Download or read book Mediating Impact of Social Capital and Human Capital on Employment Outcome Among Single Women who Use Welfare written by Lindsay Blair Gezinski and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Four research questions guided this study: (1) How do demographic variables affect social capital and human capital among single women who use welfare? (2) How do social capital and human capital affect employment outcome? (3) Do social capital and human capital act as mediators between demographic variables and employment outcome? (4) How do macro-level variables (i.e., city unemployment rate and state TANF policy) affect employment outcome?
Download or read book The Transition of Single Mothers on Public Assistance to Economic Self sufficiency written by Louise Anne Parker and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study explored a model that integrates human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors to explain variation in economic self-sufficiency (ESS) among single mothers. A sample of 851 single mothers on Aid to Families with Dependent Children was selected from the Washington State Family Income Study data base. Data from a three-year period (6/88-5/91) were utilized to describe and analyze single mothers in transition from welfare. When compared to a sample of non-poor single mothers, mothers on public assistance differed significantly in several ways: They were younger, had more children and were more likely to have parents who received public assistance. Educational levels were significantly lower, as was employment activity. Economic self-sufficiency was measured as the ratio of welfare benefits to household income. Degree of ESS improved over the three-year period: While 60 percent of single mothers relied on welfare for more than half their income in the first year, only 45 percent did by the third year. In analyzing differences in degrees of economic self-sufficiency among single mothers, the following groups of mothers had significantly higher degrees of welfare reliance: never-married and divorced mothers; mothers with a child under age two; mothers with three or more children; non-white mothers; and mothers living in public housing. A path analysis was conducted to determine the relative influence of human capital, family resource, employment and psychosocial factors on later economic self-sufficiency. Number of children and receipt of subsidies positively affected welfare reliance. Education, number of adults in the household and number of months employed negatively affected degree of welfare reliance. A key finding was that, after controlling for differences in human capital, family resources and employment activity, workplace support retained a highly significant, inverse relationship with degree of welfare reliance. Sense of personal control and social support had both direct and indirect effects on degree of welfare reliance, establishing that psychosocial factors mediate impacts of human capital, family and employment factors on economic self-sufficiency. The results support the viability of utilizing stress models to examine objective economic outcomes in future research.
Download or read book Pathways to Careers in Health Care written by Christopher T. King and published by W.E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 2019-12-16 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides analyses and evaluations of the Health Profession Opportunity Grants (HPOG) program, a federal government demonstration project that is targeted at providing career opportunities in the health care field for individuals in low-wage populations.
Download or read book Social Capital and Welfare Reform written by Perry A. Threlfall and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the effects of social capital in the lives of low-income single mothers and how it intersects with the goals of the Personal Responsibility Act (PRA). These explicit goals are to decrease reliance on public assistance through work and marriage; the implicit goals are to enhance social capital by increasing the trust, norms, and values that are evidenced by work and marriage. However, low-income single mothers are faced with limited repositories of social capital, which leaves them in a legislated quagmire. Tested here is the hypothesis that social capital impacts marriage, stable employment, and TANF use. The findings indicate that social capital impacts stable employment and economic stability in low-income single mothers, but it does not increase the likelihood of marriage. Further research that examines how social capital intersects with race and class will shed additional light on the efficacy of policy initiatives that focus on social capital reinforcement in low income female-headed families.
