Download or read book Mechanistic Metabolic Interactions Between Gut Microbiota and Host written by Kali Meredith Pruss and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The trillions of bacteria inhabiting the mammalian gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut microbiota, comprise a diverse community and exert wide-ranging systemic effects on the host. Members of the microbiota harbor diverse metabolic capability, are able to consume substrates unavailable to the host, and produce molecules that are not encoded by the human genome. This biochemical cross-talk between microbes and host constitutes an important avenue for signaling between the microbiota and host and coevolution of the mutualistic relationship. As such, metabolism is a valuable lens through which to explore the host-microbe relationship. This work presents four mechanisms by which metabolic interactions shape the ways in which members of the gut microbiota and the host interact: 1) A new understanding for the ways in which the enteric pathogen Clostridium difficile leverages inflammation to alter its metabolic activity in the gut as well as 2) persist during homeostatic conditions. 3) A prebiotic that shapes the microbiota in ways beneficial to the host, and 4) a previously unidentified mechanism for host detoxification of microbially-produced metabolites.

Download or read book Gnotobiotics written by Trenton R Schoeb and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-08-11 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gnotobiotics summarizes and analyzes the research conducted on the use of gnotobiotes, providing detailed information regarding actual facility operation and derivation of gnotobiotic animals. In response to the development of new tools for microbiota and microbiome analysis, the increasing recognition of the various roles of microbiota in health and disease, and the consequent expanding demand for gnotobiotic animals for microbiota/microbiome related research, this volume collates the research of this expanding field into one definitive resource. Reviews and defines gnotobiotic animal species Analyzes microbiota in numerous contexts Presents detailed coverage of the protocols and operation of a gnotobiotic facility

Download or read book Interactions Between Diets Gut Microbiota and Host Metabolism written by Jie Yin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-09-11 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Metabolism of Nutrients by Gut Microbiota written by Joseph F Pierre and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2022-07-01 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together expert researchers in the fields of microbiome, metabolism, and nutrition research, this book compiles the current state of knowledge from authorities specifically on how diet regulates microbial function with metabolic implications for the human host. Chapters cover the broad concepts of microbial-host interactions under the dietary influences of specific macronutrients, micronutrients, small molecule generation and bile acid circulation, with inclusion of later clinical chapters encompassing topics like bariatric surgery and our current understanding of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Covering a timely topic from a functional standpoint, the book fills a gap in the existing literature. While increased attention is placed on descriptive work, it will importantly highlight emerging functional and mechanistic research findings that illustrate the inner workings of the dietary-microbial-host orchestration of metabolic regulation. Providing an exciting summary of the importance of current microbial function, it will also summarize the next major directions in the field of microbiome research.

Download or read book Role of Gut Microbiome host Metabolic Interactions in Metabolic Diseases written by Renaud Mestdagh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The metabolic phenotype of any complex organism is dependent on a complex series of host and gut microbial gene (microbiome) interactions with diet. The microbiome itself can be affected by environmental factors such as stress, exposure to xenobiotics, lifestyle, and alterations in the mammalian-microbial-metabolic axis are associated with changes in disease factors. To understand further the impact of the commensal microbiota on the host metabolism, germ-free (GF) animals, inoculated with individual bacterial strains or complex microbiota, and conventional mice were characterised using 1H NMR spectroscopy and UPLC-MS-based metabolic profiling approaches, and by recording the physiological and immunological parameters. Higher systemic level of (D)-3-hydroxybutyrate and lower levels of circulating VLDL were observed in GF compared to conventional animals, indicating that the absence of gut microbiota stimulated lipolysis while it inhibited hepatic lipogenesis. Subsequently, the best inoculation procedure was obtained by inoculating single bacterial strains into individual animals followed by allowing the animals to exchange their microbes. Metabolic fingerprints showed that a 9 bacteria community is more able to regulate lipoprotein and circulating lipid levels compared to a 3 bacteria community. The origin of the inocula (mouse or human) impacts differently on the host metabolism since humanised mice were strongly disturbed (higher plasma triglyceride level) and displayed metabolic profiles similar to GF mice. Conversely, mouse-associated animals were physiologically, immunologically and metabolically similar to conventional animals. Finally, metabolic profiles and gut microbiota composition were statistically regressed and helped to identify specific bacteria, such as Ruminococcus lactaris and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and their putative role in the host homeostasis. To conclude, these results confirmed the influence of gut microbes on the host physiology and metabolism. This PhD thesis provides new insights into the role of gut bacteria to understand the microbial-related mechanisms that participate in the host lipid metabolism, potentially leading to development of obesity.

