studies illustrate different HIA approaches, including the use of quantitative and qualitative information and provide benchmarks of current practice for practitioners seeking to apply HIA in the emerging agendas in both developed and developing nations. The critical appraisals within each chapter offer both best practice exemplars as well as explanations of problems and mistakes of past project implementation, and define the requirements for the policy communities who will be increasingly required to accommodate HIA information in resource allocation decisions. As a result, this book will be of interest to planners, developers, policy makers, public health, environmental and water utility scientists and practitioners.
Download or read book Assessment of Treatment Methods for Reduction of Microbial Risk Factors in Stormwater written by Chi Man Michelle Ip and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of a Protocol for Risk Assessment of Microorganisms in Separate Stormwater Systems written by A. W. Olivieri and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2007-09-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent research has shown that the concentrations of microbial indicator organisms (e.g., fecal coliforms) in stormwater may be quite high. However, studies have not clearly established relationships between the concentrations of indicator organisms and microbial pathogens in stormwater, or between stormwater indicator organism concentrations and illness. Thus, it is difficult to interpret indicator data collected by local public agencies in the context of potential risk to human health. The primary objective of this investigation was to generate guidance to enable more accurate and defensible evaluations of stormwater microorganism data and the associated risks to human health from exposure to microbial pathogens in stormwater. The investigation consisted of three major tasks: reviewing and summarizing relevant published literature, conducting a web-based data questionnaire and developing a science-directed data collection plan. Topics discussed include: 1) waterborne pathogens that pose the greatest risk to human health, 2) concentrations of pathogens and indicator organisms observed in stormwater, 3) defensible relations between indicator organisms and pathogens of public health concern in stormwater, 4) the environmental fate of pathogens and indicator organisms in stormwater, 5) the use of microbial source tracking (MST) techniques to identify sources of fecal contamination, and 6) the effectiveness of stormwater microorganism control technologies and associated costs. Additionally, recommended next steps needed to enable defensible evaluations of stormwater microorganism data and the associated risk to human health from exposure to stormwater are presented. Next steps include the development of interim guidance for management prioritization, pathogens enumeration method development, and pilot and nation-wide data collection programs.
Download or read book Water Quality Ecological and Flood Control Benefits of Urban Stormwater Management Practices written by Neal O'Reilly and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment written by Charles N. Haas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-09 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the latest QMRA methodologies to determine infection risk cause by either accidental microbial infections or deliberate infections caused by terrorism • Reviews the latest methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways, from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection • Provides techniques on how to gather information, on how each microorganism moves through the environment, how to determine their survival rates on various media, and how people are exposed to the microorganism • Explains how QMRA can be used as a tool to measure the impact of interventions and identify the best policies and practices to protect public health and safety • Includes new information on genetic methods • Techniques use to develop risk models for drinking water, groundwater, recreational water, food and pathogens in the indoor environment
Download or read book Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation written by Faezeh Eslamian and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-04-09 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water harvesting is gaining more and more recognition as the sustainable and resilient alternative to other water supply options. It is economically viable, socially compatible and environmentally friendly. Water harvesting has proven to be a robust solution to overcome or reduce water shortages all over the world. To apply this in a sustainable and effective way, it is important to understand exactly where it can be applied to make full use of its potential. The Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Case Studies and Application Examples is the most comprehensive, up-to-date and applied casebook on water harvesting and conservation yet published. The editors bring together the many perspectives into a synthesis that is both academically-based and practical in its potential applications. The Handbook of Water Harvesting and Conservation: Case Studies and Application Examples will be an important tool for education, research and technical works in the soil, water and watershed management area, and will be highly useful for drought strategy planning, flood management and adaptation to climate change in all urban, agricultural, forest, rangeland areas.
Download or read book Handbook of Catchment Management written by Robert C. Ferrier and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-09-11 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the fundamental requirement for aninterdisciplinary catchment based approach to managing andprotecting water resources that crucially includes anunderstanding of land use and its management. In thisapproach the hydrological cycle links mountains to the sea, andecosystems in rivers, groundwaters, lakes, wetlands, estuaries andcoasts forming an essential continuum directly influenced by humanactivity. The book provides a synthesis of current and future thinking incatchment management, and shows how the specific problems thatarise in water use policy can be addressed within the context of anintegrated approach to management. The book is written for advancedstudents, researchers, fellow academics and water sectorprofessionals such as planners and regulators. The intention is tohighlight examples and case studies that have resonance not onlywithin natural sciences and engineering but with academicsin other fields such as socio-economics, law and policy.
