Download or read book Methods for Assessing the Effects of Mixtures of Chemicals written by Velimir B. Vouk and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1987 with total page 936 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It has long been recognized that real exposures of people and non-human biota are generally two mixtures of chemicals, rather than two pure entities. In spite of this, evaluations in the field or laboratory have frequently only looked at single chemicals. Therefore, this book sets out to identify the limitations, practicalities and utility of dealing with chemicals in mixtures. It is the first systematic attempt to examine methods for evaluating mixtures of chemicals. This is a particularly difficult task and complete success cannot be claimed. However, suggestions for further study and research are made which may help to improve the approach to the subject.
Download or read book METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF MIXTURES OF CHEMICALS SCOPE 30 written by VB. VOUK and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mixture Toxicity written by Cornelis A. M. van Gestel and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade and a half, great progress has been made in the development of concepts and models for mixture toxicity, both in human and environmental toxicology. However, due to their different protection goals, developments have often progressed in parallel but with little integration. Arguably the first book to clearly link ecotoxicology an
Download or read book Scientific Methodologies for the Assessment of Combined Effects of Chemicals a Survey and Literature Review written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure of humans and wildlife to chemicals via food, consumer products, the environment etc. can imply exposure to an infinite number of different combinations of chemicals in mixtures. It is practically impossible to test all these possible mixtures experimentally and it is therefore needed to find smart strategies to assess the potential hazards using new tools that rely less on in vivo testing and incorporate instead alternative experimental and computational tools. In this report the current state of the art for the application of these alternative tools for assessing the hazard of chemical mixtures is briefly reviewed. The focus is hereby on the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept, in vitro methods, omics techniques, in silico approaches such as quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) and read-across, toxicokinetic and dynamic energy budget (DEB) modelling, and on integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA).^Furthermore, an expert survey was performed to collect up to date information and experience on the current use of different approaches for assessing human and environmental health risks from exposure to chemical mixtures, with a view to informing the development of a consistent assessment approach. An online survey was performed among experts in the field of combined exposure assessment in the period of January to March 2014, addressing both, human health and environmental risk assessment. Fiftyeight experts from 21 countries, different stakeholder groups and sectors of legislation participated in the survey. The main sectors where most experience is already gained in assessing mixtures are in the area of plant protection products and chemicals under REACH. These were also rated highest regarding the priority for performing mixture assessments.^Experts have experience with the whole mixture as well as the componentbased approaches applying them to both, intentional and unintentional mixtures. Mostly concentration addition (CA) based methods are used for predicting mixture effects. Regarding the use of novel and alternative tools in the risk assessment of mixtures, expert opinions are split between those applying them (often more in a research context) and those that generally think these tools are valuable but their use is currently limited because of lack of guidance, lack of data, or lack of expertise. A general need for clear guidance for combined exposure assessments was identified. Overall, a high potential in applying novel tools and scientific methodologies for the assessment of chemical mixtures can be identified. They allow deriving meaningful information on individual mixture components or whole mixtures, enabling a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of mixture effects.^Their main strengths lie in their integrated use and smart combination to put different aspects regarding the hazard from combined exposure to multiple chemicals into context. In order to benefit from these tools in the hazard assessment of mixtures, more guidance on their use is needed to facilitate a more widespread application.
Download or read book EPA 630 R written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Mixtures and Combined Chemical and Nonchemical Stressors written by Cynthia V. Rider and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-16 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, both basic and advanced concepts are discussed for considering mixtures from initial exposure characterization through evaluation of risk associated with combined exposures. This book will provide an introduction to key issues and multiple options for evaluating both the toxicity of mixtures as well as the risk associated with exposure to mixtures. Additionally, promising tools adapted from other disciplines will be discussed in the context of mixtures toxicology and risk assessment. Finally, the discussion will move beyond chemical mixtures to address incorporating non-chemical stressors into toxicity studies and cumulative risk assessments. Although exposure to multiple chemical and non-chemical stressors is the rule, not the exception, consideration of mixtures in toxicology and risk assessment continues to be a significant challenge. This book will be an essential resource for researchers and professionals in the fields of toxicology, epidemiology, exposure science, risk assessment, and statistics.
Download or read book Complex Mixtures written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the laboratory, testing the toxic effects for a single compound is a straightforward process. However, many common harmful substances occur naturally as mixtures and can interact to exhibit greater toxic effects as a mixture than the individual components exhibit separately. Complex Mixtures addresses the problem of identifying and classifying complex mixtures, investigating the effect of exposure, and the research problems inherent in testing their toxicity to human beings. A complete series of case studies is presented, including one that examines the cofactors of alcohol consumption and cigarette smoke.