Download or read book Gut Microbial Response to Host Metabolic Phenotypes written by Jie Yin and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-23 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Environmental Chemicals the Human Microbiome and Health Risk written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-01 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A great number of diverse microorganisms inhabit the human body and are collectively referred to as the human microbiome. Until recently, the role of the human microbiome in maintaining human health was not fully appreciated. Today, however, research is beginning to elucidate associations between perturbations in the human microbiome and human disease and the factors that might be responsible for the perturbations. Studies have indicated that the human microbiome could be affected by environmental chemicals or could modulate exposure to environmental chemicals. Environmental Chemicals, the Human Microbiome, and Health Risk presents a research strategy to improve our understanding of the interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome and the implications of those interactions for human health risk. This report identifies barriers to such research and opportunities for collaboration, highlights key aspects of the human microbiome and its relation to health, describes potential interactions between environmental chemicals and the human microbiome, reviews the risk-assessment framework and reasons for incorporating chemicalâ€"microbiome interactions.

Download or read book Systems Biology written by Bernhard Ø. Palsson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-01-16 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genome sequences are now available that enable us to determine the biological components that make up a cell or an organism. The discipline of systems biology examines how these components interact and form networks, and how the networks generate whole cell functions corresponding to observable phenotypes. This textbook, devoted to systems biology, describes how to model networks, how to determine their properties, and how to relate these to phenotypic functions. The prerequisites are some knowledge of linear algebra and biochemistry. Though the links between the mathematical ideas and biological processes are made clear, the book reflects the irreversible trend of increasing mathematical content in biology education. Therefore to assist both teacher and student, in an associated website Palsson provides problem sets, projects and Powerpoint slides, and keeps the presentation in the book concrete with illustrative material and experimental results.

Download or read book Elucidation of Host Genetics written by Julia Hill Kemis and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The population of microbes that inhabit the mammalian intestine have profound effects on host physiology. The gut microbiome varies substantially among healthy individuals, and its composition is shaped by a complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Alterations in its composition are associated with the development of metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, manipulation of the intestinal microbiome ecosystem is a promising target for emerging therapies. However, it remains largely unknown how host genetics interacts with environmental factors (e.g. diet) to shape microbiota profiles, and how these interactions may contribute to metabolic disease susceptibility. The objective of this thesis research was to investigate the effects of host genetic variation on gut microbiota composition, evaluate how these interactions influence host diet-induced metabolic phenotypes, and to identify genetic variants that influence the abundance of gut microbes. In Chapter 2, I evaluate the relative contributions of host genetics and diet on gut microbiota composition and metabolic phenotypes using a panel of eight genetically diverse inbred mouse strains. In a controlled laboratory environment, I found gut microbiota composition and metabolic phenotypes are shaped by both genetics and diet. Guided by the results of this screen, I went on to demonstrate that in a gnotobiotic mouse model transplantation of genotype-associated microbiota can alter pancreatic islet function and confer sustained metabolic phenotypes despite chronic high-fat high-sucrose (HF/HS) feeding. In Chapter 3, I identify host genetic loci that influence gut microbiota and bile acid profiles. I performed quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping to find genetic variants associated with abundance of gut microbes and bile acid levels using the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse stock, which is derived from the eight strains profiled in Chapter 2. I found novel genetic variants associated with both microbial taxa and bile acids, including an association between the intestinal bile acid transporter, Slc10a2, the abundance of Turicibacter sp. and plasma cholic acid levels. Subsequent investigation revealed direct interactions between Turicibacter sp. and bile acids in vitro, supporting a role of genetics in elucidating host-microbe interactions. Together, this thesis work contributes to our understanding of host-microbe interactions and provides a foundation for future mechanistic studies.

