Download or read book Metabolism of Nitric Oxide in Blood in Diabetic Patients written by Paris Brouzos and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Role of Nitric Oxide in Type 2 Diabetes written by Asghar Ghasemi and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2022-12-01 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by impaired glucose metabolism and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. No effective treatments are available for T2D, although there have been many developments in the therapeutic arena. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endocrine agent with multiple and important biological roles in most mammalian tissues. NO has emerged as a central regulator of energy metabolism and body composition. NO bioavailability is decreased in T2D. Several of the pharmaceuticals used in T2D affect the NO system and perhaps even more so by the drugs we use to treat diabetic cardiovascular complications. Experimental works in animal models of T2D show promising results with interventions aimed to increase NO signaling. However, translation into human studies has so far been less successful, but more large-scale prolonged studies are clearly needed to understand its role. This book is a collection of reviews that deal with the role of nitric oxide in type 2 diabetes, providing a unique overview of NO signaling, and pointing out key areas for more detailed research. The book includes contributions about the pathophysiology of T2D, a brief history of discovery and timeline of NO research, a comprehensive overview of impaired NO metabolism in T2D, precursors of NO (i.e., L-arginine, L-citrulline, nitrate, nitrites, and NO donors), NO and T2D from genetic points of view, NO and diabetic wound healing, NO and osteoporosis, NO and hyperuricemia, NO and Alzheimer’s Disease, therapeutic applications of NO and NO donors in T2D. The compilation is of great value to anyone interested in the biochemistry of NO and its relationship to diabetes.
Download or read book An Assessment of Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Blood written by Alexandra B. Milsom and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Role of Nitric Oxide in Regulating Glucose Metabolism and Its Contribution to Vascular Inflammation in Insulin Resistance and Diabetes written by Matthew Brent West and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increase in obesity across the globe is consistent with a rise in the incidence of both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. One of the primary pathological changes associated with diabetes is a decrease in the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). This pleiotropic signaling molecule regulates multiple biological processes ranging from neurotransmission and smooth muscle cell relaxation to immunity and apoptosis. Recent evidence suggests that NO may be involved in cGMP-independent cell signaling through post-translational modification of proteins. Nevertheless, the physiological and pathological significance of NO-mediated protein modifications remains unclear. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that NO induces the formation of protein-glutathione mixed disulfides and that this modification is a significant mechanism regulating protein function in vivo . To delineate the significance of NO-mediated glutathiolation with a specific protein, we studied how increasing levels of NO change the modification status of the glucose metabolizing enzyme aldose reductase during diabetes and how glutathiolation of aldose reductase affects vascular inflammation.
Download or read book Chemistry Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Hydrogen Sulfide written by Philip K. Moore and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-10 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book puts hydrogen sulfide in context with other gaseous mediators such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, reviews the available mechanisms for its biosynthesis and describes its physiological and pathophysiological roles in a wide variety of disease states. Hydrogen sulfide has recently been discovered to be a naturally occurring gaseous mediator in the body. Over a relatively short period of time this evanescent gas has been revealed to play key roles in a range of physiological processes including control of blood vessel caliber and hence blood pressure and in the regulation of nerve function both in the brain and the periphery. Disorders concerning the biosynthesis or activity of hydrogen sulfide may also predispose the body to disease states such as inflammation, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Interest in this novel gas has been high in recent years and many research groups worldwide have described its individual biological effects. Moreover, medicinal chemists are beginning to synthesize novel organic molecules that release this gas at defined rates with a view to exploiting these new compounds for therapeutic benefit.
Download or read book Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease written by Michael T. Johnstone and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-28 with total page 645 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cause of diabetes mellitus is metabolic in origin. However, its major clinical manifestations, which result in most of the morbidity and mortality, are a result of its vascular pathology. In fact, the American Heart Association has recently stated that, “from the point of view of cardiovascular medicine, it may be appropriate to say, diabetes is a cardiovascular disease” (1). But diabetic vascular disease is not limited to just the macrovasculature. Diabetes mellitus also affects the microcirculation with devastating results, including nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the United States, while diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of new-onset blindness in working-age Americans. The importance of this text on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease is evident by the magnitude of the population affected by diabetes mellitus. Over 10 million Americans have been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, while another 5 million remain undiagnosed. The impact from a public health perspective is huge and increasing. As the population of the United States grows older, more sedentary, and obese, the risk of developing diabetes and its complications will increase. Epidemiological studies have identified diabetes mellitus as a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Over 65% of patients with diabetes mellitus die from a cardiovascular cause. The prognosis of patients with diabetes mellitus who develop overt clinical cardiovascular disease is much worse than those cardiovascular patients free of diabetes mellitus.
Download or read book Diabetes written by Pál Brasnyó and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-10-29 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, contributing not only to the development, but also to the progression of diabetes and its related complications. Both immunosuppressive and antioxidant effects of resveratrol in attenuating the increased oxidative stress due to responses of β-cells to leukocyte activation have been implicated in the prevention of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Resveratrol affords advantageous effects by decreasing the oxidative injury and the recruitment of the nutritive precapillary arterioles in the context of disease states associated with insulin resistance, such as metabolic syndrome, pre-diabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The antioxidant properties of resveratrol could result from its direct effects by acting as a free radical scavenger, as well as its ability to indirectly activate antioxidant enzymes, and other mechanisms. These indirect effects could be conferred either via increased expression/activation/translocation of sirtuin 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, superoxide dismutase, catalase, heme oxygenase-1, and glyoxalase or the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and p47phox translocation/expression with the resultant inhibition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase. In addition to reducing oxidative stress, resveratrol could also improve the carbohydrate metabolism by promoting similar beneficial metabolic processes to those found in caloric restriction via the activation of sirtuin 1, as well as by increasing the level of glucagon-like peptide 1, by exerting an estrogen-like effect, or by stimulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activity. In our preliminary human study we examined the effects of resveratrol in type 2 diabetic patients. In agreement with animal studies, we found that resveratrol treatment markedly decreased the insulin resistance and blood glucose levels, whereas we could not detect increases in insulin secretion. We also found that the onset of the postprandial glucose peak was manifested after a longer lag time in the postprandial period with resveratrol treatment, while there were no changes in amylin, glucagon-like peptide 1, and gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels; hormones that prolong gastric emptying. Additionally, we found decreased urinary excretion rates of ortho-tyrosine with resveratrol treatment, indicating a lowered degree of the hydroxyl free radical production in these patients. These findings support the notion that resveratrol decreases oxidative stress through its broad direct and indirect antioxidant effects, and this could be a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Further studies are undoubtedly warranted to better comprehend the effects of resveratrol in humans, since there is very limited data from human observations.
Download or read book Diabetes and Hypertension written by Samy I. McFarlane and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-19 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diabetes and hypertension have evolved as two of the modern day epidemics affecting millions of people around the world. These two common co-morbidities lead to substantial increase in cardiovascular disease, the major cause of morbidity and mortality of adults around the world. In Diabetes and Hypertension: Evaluation and Management, a panel of renowned experts address a range of critical topics -- from basic concepts in evaluation and management of diabetes and hypertension, such as dietary interventions, to evaluation and management of secondary hypertension in clinical practice. Other chapters focus on high cardiovascular risk populations such as those with coronary heart disease, chronic kidney disease and minority patients. In addition, evolving concepts and new developments in the field are presented in other chapters, such as prevention of type 2 diabetes and the epidemic of sleep apnea and its implication for diabetes and hypertension evaluation and management. An important title covering two of the most troubling disorders of our time, Diabetes and Hypertension: Evaluation and Management will provide the busy practitioner with cutting edge knowledge in the field as well as practical information that can translate into better care provided to the high-risk population of diabetics and hypertensive patients.
