Download or read book The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-10-20 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement,Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated, miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing, capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialized areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies. The History of Alternative Test Methods in Toxicology uses a chronological approach to demonstrate how the use of alternative methods has evolved from their conception as adjuncts to traditional animal toxicity tests to replacements for them. This volume in the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series explores the history of alternative test development, validation, and use, with an emphasis on humanity and good science, in line with the Three Rs (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) concept expounded by William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959 in their now-classic volume, The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. The book describes the historical development of technologies that have influenced the application of alternatives in toxicology and safety testing. These range from single cell monocultures to sophisticated miniaturised and microfluidic organism-on-a-chip devices, and also include molecular modelling, chemoinformatics and QSAR analysis, and the use of stem cells, tissue engineering and hollow fibre bioreactors. This has been facilitated by the wider availability of human tissues, advances in tissue culture, analytical and diagnostic methods, increases in computational processing capabilities, and a greater understanding of cell biology and molecular mechanisms of toxicity. These technological developments have enhanced the range and information content of the toxicity endpoints detected, and therefore the relevance of test systems and data interpretation, while new techniques for non-invasive diagnostic imaging and high resolution detection methods have permitted an increased role for human studies. Several key examples of how these technologies are being harnessed to meet 21st century safety assessment challenges are provided, including their deployment in integrated testing schemes in conjunction with kinetic modelling, and in specialised areas, such as inhalation toxicity studies.
Download or read book Methods in Inhalation Toxicology written by Robert F. Phalen and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1996-11-06 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conducting studies of natural and man-made air contaminants is a specialized research activity that draws upon skills from a variety of disciplines including toxicology, pharmacology, industrial hygiene, and environmental health. Methods in Inhalation Toxicology describes how knowledge from these disciplines is integrated into the design and conduct of inhalation studies. Each of the vital aspects of conducting these studies is discussed in detail, including the use of animal subjects and the related quality control and ethical considerations, air purification methodology, exposure atmosphere generation and characterization, inhalation exposure systems, and real-time and post-exposure biological assessments. These methods will enable you to conduct inhalation studies, easily adding any specific measures of particular interest to your research. The book covers techniques needed to: provide suitable clean air for experiments correctly generate the particles and gases being studied select the proper exposure system monitor the exposure prepare tissues for study ensure that animals do not have confounding lung disease The helpful descriptions and detailed lists of suppliers of preferred equipment and materials will help you to perform valid, reproducible inhalation toxicology studies. Methods in Inhalation Toxicology is a perfect textbook for students in toxicology programs, as well as for scientists who conduct inhalation studies in both academic and industrial environments.
Download or read book Principles of Toxicology Testing Second Edition written by Frank A Barile and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-04-02 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nationally, toxicology programs have evolved from a traditional exploration of the chemistry and applied toxicity of chemicals and drugs to a more comprehensive study of toxicology and toxicology testing as independent entities. Consequently, the second edition of Principles of Toxicology Testing starts with basic toxicological principles, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of toxins, including chemicals and drugs. The book then continues with animal (in vivo) and in vitro toxicology testing methods associated with toxicological analysis and preclinical drug development. As in the first edition, the book begins with an introduction into the fundamentals of toxicology (Section I) to prepare readers for the subsequent topics and continues through with a discussion of toxicokinetics and human risk assessment. This introductory material is useful in understanding the applications of toxicology testing. Section II describes the fundamental principles of toxicology testing in animals in greater detail. This section describes acute toxicity studies as well as subchronic and chronic studies performed on animals. Special emphasis is placed on study design and determination of classical indicators for acute and chronic testing, such as the LD50. The book examines other short- and long-term animal toxicity testing methodologies, including dermal, ocular, and reproductive toxicity testing. In addition, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity studies are also discussed in separate chapters. Section III introduces and discusses in vitro alternatives to animal toxicology tests. This section emphasizes cell culture methodology and cellular methods for acute systemic toxicity, target organ toxicity, and local toxicity. The contributors present the advantages and disadvantages of alternative methods. They also describe the use of high-throughput screening and its applications, the concepts of standardization and validation of in vitro techniques (especially large, organized validation efforts currently supported by US and EU regulatory agencies), and the theories supporting the development of in vitro methodologies. This second edition is a must-read for undergraduate and graduate toxicology students. Industrial and academic research centers will also find the text useful for establishing a toxicology testing laboratory.
Download or read book In Silico Methods for Predicting Drug Toxicity written by Emilio Benfenati and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fully updated book explores all-new and revised protocols involving the use of in silico models, particularly with regard to pharmaceuticals. Divided into five sections, the volume covers the modeling of pharmaceuticals in the body, toxicity data for modeling purposes, in silico models for multiple endpoints, a number of platforms for evaluating pharmaceuticals, as well as an exploration of challenges, both scientific and sociological. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and implementation advice necessary for successful results. Authoritative and comprehensive, In Silico Methods for Predicting Drug Toxicity, Second Edition aims to guide the reader through the correct procedures needed to harness in silico models, a field which now touches a wide variety of research specialties.
Download or read book Analytical Methods in Toxicology written by H. M. Stahr and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1991-08-29 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides practicing analysts in toxicology with the most detailed, practically-oriented handbook on the subject available. Describes various tested instrumental methods which demonstrate the principles of chromatography readout and cleanup techniques and elementary analysis by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Coverage includes information on hydride methods for metalloids in biological matrices; cleanups for organic analysis; and new chromatography methods for mycotoxins, pesticides and vitamins. There is also information on feed additives and contaminants as well as colorimetric effusion separations, HPLC separations, and readout end points.
Download or read book Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many of the pesticides applied to food crops in this country are present in foods and may pose risks to human health. Current regulations are intended to protect the health of the general population by controlling pesticide use. This book explores whether the present regulatory approaches adequately protect infants and children, who may differ from adults in susceptibility and in dietary exposures to pesticide residues. The committee focuses on four major areas: Susceptibility: Are children more susceptible or less susceptible than adults to the effects of dietary exposure to pesticides? Exposure: What foods do infants and children eat, and which pesticides and how much of them are present in those foods? Is the current information on consumption and residues adequate to estimate exposure? Toxicity: Are toxicity tests in laboratory animals adequate to predict toxicity in human infants and children? Do the extent and type of toxicity of some chemicals vary by species and by age? Assessing risk: How is dietary exposure to pesticide residues associated with response? How can laboratory data on lifetime exposures of animals be used to derive meaningful estimates of risk to children? Does risk accumulate more rapidly during the early years of life? This book will be of interest to policymakers, administrators of research in the public and private sectors, toxicologists, pediatricians and other health professionals, and the pesticide industry.
Download or read book Genetic Toxicology written by James M. Parry and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2011-12-07 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evaluation of potential mutagenic activity is a critical step in the assessment of the safety of both new and pre-existing chemical types. In Genetic Toxicology: Principles and Methods, expert contributors help to satisfy the demand for education in this tremendously important area of study. The volume covers three basic areas: the scientific basis of the discipline, the methodologies of the main test assays, and the application of the methods, all aimed primarily at scientists in the safety departments of the industries working with both natural and synthetic chemicals. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Intuitive and cutting-edge, Genetic Toxicology: Principles and Methods provides crucial support to both laboratory workers in providing quality information on the appropriate application of techniques and to study directors in their assay selection and protocol design in this vital field.
Download or read book Computational Toxicology written by Bruce A. Fowler and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-06-04 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Computational Toxicology: Methods and Applications for Risk Assessment is an essential reference on the translation of computational toxicology data into information that can be used for more informed risk assessment decision-making. This book is authored by leading international investigators who have real-world experience in relating computational toxicology methods to risk assessment. Key topics of interest include QSAR modeling, chemical mixtures, applications to metabolomic and metabonomic data sets, toxicogenomic analyses, applications to REACH informational strategies and much more. The examples provided in this book are based on cutting-edge technologies and set out to stimulate the further development of this promising field to offer rapid, better and more cost-effective answers to major public health concerns. Authored by leading international researchers engaged in cutting-edge applications of computational methods for translating complex toxicological data sets into useful risk assessment information Incorporates real-world examples of how computational toxicological methods have been applied to advance the science of risk assessment Provides the framework necessary for new technologies and fosters common vocabularies and principles upon which the effects of new chemical entities should be compared
Download or read book Principles and Methods of Toxicology written by A. Wallace Hayes and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-09-25 with total page 2296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Founded on the paradox that all things are poisons and the difference between poison and remedy is quantity, the determination of safe dosage forms the base and focus of modern toxicology. In order to make a sound determination there must be a working knowledge of the biologic mechanisms involved and of the methods employed to define these mechanis
Download or read book Analytical Methods for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology written by Q. Alan Xu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-12 with total page 913 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a compilation of summarized analytical methods designed to serve the needs of pharmacologists, toxicologists, and other allied health professionals involved the development, use, or monitoring of pharmaceuticals. The summaries are structured monographs on 511 different drug entities detailing 964 different analytical methods, providing the reader with a thorough description of method validation. These analytical methods include not only high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), but also gas chromatography (GC), immunoassay, electrophoresis, ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled with UV (UPLC-UV) detection and mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). With more detailed and complete summaries than sketchy and abbreviated formats used in the other books, this book provides a thorough description of method validation and results, as well as the operating parameters.
Download or read book In Situ Bioavailability and Toxicity of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Systems written by Thomas-Benjamin Seiler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-07-13 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This detailed volume examines the complex study of the assessment of in situ bioavailability and toxicity of organic chemicals in aquatic systems with a toolbox of reliable techniques. Beginning with a section on approaches for chemical analytical and bioanalytical techniques in bioavailability research, the book continues with methods to monitor effects in situ and conduct bioassays to assess the effects of complex environmental samples. It concludes with descriptions of various computational models. Written for the Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology series, chapters feature the kind of expert implementation advice that leads to greater success in the field. Authoritative and versatile, In Situ Bioavailability and Toxicity of Organic Chemicals in Aquatic Systems serves as an ideal guide to aid in tackling the challenge of analyzing and understanding chemical pollution in aquatic systems.
Download or read book Toxicology written by M A SUBRAMANIAN and published by MJP Publisher. This book was released on 2019-06-06 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of toxicants—their route of entry, theirabsorption, distribution, elimination and transformation,and their dynamics within organisms and theenvironment—have been clearly dealt with in this book. Itprovides a concise, well-balanced and technicalintroduction to toxicology with focus on the basic principlesand concepts. It would prove to be a complete study unit fornew entrants to this field. The chapter “Impact of pollutantson aquatic organisms” has been written exclusively basedon the author’s laboratory observations.
Download or read book Advances in Computational Toxicology written by Huixiao Hong and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-21 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive review of both traditional and cutting-edge methodologies that are currently used in computational toxicology and specifically features its application in regulatory decision making. The authors from various government agencies such as FDA, NCATS and NIEHS industry, and academic institutes share their real-world experience and discuss most current practices in computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science. Among the topics covered are molecular modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, machine learning methods for toxicity analysis, network-based approaches for the assessment of drug toxicity and toxicogenomic analyses. Offering a valuable reference guide to computational toxicology and potential applications in regulatory science, this book will appeal to chemists, toxicologists, drug discovery and development researchers as well as to regulatory scientists, government reviewers and graduate students interested in this field.
Download or read book Analytical Methods in Human Toxicology written by A.S. Curry and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-10 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Toxicology written by C. P. Stewart and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 938 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxicology: Mechanisms and Analytical Methods, Volume II provides an account of the general methods of chemical analysis available to the toxicologist, discussion of the principles on which they are based, and a survey of the material to which they are applied. The volume supplements the methods presented in the first volume. It provides specific examples of general procedures; considers the important groups of poisons; arranges the order of extraction from biological material; and discusses the methods for identifying and determining the members of each poison group. The book will be invaluable to toxicologists, clinical chemists, and biochemists.
Download or read book Principles and Methods of Toxicology written by A. Wallace Hayes and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of Effluents and Receiving Waters to Freshwater and Marine Organisms written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