Download or read book Human Microbiome written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Metabonomics and Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Disease written by Sunil Kochhar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-21 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of metabonomics and gut microbiota research from molecular analysis to population-based global health considerations. The topics include the discussion of the applications in relation to metabonomics and gut microbiota in nutritional research, in health and disease and a review of future therapeutical, nutraceutical and clinical applications. It also examines the translatability of systems biology approaches into applied clinical research and to patient health and nutrition. The rise in multifactorial disorders, the lack of understanding of the molecular processes at play and the needs for disease prediction in asymptomatic conditions are some of the many questions that system biology approaches are well suited to address. Achieving this goal lies in our ability to model and understand the complex web of interactions between genetics, metabolism, environmental factors and gut microbiota. Being the most densely populated microbial ecosystem on earth, gut microbiota co-evolved as a key component of human biology, essentially extending the physiological definition of humans. Major advances in microbiome research have shown that the contribution of the intestinal microbiota to the overall health status of the host has been so far underestimated. Human host gut microbial interaction is one of the most significant human health considerations of the present day with relevance for both prevention of disease via microbiota-oriented environmental protection as well as strategies for new therapeutic approaches using microbiota as targets and/or biomarkers. In many aspects, humans are not a complete and fully healthy organism without their appropriate microbiological components. Increasingly, scientific evidence identifies gut microbiota as a key biological interface between human genetics and environmental conditions encompassing nutrition. Microbiota dysbiosis or variation in metabolic activity has been associated with metabolic deregulation (e.g. obesity, inflammatory bowel disease), disease risk factor (e.g. coronary heart disease) and even the aetiology of various pathologies (e.g. autism, cancer), although causal role into impaired metabolism still needs to be established. Metabonomics and Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Disease serves as a handbook for postgraduate students, researchers in life sciences or health sciences, scientists in academic and industrial environments working in application areas as diverse as health, disease, nutrition, microbial research and human clinical medicine.

Download or read book The Chemistry of Microbiomes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-19 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystemsâ€"earth, marine, and humanâ€"and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars.

Download or read book Mechanisms Underlying Host Microbiome Interactions in Pathophysiology of Human Diseases written by Jun Sun and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-01-26 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Only recently have we begun to appreciate the role of microbiome in health and disease. Environmental factors and change of life style including diet significantly shape human microbiome that in turn appears to modify gut barrier function affecting nutrient & electrolyte absorption and inflammation. Approaches that can reverse the gut dysbiosis represent as reasonable and novel strategies for restoring the balance between host and microbes. In the book, we offer summary and discussion on the advances in understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms of microbial host interactions in human diseases. We will not only discuss intestinal bacterial community, but also viruses, fungi and oral microbiome. Microbiome studies will facilitate diagnosis, functional studies, drug development and personalized medicine. Thus, this book will further highlight the microbiome in the context of health and disease, focusing on mechanistic concepts that underlie the complex relationships between host and microbes.