Download or read book The Endothelium written by Michel Félétou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium, a monolayer of endothelial cells, constitutes the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) and the lymphatic system, and therefore is in direct contact with the blood/lymph and the circulating cells. The endothelium is a major player in the control of blood fluidity, platelet aggregation and vascular tone, a major actor in the regulation of immunology, inflammation and angiogenesis, and an important metabolizing and an endocrine organ. Endothelial cells controls vascular tone, and thereby blood flow, by synthesizing and releasing relaxing and contracting factors such as nitric oxide, metabolites of arachidonic acid via the cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and cytochrome P450 pathways, various peptides (endothelin, urotensin, CNP, adrenomedullin, etc.), adenosine, purines, reactive oxygen species and so on. Additionally, endothelial ectoenzymes are required steps in the generation of vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin II. An endothelial dysfunction linked to an imbalance in the synthesis and/or the release of these various endothelial factors may explain the initiation of cardiovascular pathologies (from hypertension to atherosclerosis) or their development and perpetuation. Table of Contents: Introduction / Multiple Functions of the Endothelial Cells / Calcium Signaling in Vascular Cells and Cell-to-Cell Communications / Endothelium-Dependent Regulation of Vascular Tone / Conclusion / References
Download or read book Role of Nitric Oxide in Extracellular Matrix Metabolism and Inflammation in Diabetic Wound Healing written by Victor L. Sylvia and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Role of Nitric Oxide in Extracellular Matrix Metabolism and Inflammation in Diabetic Wound Healing.
Download or read book Diabetes C Peptide written by Anders A.F. Sima and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-04 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Diabetes & C-Peptide: Scientific and Clinical Aspects, a renowned group of leading researchers and physicians offers a comprehensive overview of the role of C-Peptide in type 1 diabetes. The book is organized in five sections. An Introductory section provides the background and key features of C-peptide’s physiological function and how its deficiency contributes to complications. The second section describes up-to-date information on the biochemical and molecular actions of C-peptide, including membrane binding, interactions with insulin as well as the interaction between C-peptide and zinc and effects on microvascular vasoreactivity. The third section summarizes in vivo animal studies of the type 1 diabetic complications. The fourth section reviews the clinical efforts of C-peptide on inflammation, cardiovascular complication, neuropathy and nephropathy. Finally, in the Conclusions section, a summary of the present state of C-peptide, outstanding questions, and the likely direction of the field are offered. Developed by the foremost investigators in the rapidly moving field of C-peptide research, Diabetes & C-Peptide: Scientific and Clinical Aspects is an important contribution to the literature for all researchers and physicians concerned about type 1 diabetes.
Download or read book The Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on the Transcription of Nitric Oxide Synthase 1 written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Type 2 diabetes is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Type 2 diabetes can lead to many secondary complications including impairment in cognitive function and memory. Studies suggest that an increase of fat and fructose in American diets are contributing factors to the abundance of type 2 diabetes. High-fat diets lead to an excess formation of fatty tissue deposits, which cause a chronic release of free fatty acids in the blood stream, which diminishes insulin sensitivity. High-fructose diets lead to insulin resistance via impaired function in hepatic carbohydrate metabolism. During type 2 diabetes the enzyme nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) is misregulated. Misregulation of NOS1 is linked to many of the secondary complications attributed to type 2 diabetes, such as deficits in cognition, learning, and memory formation. High-fructose diets cause more diabetes associated pathology as compared to a high-fat diet. Therefore, NOS1 expression is expected to change more in a rat that is fed a high-fructose diet compared with a rat fed a high-fat diet. This study examines changes in NOS1 expression in the cerebral cortex of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, fed either a high-fat or a high-fructose diet. SD rats model the early development of diabetes, called pre-diabetes. In rodents, NOS1 is regulated by at least five distinct promoters (1a-1c, 1h, 1k), which initiate transcription at a unique first exon, which is then spliced to common downstream exons 2-17. Real-time PCR analysis was used to quantify the relative gene expression of the overall NOS1 transcript and the first three individual promoters (1a-1c). The SD high-fat and high-fructose models showed overall downregulation in NOS1 transcription; however, neither downregulation was statically significant. Therefore, it is unclear if one diet has a greater role in the downregulation of NOS1 in the cerebral cortex of SD pre-diabetic rats.
Download or read book Role of Oxidative Stress in Diabetes Mellitus written by Anubhav Vinayak and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress in diabetes mellitus. Previous research indicates that oxidative stress and free radical activity has been known to cause damage to cells and organs, especially as we age. In this study, we used urine levels of nitric oxide metabolites such as nitrate and nitrite to measure oxidative stress. Method: Nitrate/Nitrite Colorimetric Assay was used to measure the total nitrate and nitrite concentration in urine samples among older adults (> 65 years old). Six urine samples were obtained from Discovery Life Sciences (Discovery Life Sciences Inc., CA, USA). Three of the six urine samples were collected from diabetic patients. A nitrate standard curve was prepared in order to quantitate sample nitrate and nitrite concentrations. The total nitrate and nitrite concentration was measured using absorbance values from a plate reader at 550 nm. Results: Our findings appear to show higher levels of oxidative stress among older diabetic patients. The average total nitrate and nitrite concentration of 716 μM was found in patients with diabetes while those without diabetes had an average total nitrate and nitrite concentration of 246 μM. Conclusion: This study highlights the role of free radical activity and oxidative stress in the development of diabetes in older adults. Higher nitric oxide levels indicate higher oxidative stress activity. Future research that can focus on slowing down oxidative stress can prove to be quite helpful in aging studies.
Download or read book Managing Diabetes and Hyperglycemia in the Hospital Setting written by Boris Draznin and published by American Diabetes Association. This book was released on 2016-05-20 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the number of patients with diabetes increases annually, it is not surprising that the number of patients with diabetes who are admitted to the hospital also increases. Once in the hospital, patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia may be admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, require urgent or elective surgery, enteral or parenteral nutrition, intravenous insulin infusion, or therapies that significantly impact glycemic control (e.g., steroids). Because many clinical outcomes are influenced by the degree of glycemic control, knowledge of the best practices in inpatient diabetes management is extremely important. The field of inpatient management of diabetes and hyperglycemia has grown substantially in the last several years. This body of knowledge is summarized in this book, so it can reach the audience of hospitalists, endocrinologists, nurses and other team members who take care of hospitalized patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia.
Download or read book Insulin Resistance Metabolic Diseases and Diabetic Complications written by Gaetano Crepaldi and published by Elsevier Science & Technology. This book was released on 1999 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hardbound. Insulin resistance was recognized as a feature and a pathogenic mechanism in pathological states such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. More recently, however, it has become apparent that an impairment in insulin action is shared by a variety of conditions not necessarily associated with diabetes or obesity. These conditions include essential hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, hyperuricemia and many others. Moreover, these conditions tend to cluster with insulin resistance prompting the definition of the Syndrome of Insulin Resistance. This association has been recently recognized by the WHO as a tentative definition of diagnostic criteria was proposed. This book provides a comprehensive information on the role of insulin resistance as prognostic parameter.This book collects the contribution of the most eminent experts in the field of genetics, epidemiology, physiopathology, complications and therapy of insulin r
Download or read book Inflammation and Angiogenesis written by Domenico Ribatti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is focused on the analysis of the role played by immune cell components in the angiogenic process associated with inflammation and tumor growth. Both innate and adaptive immune cells are involved in the mechanisms of endothelial cell proliferation, migration and activation, through the production and release of a large spectrum of pro-angiogenic mediators. These may create the specific microenvironment that favors an increased rate of tissue vascularization. The link between chronic inflammation and tumorigenesis was first proposed by Rudolf Virchow in 1863 after the observation that infiltrating leukocytes are a hallmark of tumors and first established a causative connection between the lymph reticular infiltrate at sites of chronic inflammation and the development of cancer. Tumors were described as wounds that never heal and surgeons have long described the tendency of tumors to recur in healing resection margin and it has been reported that wound healing environment provides an opportunistic matrix for tumor growth. As angiogenesis is the result of a net balance between the activities exerted by positive and negative regulators, this book will also provide information on some anti-angiogenic properties of immune cells that may be utilized for a potential pharmacological use as anti-angiogenic agents in inflammation as well as in cancer. The work is written for researchers in the field and also for graduate students which approach this matter.
Download or read book Endothelial Dysfunction written by Helena Lenasi and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The endothelium enables communication between blood and tissues and is actively involved in cardiovascular homeostasis. Endothelial dysfunction has been recognized as an early step in the development of cardiovascular diseases: respectively, endothelium represents a potential therapeutic niche with multiple targets. The purpose of the book is to point out some recent findings of endothelial physiology and pathophysiology emphasizing various aspects of endothelial dysfunction connected to the body's internal and external environment. While basic features of the endothelium are presented in an introductory chapter, the authors of the following 17 chapters have provided extensive insight into some selected topics of endothelial (dys)function. The book would hopefully be useful for anyone interested in recapitulating endothelial (patho)physiology and expanding knowledge of molecular mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction, relevant also for further clinical investigations.