Download or read book Overcoming Economic Hardship written by Jiwon Seo and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Human capital theory and social capital theory provide a framework for analyzing the economic well being of families. The primary objective of this dissertation is to examine the effects of women's human capital and social capital on economic well being. For the empirical analysis, data from two waves of the National Survey of Families and Households are used. The final sample for analysis is 696 households that had a female primary respondent family income below the hardship threshold in Wave 1. The empirical models include measures of the levels of human capital and social capital characteristics at the time of Wave 1 and the changes in levels of human and social capital characteristics over the five years between Wave 1 and Wave 2. The dependent variable is economic well being above the hardship threshold, measured as the amount by which the ratio of family income to the poverty threshold in Wave 2 exceeds 150%, expressed in percentage points. This measure is lower censored at zero. Human capital is measured by educational attainment, employment hours, physical health, and depression. Social capital is measured by informal relationships, formal relationships, residential moves, social help, and familial help. Family structure variables are included as controls. To analyze the censored dependent variable, Tobit analysis is used. McDonald and Moffitt's decomposition procedure is used to derive the threshold effect and the change effect. The threshold effect shows the effect of women's resources on the probability of economic well being above the hardship threshold. The change effect is the effect of women's resources on changes in the level of economic well being above the hardship threshold for families above the hardship threshold. Human capital and social capital are resources that can contribute to overcoming economic hardship. Also, the relative contribution of women's resources to overcoming economic hardship varies by the level of human capital, social capital, and depth of previous poverty. Based on the empirical results, implications are provided.
Download or read book Making Ends Meet written by Kathryn Edin and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 1997-04-17 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Welfare mothers are popularly viewed as passively dependent on their checks and averse to work. Reformers across the political spectrum advocate moving these women off the welfare rolls and into the labor force as the solution to their problems. Making Ends Meet offers dramatic evidence toward a different conclusion: In the present labor market, unskilled single mothers who hold jobs are frequently worse off than those on welfare, and neither welfare nor low-wage employment alone will support a family at subsistence levels. Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein interviewed nearly four hundred welfare and low-income single mothers from cities in Massachusetts, Texas, Illinois, and South Carolina over a six year period. They learned the reality of these mothers' struggles to provide for their families: where their money comes from, what they spend it on, how they cope with their children's needs, and what hardships they suffer. Edin and Lein's careful budgetary analyses reveal that even a full range of welfare benefits—AFDC payments, food stamps, Medicaid, and housing subsidies—typically meet only three-fifths of a family's needs, and that funds for adequate food, clothing and other necessities are often lacking. Leaving welfare for work offers little hope for improvement, and in many cases threatens even greater hardship. Jobs for unskilled and semi-skilled women provide meager salaries, irregular or uncertain hours, frequent layoffs, and no promise of advancement. Mothers who work not only assume extra child care, medical, and transportation expenses but are also deprived of many of the housing and educational subsidies available to those on welfare. Regardless of whether they are on welfare or employed, virtually all these single mothers need to supplement their income with menial, off-the-books work and intermittent contributions from family, live-in boyfriends, their children's fathers, and local charities. In doing so, they pay a heavy price. Welfare mothers must work covertly to avoid losing benefits, while working mothers are forced to sacrifice even more time with their children. Making Ends Meet demonstrates compellingly why the choice between welfare and work is more complex and risky than is commonly recognized by politicians, the media, or the public. Almost all the welfare-reliant women interviewed by Edin and Lein made repeated efforts to leave welfare for work, only to be forced to return when they lost their jobs, a child became ill, or they could not cover their bills with their wages. Mothers who managed more stable employment usually benefited from a variety of mitigating circumstances such as having a relative willing to watch their children for free, regular child support payments, or very low housing, medical, or commuting costs. With first hand accounts and detailed financial data, Making Ends Meet tells the real story of the challenges, hardships, and survival strategies of America's poorest families. If this country's efforts to improve the self-sufficiency of female-headed families is to succeed, reformers will need to move beyond the myths of welfare dependency and deal with the hard realities of an unrewarding American labor market, the lack of affordable health insurance and child care for single mothers who work, and the true cost of subsistence living. Making Ends Meet is a realistic look at a world that so many would change and so few understand.
Download or read book Social Capital and Human Capital written by Linda Eberst Dorsten and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Paths to Employment written by Karen Diane Chapple and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Working After Welfare written by Kristin S. Seefeldt and published by W.E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 2008 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taps into the quantitative and qualitative evidence gathered in the Women's Employment Study (WES), offering insights into the lives of women in an urban Michigan county who left welfare for work and the role their family decisions play in their labor market decisions. Describes the day-to-day struggles these women face and the reasons they tend to remain in low-wage, dead-end jobs.
Download or read book A Qualitative Feminist Analysis of Welfare Mothers and Human Capital written by Amy L. Leer-Beyerlein and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis explores outcomes of women's participation in the American welfare system. The primary goal of this research was to determine the impact certain segments of the welfare system in the United States have on women's ability to obtain and retain human capital. The primary resources were formulated around participants who were working mothers living in Linn County, Oregon and receiving both Oregon Health Plan and cash welfare benefits. This project explores women's views and experiences with public services, employment, education, childcare, and health care.
Download or read book Dissertation Abstracts International written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Impact of Human Capital and Social Capital on Employment Conditions of Immigrants in the United States an Examination of Gender and Racial ethnic Differences written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Social Epidemiology written by Lisa F. Berkman and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-03-09 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows the important links between social conditions and health and begins to describe the processes through which these health inequalities may be generated. It reviews a range of methodologies that could be used by health researchers in this field and proposes innovative future research directions.
Download or read book Effects of Job Access and Neighborhood Disadvantage on Employment Success of Female Former Welfare Recipients written by Seok-Joo Kim and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Purpose and backgrounds: This study aimed to test the effects of job access and neighborhood disadvantage on the employment success of female former welfare recipients. It mainly addressed vital policy concerns on employment issues of Temporary Assistance for Needy Family (TANF) recipients who exited cash assistance. This study was grounded on two theoretical perspectives: (1) the Spatial Mismatch Hypothesis (SMH) that explained job access as a barrier to employment and (2) Wilson{u2019}s observation that neighborhood disadvantage negatively affected employment. Method: As a non-experimental design, this longitudinal study merged two local administrative datasets with 2000 Census data. This study selected female former welfare recipients (N=13,788) (1) who exited cash assistance and were employed between 2000 and 2003, and (2) who resided in 405 census tracts of Cuyahoga County. Employment success was measured by: job retention, two-year employment, and average quarterly earnings. In addition to demographic and human capital variables, the independent variables that were measured: (1) individual job access (distances), (2) neighborhood public transportation access, and (3) neighborhood disadvantage. As a main analysis, Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model (HGLM) and Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM) were conducted to test the nested effects of job access and neighborhood disadvantage on employment success. Furthermore, this study used spatial analysis (mapping and spatial auto-correlation) to support the main analysis. Results: This study found variances of the employment success among neighborhoods. The results showed that neighborhood disadvantage adversely affected the employment success of female former welfare recipients; however, shorter job distances and higher public transportation access only increased average quarterly earnings. Discussion: The results suggested three domains for implication on social work programs and social policy: (1) neighborhood disadvantage, (2) individual job access and neighborhood public transportation access, and (3) cash assistance program and policy. In particular, this study recommended community development and residential programs should ameliorate the job access barriers and neighborhood disadvantage of welfare recipients. The implementation of cash assistance programs should consider the effects of job access and neighborhood disadvantage.
Download or read book The Effects of Welfare Reform and Related Policies on Single Mothers Welfare Use and Employment written by Adam Looney and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines how changes in tax policy, welfare programs, public health insurance, and economic conditions during the 1990s affected welfare use and employment among single mothers. Drawing on panel data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I give new estimates of the effects of specific policy changes and use those estimates to explain changes in economic behavior. The results suggest that Welfare Reform policies, the EITC, and improved economic conditions, in that order, were the primary determinants of changes in welfare use and employment between 1993 and 1999.
Download or read book Sociological Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CSA Sociological Abstracts abstracts and indexes the international literature in sociology and related disciplines in the social and behavioral sciences. The database provides abstracts of journal articles and citations to book reviews drawn from over 1,800+ serials publications, and also provides abstracts of books, book chapters, dissertations, and conference papers.
Download or read book Comparing European Workers written by David Brady and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2011-06-22 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focuses on the politics, economics, sociology, and history of work and workers in Europe. This title places the labor markets, workplaces, jobs and workers of Europe in comparative perspective, and compares contemporary patterns and the history of European workers with other models of work worldwide.