Download or read book Metabolomics Reveals the Impact of Xenobiotics on the Host metabolite microbiome Interaction written by Jingwei Cai and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The diversity and composition of the bacterial community inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract contributes to the evolutionary fitness of the host through its role in extracting energy from diet and producing signaling molecules (e.g., short chain fatty acid [SCFA] and bile acid) to regulate metabolic and immunological function. Further, the gut microbiome composition and function can be perturbed by environmental stressors (xenobiotics, toxicants, drugs), change in diet (nutrition) or lifestyle (smoking, exercise, stress), and thus greatly influence the host metabolic phenotype and disease risk. A better understanding of how the xenobiotic-microbiome-host interaction contributes to disease risk may identify new therapeutic targets for metabolic and inflammatory disorders like obesity and diabetes.High-throughput metabolomics approaches including liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy inform metabolic changes by creating a metabolite dictionary to decipher the metabolite chatter between the host and the gut microbiota. Moreover, robust genomics approaches, including 16S rRNA gene sequencing, metagenomics and metatranscriptomics, provide an additional perspective to view and understand the microbiome community structure and function. By combining those approaches, the correlation between microbial community structure, metabolic profiles and phenotypes of microbiome and host can be established to develop a deeper understanding of microbiota-host interaction. Therefore, the central hypothesis of the dissertation is metabolomics in addition with other informative techniques enables the comprehensive and complementary understanding of the mechanistic interplay between the host and microbiome.Given the biological and clinical significance of microbiota and microbial-derived metabolites like SCFAs and bile acids, reliable and efficient metabolomics platforms and methods to provide robust detection and quantitation results with improved analytical confidence is highly demanded. Four different methods for SCFA extraction and quantitation were evaluated and compared using two independent platforms GC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. MS-based methods, especially after derivatization, have incomparable sensitivity and precision thus they are highly recommended for trace/ultratrace detection. GC-MS acidified water method, because of the easier sample preparation and short run time is most suitable for studies with large sample numbers. Alternatively, NMR-based methods, while exhibiting high repeatability and relatively low sensitivity, are suitable for cecal and fecal samples with both global and target analysis purpose. The application of three mutually independent methods, GC-MS, NMR, and bomb calorimetry in the germ free (GF) mice study showed consistent results, demonstrating the feasibility of the techniques used in metabolomics studies and the critical role that gut microbiome play in host energy balance and metabolic status.To investigate the metabolic functional roles of gut microbiome and how to target the microbiome for potential pharmaceutical application, a typical xenobiotic and antioxidant tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl) with anti-obesity and microbiome-modulation effect was investigated in conventionally-raised (CONV-R) and GF mouse models. The metabolic changes were evaluated with metabolomics tools combined with biochemistry and molecular biological techniques. The results demonstrated tempol exerts its metabolic regulatory role on host through changing gut microbiota metabolism. Tempol decreases gut energy availability by inhibiting bacterial SCFAs production in a dose-dependent manner, and the restricted gut SCFAs availability impacts overall host metabolism by promoting energy expenditure. This study provides insight into a possible mechanism for the anti-obesity effect of tempol mediated by gut-microbiota, which sheds light on the pharmaceutical and therapeutic potential of tempol for obesity treatment and prevention.The gut microbiome affects the bioavailability and toxicity of xenobiotics and can be modulated physiologically, compositionally and metabolically by xenobiotics. To further investigate the causal relationship between xenobiotic exposure and changes in gut microbiota metabolism, a novel approach combining in vitro bacterial incubation, single-cell flow cytometry, and global metabolomics tools including Orbitrap LC-MS and 1H NMR were developed to elucidate the direct impact of xenobiotics on the microbiome physiology and metabolism. This multi-platform approach identified the unique physiological and metabolic biomarkers for microbial membrane damage and metabolism disruption. The result also revealed that the disrupted metabolic activity of the gut microbiota is strongly correlated with the bacterial membrane damage by direct xenobiotic exposure. Importantly, in vitro and in vivo results were highly consistent thus indicating the in vitro methods can be a convenient, economic approach to better understand and/or predict in vivo physiological and metabolic responses to xenobiotics for future screening and risk assessment application. Together, the research presented in the dissertation demonstrates valuable metabolomics tools combined with other techniques are elegant approaches to study xenobiotics-microbiome-host interactions, therefore opening up avenues for better risk assessment and toxicity study during drug discovery to minimize undesirable side effects.

Download or read book Human Gut Microbiome written by Gunjan Goel and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-07-14 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-Gut Microbiome: Establishment and Interactions gives an overview of microbiome establishments in humans and basic technologies used to decipher the structure and function of gut microbiome. Other sections focus on the application of microbiomics in different disease manifestations, such as obesity, diabetes, and more. The book provides the basics, as well as mechanistic knowledge underpinning the structural and functional understanding of the microbiome. With the advancement in omics technologies, as well as the development of bioinformatic tools, much research has been undertaken to decipher the microbiomes of different hosts. This research is generating valuable insights into micro-ecological niches and their impact on humans, hence this new release covers these new insights. The book will be a valuable resource for scientists, researchers, postgraduate and graduate students who are interested in understanding the impact and importance of the omics approach to humans and their microbiomes. Provides an overview of the recent developments in meta-omics technologies Serves as a unique reference for healthcare professionals, pursuing research on gut homeostasis, and functional foods, as well as nutritional dietary management Focuses on the application of microbiomics in different disease manifestations, such as obesity, diabetes, and more

Download or read book Microbial Endocrinology written by Mark Lyte and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-04-06 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial endocrinology represents a newly emerging interdisciplinary field that is formed by the intersection of the fields of neurobiology and microbiology. This book will introduce a new perspective to the current understanding not only of the factors that mediate the ability of microbes to cause disease, but also to the mechanisms that maintain normal homeostasis. The discovery that microbes can directly respond to neuroendocrine hormones, as evidenced by increased growth and production of virulence-associated factors, provides for a new framework with which to investigate how microorganisms interface not only with vertebrates, but also with invertebrates and even plants. The reader will learn that the neuroendocrine hormones that one most commonly associates with mammals are actually found throughout the plant, insect and microbial communities to an extent that will undoubtedly surprise many, and most importantly, how interactions between microbes and neuroendocrine hormones can influence the pathophysiology of infectious disease.

Download or read book Role of Gut Microbiome host Metabolic Interactions in Metabolic Diseases written by Renaud Mestdagh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: