Download or read book MHC class II restricted processing of endogenous antigens during viral infection written by Joseph D. Comber and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MHC class II presented peptides are derived from both exogenous (extracellular) and endogenous (biosynthesized) sources of antigen. Several endogenous antigen processing pathways have been reported, with recent studies focusing on a macroautophagy dependent pathway of endogenous processing. In this pathway, autophagosomes capture viral antigens and traffic them to the late endosome compartment for processing and subsequent loading onto MHC class II molecules. Although macroautophagy presentation of several individual epitopes has been reported, little is known about the relative contribution to global CD4 + T cell responses against complex antigens. Here, we demonstrate that influenza virus infection triggered productive macroautophagy and autophagy-dependent presentation was readily observed with model antigens that naturally traffic to the autophagosome. Furthermore, treatments that enhance or inhibit macroautophagy modulated the level of presentation from these antigens. However, validated ELISpot assays of influenza-specific CD4+ T cells from infected mice using a variety of antigen presenting cells, including primary dendritic cells, revealed no detectable macroautophagy-dependent component. In contrast, the contribution of proteasome-dependent endogenous antigen processing to the global influenza CD4+ response was readily appreciated. The contribution of macroautophagy to the MHC class II restricted response may vary depending upon the pathogen. It is also apparent that the endogenous processing pathways are highly regulated which could impact both autophagy mediated and proteasome mediated presentation. Although the role of cytokines and TLR agonists in antigen presentation is well studied, much less is known about the role the virus itself has on this process. Here, we demonstrate markedly different presentation levels of the endogenous epitopes S3 and NA79 but nearly identical presentation levels of the classical exogenous S1 epitope between two variants of the PR8 strain of influenza virus. This inhibition was not due to inhibition of protein synthesis but rather to the presence of defective interfering particles in one of the viral preparations. We termed the variant the led to robust endogenous presentation wild-thpe and the variant containing defective interfering particles DI PR8. This inhibition in presentation could be reproduced by overexpressing RIG-I, a cytosolic pattern recognition receptor, implicating DI particle (RNA intermediates) association with RIG-I in the alteration of endogenous processing.
Download or read book Molecular Biology of the Cell written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Janeway s Immunobiology written by Kenneth Murphy and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2010-06-22 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Janeway's Immunobiology CD-ROM, Immunobiology Interactive, is included with each book, and can be purchased separately. It contains animations and videos with voiceover narration, as well as the figures from the text for presentation purposes.
Download or read book MHC Ligands and Peptide Motifs written by Hans-Georg Rammensee and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is centered on a comprehensive list of MHC peptide motifs and ligands as known to date, together with selected T cell epitopes, arranged in an easy-to-read fashion. This information is put into context by chapters on MHC gene organization, MHC structure, T cell epitope prediction, antigen processing and T cell responses. In addition, the book provides a great deal of complementary information: amino acid sequences of MHC class I alpha1 and alpha2 domains and of class II alpha1 and beta1 domains, the established or predicted composition and specificity of MHC pockets, notes on MHC nomenclature including old assignments and reference to useful internet addresses. A handy reference manual that should be helpful for all those dealing with MHC-associated peptides.
Download or read book Antigen Processing and Recognition written by James McCluskey and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1991-09-03 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a state-of-the-art review of the processing, presentation, and subsequent recognition of antigens by T cells. Topics discussed include the structure of MHC molecules, the nature and specificity of human class II molecule interactions with peptide antigens, the class II invariant chain, antigen processing and presentation by class I MHC molecules, the biology of antigen processing, and the presentation and role of accessory molecules in T cell recognition. Other chapters feature discussions about the T cell allorecognition of MHC molecules, the recognition of minor antigens, and the concept of "superantigens." Color plates demonstrate the three-dimensional structure of MHC molecules and peptide antigen interaction with MHC molecules. Diagrams illustrate antigen presentation pathways, T cell receptor-MHC interaction and accessory molecule interactions. Antigen Processing and Recognition will be a valuable addition to the libraries of students and teachers of immunology, as well as cell biologists who are looking for a unified view of this rapidly expanding subject.
Download or read book Presentation of Endogenous Antigens by MHC Class II Molecules written by Kenneth Adam Frauwirth and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Avian Immunology written by Bernd Kaspers and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Avian Immunology provides an up-to-date overview of the current knowledge of avian immunology. From the ontogeny of the avian immune system to practical application in vaccinology, the book encompasses all aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in chickens. In addition, chapters are devoted to the immunology of other commercially important species such as turkeys and ducks, and to ecoimmunology summarizing the knowledge of immune responses in free-living birds often in relation to reproductive success. The book contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system, encompassing the mucosal, enteric, respiratory and reproductive systems. The diseases and disorders it covers include immunodepressive diseases and immune evasion, autoimmune diseases, and tumors of the immune system. Practical aspects of vaccination are examined as well. Extensive appendices summarize resources for scientists including cell lines, inbred chicken lines, cytokines, chemokines, and monoclonal antibodies. The world-wide importance of poultry protein for the human diet, as well as the threat of avian influenza pandemics like H5N1 and heavy reliance on vaccination to protect commercial flocks makes this book a vital resource. This book provides crucial information not only for poultry health professionals and avian biologists, but also for comparative and veterinary immunologists, graduate students and veterinary students with an interest in avian immunology. - With contributions from 33 of the foremost international experts in the field, this book provides the most up-to-date review of avian immunology so far - Contains a detailed description of the avian innate immune system reviewing constitutive barriers, chemical and cellular responses; it includes a comprehensive review of avian Toll-like receptors - Contains a wide-ranging review of the "ecoimmunology" of free-living avian species, as applied to studies of population dynamics, and reviews methods and resources available for carrying out such research
Download or read book Human Herpesviruses written by Ann Arvin and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-08-16 with total page 1325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive account of the human herpesviruses provides an encyclopedic overview of their basic virology and clinical manifestations. This group of viruses includes human simplex type 1 and 2, Epstein–Barr virus, Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, cytomegalovirus, HHV6A, 6B and 7, and varicella-zoster virus. The viral diseases and cancers they cause are significant and often recurrent. Their prevalence in the developed world accounts for a major burden of disease, and as a result there is a great deal of research into the pathophysiology of infection and immunobiology. Another important area covered within this volume concerns antiviral therapy and the development of vaccines. All these aspects are covered in depth, both scientifically and in terms of clinical guidelines for patient care. The text is illustrated generously throughout and is fully referenced to the latest research and developments.
Download or read book The Role of the Endoplasmic Reticulum in Major Histocompatibility Class II Restricted Antigen Presentation and Immune Response written by Matthew Clay Wheeler and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The generation of adaptive immune responses requires presentation of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II restricted immunogenic peptides to CD4 T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs). These peptides are derived from the processing of protein antigens in acidic endosomal compartments. Classically, the generation of such peptides has been thought to have occurred through an exogenous pathway that involves internalization of antigens from the extracellular milieu. Recently, it has been demonstrated that peptides can also be generated from endogenously synthesized and retained antigen. While research in this field is burgeoning the physiological consequences of the processing of intracellular antigen are unknown. This dissertation examines the in vivo consequences and in vitro pathways relevant to the processing and presentation of antigen that is endogenously synthesized and retained in different intracellular compartments by B lymphocytes. I show that peptides derived from the processing of intracellular antigen are able to prime a CD4 T cell response irrespective of intracellular targeting. Furthermore, I show that T cells primed by peptides derived from antigen retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induce higher secretion of IFN-g and TNFa in responding cells. This increase is associated with upregulation of the ER stress responsive genes GADD34, Grp78 and CHOP, and down regulation of the costimulatory molecule OX40L in B lymphocytes. An OX40L reduced phenotype was recapitulated in CpG activated B lymphocytes by treatment with the ER stress inducing compounds tunicamycin and thapsigargin. I also show that presentation of ER retained antigen is linked to the ER associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Presentation of the model antigen Ea from an ER targeted IgH requires mannose processing, cytosolic translocation and degradation by the resident cytosolic protease tripeptidyl peptidase II. Additionally, ER stress inducing compounds are able to initiate presentation of a secretory IgH that traffics through the ER but is not normally presented. Ultimately, the research presented here has far reaching implications for immune responses generated under states of cellular stress, such as viral infection oncogenic transformation and anti-idiotype responses at the levels of antigen processing and immune priming. These results reveal important considerations for vaccine design, as ER stress may serve an important adjuvant effect in the induction of cellular immunity.
Download or read book Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases written by Hans D. Ochs and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 745 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases presents discussions of gene identification, mutation detection, and clinical and research applications for over 100 genetic immune disorders--disorders featuring an increased susceptibility to infections and, in certain conditions, an icreased rate of malignancies and autoimmune disorders. Since the publication of the first edition, a flurry of new disease entities has been defined and new treatment regimens have been introduced, the most spectacular being successful treatment by gene therapy for two genotypes of combined immunodeficiency. The first edition marked a historic turning point in the field of immunodeficiencies, demonstrating that many of the disorders of the immune systam could be understood at a molecular level. This new edition can proudly document the tremendous pace of progress in dissecting the complex immunologic networks responsible for protecting individuals from these disorders.
Download or read book Nonclassical Antigen Processing and the Implications for Autoimmunity and Infection written by Tara M. Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent advances in immunology have given us evidence that antigen processing and presentation are not as simple as the mutually exclusive, MHC class I and MHC class II pathways presented in many textbooks. Antigen processing is responsible for producing self-epitopes, which is critical in the maintenance of tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity. Foreign antigens, from sources such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, must also be processed and presented to the immune system so that appropriate defense and protection mechanisms can be employed. ^ In the first part of this thesis, we explored the role of aminoglycosides in translational readthrough. These antibiotics, such as gentamicin, decrease the fidelity of translation, and allow for readthrough of stop codons by inserting random amino acids instead of terminating translation at a stop codon. This can lead to the production of novel epitopes from normally untranslated regions. Results from our recombinant vaccinia virus system show that gentamicin not only allows for the processing of cryptic epitopes, but a robust CD8 + T cell response in vitro and in vivo is elicited. Implications for autoimmunity are explored. ^ In the latter two manuscripts, the role of the nonclassical, proteasome-dependent, MHC class II-restricted pathway is investigated in tissue culture and a mouse model. In Chapter 3 we utilized reagents specific for influenza epitopes that have been previously described to be processed by the classical or the endogenous, proteasome-dependent pathway. We provide evidence that the endogenous pathway is regulated in vitro by several features including cell type, length of time in culture (primary cells vs. transformed cell lines), live vs. UV-inactivated influenza, and expression of the class II transactivator. In Chapter 4, we extend these studies to show that in vivo, the utilization of the endogenous pathway is also regulated by the age of the host. Taken together, these studies demonstrate how changes in molecular processes such as antigen processing have broad downstream implications for the generation of T cell responses, and the delicate balance between providing robust immune responses for fighting infection and the prevention of autoimmunity.
Download or read book The MHC I restricted Antigen Presentation in Normal and Virally Infected Cells written by Hong Wang and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook on Immunosenescence written by Tamas Fulop and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-02-27 with total page 1693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative handbook covers all aspects of immunosenescence, with contributions from experts in the research and clinical areas. It examines methods and models for studying immunosenescence; genetics; mechanisms including receptors and signal transduction; clinical relevance in disease states including infections, autoimmunity, cancer, metabolic syndrome, neurodegenerative diseases, frailty and osteoporosis; and much more.
Download or read book Immunology Guidebook written by Julius Cruse and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-08-05 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Immunology Guidebook provides an easily accessible text-reference to the more up-to-date and difficult concepts in the complex science of immunology. It aims to demystify basic concepts and specialised molecular and cellular interactions. Its 18 chapters offer a logical and sequential presentation where much of the data is displayed in carefully designed tables. This book is intended for immunology students, researchers, practitioners and basic biomedical scientists. - Tables provide a quick reference to 'difficult to find' immunology data - A distillate of the latest information on immunogenetics of the human MHC associated with tissue transplantation - Information boxes featurw related web resources
Download or read book Antigen Processing and Presentation written by Robert Edward Humphreys and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the few volumes dedicated to antigen processing, this unique text is not only especially current but also valuable for its description of petentially "hot" areas with its "Future Directions" sections. * Current, important topics covered by this text include: Processing and presentation of foreign and self protein antigens to T lymphocytes Intracellular assembley and transport of MHC proteins Regulation of the assembley and expression of processed antigen-MHC complexes
Download or read book MRCOG Part One written by Alison Fiander and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-10-13 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fully updated and illustrated handbook providing comprehensive coverage of all curriculum areas covered by the MRCOG Part 1 examination.
Download or read book Immunology Overview and Laboratory Manual written by Tobili Y. Sam-Yellowe and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-01 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A two-in-one text providing teaching lab students with an overview of immunology as well as a lab manual complete with current standard exercises. Section I of this book provides an overview of the immune system and immunity, and includes review questions, problem sets, case studies, inquiry-based questions, and more to provide students with a strong foundation in the field. Section II consists of twenty-two lab exercises focused on key concepts in immunology, such as antibody production, cell separation, cell function, immunoassays, Th1/Th2 cytokine detection, cell and tissue culture methods, and cell and molecular biology techniques. Appendices include safety information, suggested links and readings, and standard discipline processes, protocols, and instructions.
