Download or read book Mechanisms of Viral Recombination by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase written by Jin Kyung Kim and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reverse Transcriptase written by Stuart LeGrice and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-23 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Reverse Transcriptase (RT) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) arguably ranks amongst one of the most extensively studied retroviral enzymes. Heterologous expression and purification of HIV-1 RT in the early eighties, approval of the first nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NRTI) in 1987, discovery of resistance to RT inhibitors, approval of the first non-nucleoside analogue RT inhibitor (NNRTI) in 1996 and the various crystal structures of RT with and without bound substrate(s) and/or inhibitors represent only a few of the important milestones that describe the a bench-to-bedside success in the continuing effort to combat HIV-1 infection and its consequences. Nucleoside and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors remain important components in frequently used drug regimens to treat the infection. RT inhibitors also play important roles in recently validated strategies to prevent transmission of the virus. The relevance of HIV-1 RT as a drug target has simultaneously triggered interest in basic research studies aimed at providing a more detailed understanding of interactions between proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecule ligands in general terms. In light of the ever-growing knowledge on structure and function of HIV-1 RT, this enzyme serves as a valuable “model system” in efforts to develop novel experimental tools and to explain biochemical processes. This monograph is designed to provide an overview of important aspects in past and current HIV-1 RT research, with focus on mechanistic aspects and translation of knowledge into drug discovery and development. The first section includes chapters with emphasis placed on the coordination of the RT-associated DNA polymerase and ribonuclease H (RNase H) activities. The second covers mechanisms of action and future perspectives associated with NRTIs and NNRTIs, while the third section includes chapters focusing on novel strategies to target the RT enzyme. Chapters of the final part are intended to discuss mechanisms involved in HIV variability and the development of drug resistance. We hope that these contributions will stimulate interest, and encourage research aimed at the development of novel RT inhibitors. The lack of bona fide RNase H inhibitors with potent antiviral activity provides an example for challenges and opportunities in the field.
Download or read book Viral Genome Replication written by Craig E. Cameron and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-05-28 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first comprehensive review of viral genome replication strategies, emphasizing not only pathways and regulation but also the structure-function, mechanism, and inhibition of proteins and enzymes required for this process.
Download or read book Characterizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Interaction written by Shewit Tekeste and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication requires the reverse transcription of its RNA genome into double-stranded DNA copies within the cytoplasm before integration into the host chromosome. Reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN) are the viral enzymes responsible for catalyzing the essential steps of reverse transcription and integration, respectively. While numerous studies have led to a greater understanding of the functional roles that RT and IN individually play in HIV-1 replication, little is known about the functional role of RT-IN complex formation in vivo. We hypothesize that RT-IN interaction has functional significance in HIV-1 reverse transcription and replication kinetics. We have mapped the putative binding domain of RT on IN to nine residues on the IN C-terminal domain (CTD). We tested the significance of RT-IN interaction on reverse transcription and viral replication, and identified the step at which viral replication of these IN mutants become defective. We observed impairment of viral cDNA synthesis in viruses harboring IN mutations at the putative RT-binding surface, supporting our hypothesis that the RT-IN interaction during the reverse transcription step is biologically relevant. We have developed a pharmacological approach to study and screen for inhibitors against the RT-IN interaction. Lastly, we have also initiated biochemical studies to determine the IN binding domain domain on RT to contribute to the full understanding of the binding mechanism.
Download or read book HIV 1 Integrase written by Nouri Neamati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.
Download or read book Retroviruses written by John M. Coffin and published by CSHL Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 856 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For over 25 years the study of retroviruses has underpinned much of what is known about information transfer in cells and the genetic and biochemical mechanisms that underlie cell growth and cancer induction. Emergent diseases such as AIDS and adult T-cell lymphoma have widened even further the community of investigators directly concerned with retroviruses, a development that has highlighted the need for an integrated understanding of their biology and their unique association with host genomes. This remarkable volume satisfies that need. Written by a group of the field's most distinguished investigators, rigorously edited to provide a seamless narrative, and elegantly designed for clarity and readability, this book is an instant classic that demands attention from scientists and physicians studying retroviruses and the disorders in which they play a role.