Download or read book The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke written by Alan Rodgman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 2334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by two longtime researchers in tobacco science, The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke, Second Edition chronicles the progress made from late 2008 through 2011 by scientists in the field of tobacco science. The book examines the isolation and characterization of each component. It explores developments in pertinent analytical
Download or read book Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1994-01-01 with total page 668 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The public depends on competent risk assessment from the federal government and the scientific community to grapple with the threat of pollution. When risk reports turn out to be overblownâ€"or when risks are overlookedâ€"public skepticism abounds. This comprehensive and readable book explores how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) can improve its risk assessment practices, with a focus on implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. With a wealth of detailed information, pertinent examples, and revealing analysis, the volume explores the "default option" and other basic concepts. It offers two views of EPA operations: The first examines how EPA currently assesses exposure to hazardous air pollutants, evaluates the toxicity of a substance, and characterizes the risk to the public. The second, more holistic, view explores how EPA can improve in several critical areas of risk assessment by focusing on cross-cutting themes and incorporating more scientific judgment. This comprehensive volume will be important to the EPA and other agencies, risk managers, environmental advocates, scientists, faculty, students, and concerned individuals.
Download or read book Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation written by F. L. Mayer and published by ASTM International. This book was released on 1977 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2009-09-06 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early 1980s, two water-supply systems on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina were found to be contaminated with the industrial solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The water systems were supplied by the Tarawa Terrace and Hadnot Point watertreatment plants, which served enlisted-family housing, barracks for unmarried service personnel, base administrative offices, schools, and recreational areas. The Hadnot Point water system also served the base hospital and an industrial area and supplied water to housing on the Holcomb Boulevard water system (full-time until 1972 and periodically thereafter). This book examines what is known about the contamination of the water supplies at Camp Lejeune and whether the contamination can be linked to any adverse health outcomes in former residents and workers at the base.
Download or read book Risk Assessment is a Developing Science written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Applications of Toxicogenomic Technologies to Predictive Toxicology and Risk Assessment written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-11-19 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new field of toxicogenomics presents a potentially powerful set of tools to better understand the health effects of exposures to toxicants in the environment. At the request of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, the National Research Council assembled a committee to identify the benefits of toxicogenomics, the challenges to achieving them, and potential approaches to overcoming such challenges. The report concludes that realizing the potential of toxicogenomics to improve public health decisions will require a concerted effort to generate data, make use of existing data, and study data in new waysâ€"an effort requiring funding, interagency coordination, and data management strategies.
Download or read book NMR based Metabolomics written by Hector C Keun and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-01-17 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the state of the art in the application of NMR spectroscopy to metabolomics and will be a key title for researchers and practitioners.
Download or read book Method for Assessing Additive Toxicity of Chemical Mixtures written by LL. Marking and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixtures of chemicals or pesticides may produce unexpected effects; some are hazardous and some are beneficial. A method was divised in which individual toxic contributions of chemicals are summed, and the additive toxicity is defined by an index for two or more chemicals in combination. This linear index expresses the toxicity quantitatively: zero indicates simple additive toxicity, negative values indicate less than additive toxicity, and positive values indicate greater than additive toxicity. The significance of index values near zero is assessed by substituting values from the 95 percent confidence intervals into the formula to determine whether the range for the additive indices overlaps zero (simple additive toxicity). The range is derived by selecting values of the 95 percent confidence interval yielding the greatest deviation from the additive index.
Download or read book Toxicology and Risk Assessment written by Helmut Greim and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new book, written by two outstanding scientists in the field, describes the basic principles of toxic mechanisms and organ toxicity, providing detailed information on specific mechanisms or chemicals for exemplification. The goal is to provide sufficient information that the reader becomes familiar with the basic concepts in toxicology to enable him or her to understand the basic principles in toxicology and to evaluate the risks at given exposures. With this basic understanding the reader also will be able to critically evaluate the available information on a chemical and to identify data gaps. In addition to the introductory chapters the book will offer the following systematic information, presented in six special sections: Principles in Toxicology Organ Toxicology Methods in Toxicology Risk Assessment Risk Management Toxicity of Chemicals Fulfilling a demand for such a book, this will be a welcomed introductory text for students and non-experts alike to focus on and understand the principles of hazard identification and risk assessment of toxicants. Relevant to all those studying toxicology, biochemistry, biology, medicine and chemistry, as well as toxicologists in hospitals, universities and in industry.
Download or read book Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology written by Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2015 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This completely updated edition of Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology offers a practical introduction to exposure assessment methodologies in environmental epidemiologic studies. In addition to methods for traditional methods -- questionnaires, biomonitoring -- this new edition is expanded to include geographic information systems, modeling, personal sensoring, remote sensing, and OMICs technologies. In addition, each of these methods is contextualized within a recent epidemiology study, maximizing illustration for students and those new to these to these techniques. With clear writing and extensive illustration, this book will be useful to anyone interested in exposure assessment, regardless of background.