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment for Sustainable Water Resources written by Kerry Ann Hamilton and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 846 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis evaluates the microbiological health risks of using the sustainable water resources roof-harvested rainwater and reclaimed water. This research was accomplished by performing six tasks: 1) prioritizing pathogens for exploration; 2) conducting a screening study of opportunistic pathogens in rainwater tanks identified in task 1 in Brisbane, Australia; 3) conducting a longitudinal study of opportunistic pathogens for contaminated tanks identified in task 2; 4) developing a series of new dose response models necessary to conduct a risk assessment; 5) conducting a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) for two index opportunistic pathogens in roof-harvested rainwater; and 6) conducting a QMRA for an opportunistic pathogen in reclaimed water in partnership with a large field and laboratory study conducted by American Water. Decentralized, alternative, or otherwise “sustainable” water resources are growing in popularity as the world’s water resources are strained due to population growth, climate change, and water scarcity. These resources bring new challenges for the water industry in terms of maintaining water quality standards and minimizing adverse impacts. Increased attention has been devoted to opportunistic pathogens due to their growing importance as a portion of the waterborne disease burden in many countries and need to assess their associated health risks. The two systems investigated in this thesis are roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) systems and reclaimed water. Roof-harvested rainwater systems are used in many parts of the world to collect rainwater that falls on roof surfaces in a tank or barrel. This rainwater is then used for a variety of potable or non-potable purposes. Reclaimed water is wastewater reused for beneficial purposes with treatment, where the level of treatment depends on the reuse application. Both types of water systems can foster environments that are conducive to the occurrence of opportunistic pathogens. Opportunistic pathogens are microorganisms that are pathogenic under certain sets of circumstances and typically affect children, the elderly, and immune-compromised hosts rather than healthy individuals. The two opportunistic pathogens that are the focus of this work are Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). L. pneumophila causes infection and respiratory disease through inhalation of aqueous aerosols, while MAC can causes infection or disease through inhalation or ingestion. Due to the use of RHRW for both potable and non-potable purposes, and the use of reclaimed water for potable purposes that generate large-scale aerosols (such as cooling tower mists), the potential for public health risk exists as a result of human contact with these water sources. A QMRA is therefore needed to assess risk and prioritize risk management and data gathering needs for both of these pathogens under a variety of scenarios. This thesis presents a large-scale field study of RHRW in Brisbane, Australia, where RHRW is used on a large scale due to aggressive droughts in the region. Molecular biology methods (qPCR) and culture-based methods were used to screen tanks for opportunistic pathogens, and a subset of contaminated tanks was chosen for a six-month follow-up study. A survey of rainwater tank owner use and maintenance practice was conducted. Additionally, an analysis of the correlation among microorganisms and between microorganisms and meteorological factors was performed to inform risk management approaches. A major barrier to conducting a QMRA for MAC has been the development of a risk assessment framework and dose response models. These models have been developed for this work and as a result, a QMRA is performed for RHRW using Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis. A similar modeling approach is used for assessing risks from toilet flushing, spray irrigation, and cooling tower use for reclaimed water. As a result, appropriate uses for RHRW are designated and appropriate setback distances for cooling towers and spray irrigation systems are proposed for reclaimed water.
Download or read book Sustainable Cities and Institutional Change written by Alexis Schulman and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is widely argued that a sustainable future depends on the capacity of cities to substantially alter how they grow and consume natural resources. Research on sustainable cities has typically emphasized how this change ought to be achieved, outlining specific interventions in the form of new policies and technologies. Problematically, we know far less about why urban institutions change, when they do, in the support of sustainability objectives. Why have some cities progressed in translating ideas about environmental sustainability into enduring institutional reforms while other similarly situated cities persist under the status quo? Over the past fifteen years, for example, sustainability advocates in the United States have touted green stormwater infrastructure (GSI)- a decentralized network of rainwater capture and infiltration systems-as a more sustainable and less costly alternative to building more and bigger underground pipes to control polluted urban runoff and sewer overflows, as required under the Clean Water Act. Yet the extent to which cities facing very similar municipal pollution problems adopt GSI varies widely. This dissertation seeks to account for the disparate adoption of, and investment in, this innovative, land-based practice through an in-depth investigation of four US cities: Boston, Philadelphia, Portland, and Washington, DC. Some observers characterize the development of sustainable urban infrastructure as contingent on the commitment of environmentally-minded local decision makers or a supportive, engaged public. In contrast, my research shows that cities that have invested most heavily in GSI have done so to achieve compliance with the stringent National Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Policy. Yet whether or not a city adopts GSI to control CSOs it is a function of three things: the structure of municipal water management and infrastructure, which I term the "legacy system;" the existence of an effective change agent or "policy entrepreneur" within the local water utility; and the acceptance of GSI as a legitimate control technology in the regulatory policy system at the time a city planned and implemented its CSO program. Based on my analysis, I provide recommendations for how innovative stormwater management technology and practices might be stimulated in varied municipal planning contexts.
Download or read book Microbial Source Tracking written by Michèle Gourmelon and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-18 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Evaluating Sustainable Stormwater Management Plans written by Amy Liu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