Download or read book Viral Gene Techniques written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-11-14 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Viral Gene Techniques is a practical laboratory guide to current techniques of molecular biology and genetics. The volume is concerned with methods for the analysis of viral genes and chromosomes: DNA viruses and RNA viruses including HIV are discussed. * Methods presented for ease of use and reasdy adaptation to new systems* Detailed experimental protocols included for:* Viral vectors - construction and use of DNA virus vectors (adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, vaccinia virus, Epstein - Barr virus)* DNA viruses - virus/host interactions, viral chromosomes , transcription regulation (viruses discussed include herpes simplex, hepatitis B, SV40, JC, Epstein-Barr, adenovirus)* Human Immunodeficiency Virus / retroviruses -quantitation of HIV-1 virus stock and RNA, retrovirus reverse transcription / integration, retrovirus-mediated cell fusion, use as cell lineage markers* RNA viruses - RNA virus assembly, analysis of RNA genomes, assays for RNA-binding proteins (viruses discussed include poliovirus, influenza virus, hepatitis delta virus)
Download or read book Investigating the Functional Interaction Between Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Integrase and Reverse Transcripts and the Mechanism by which Integrase Influences the Early Events of Reverse Transcription written by Charles Warren Dobard and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 414 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms of Intersubtype Recombination of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type One written by Heather A. Baird and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Essential Human Virology written by Jennifer Louten and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-05-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essential Human Virology, Second Edition focuses on the structure and classification of viruses, virus transmission and virus replication strategies based upon type of viral nucleic acid. Several chapters focus on notable and recognizable viruses and the diseases caused by them, including influenza, HIV, hepatitis viruses, poliovirus, herpesviruses and emerging and dangerous viruses. Additionally, how viruses cause disease (pathogenesis) is highlighted, along with discussions on immune response to viruses, vaccines, anti-viral drugs, gene therapy, the beneficial uses of viruses, research laboratory assays and viral diagnosis assays. Fully revised and updated with new chapters on coronaviruses, nonliving infectious agents, and notable non-human viruses, the book provides students with a solid foundation in virology. Focuses on human diseases and the cellular pathology that viruses cause Highlights current and cutting-edge technology and associated issues Presents real case studies and current news highlights in each chapter Features dynamic illustrations, chapter assessment questions, key terms, and a summary of concepts, as well as an instructor website with lecture slides, a test bank and recommended activities Updated and revised, with new chapters on coronaviruses, nonliving infectious agents, and notable non-human viruses
Download or read book Virus as Populations written by Esteban Domingo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus as Composition, Complexity, Quasispecies, Dynamics, and Biological Implications, Second Edition, explains the fundamental concepts surrounding viruses as complex populations during replication in infected hosts. Fundamental phenomena in virus behavior, such as adaptation to changing environments, capacity to produce disease, and the probability to be transmitted or respond to treatment all depend on virus population numbers. Concepts such as quasispecies dynamics, mutations rates, viral fitness, the effect of bottleneck events, population numbers in virus transmission and disease emergence, and new antiviral strategies are included. The book's main concepts are framed by recent observations on general virus diversity derived from metagenomic studies and current views on the origin and role of viruses in the evolution of the biosphere. Features current views on key steps in the origin of life and origins of viruses Includes examples relating ancestral features of viruses with their current adaptive capacity Explains complex phenomena in an organized and coherent fashion that is easy to comprehend and enjoyable to read Considers quasispecies as a framework to understand virus adaptability and disease processes
Download or read book The Evolution of HIV written by Keith A. Crandall and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1999-04-26 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wolinsky.-- "European Molecular Biology Organization Reports"
Download or read book RNA Tumor Viruses Supplements and appendixes written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 1254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Genetic Diversity of RNA Viruses written by John J. Holland and published by Springer. This book was released on 1992 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many RNA viruses have been known for decades to be genetically and biologically quite variable. Some well-known examples are influenza viruses, foot and mouth disease viruses, and Newcastle disease virus. During the past decade, it has become clear that most, it not all., RNA viruses (riboviruses and retroviruses) are much more mutable than was recognized previously, and that this great mutability generates extremely complex populations consisting of indeterminate mixtures of related variants (Le., "mutant swarms" or "quasispecies" populations). This is also true of DNA viruses (such as hepatitis DNA genomes via RNA transcripts B virus) which replicate their that are reverse-transcribed back to DNA. This hypermutability of RNA replicons provides great biological adaptability for RNA virus genomes. It also allows (but does not necessitate) RNA viruses, so that they can extremely rapid evolution of evolve over a million times more quickly than their eukaryotic DNA-based hosts. The genetics of RNA replicons is so unusual (and often counterintuitive) that it has many important biological conseƯ quences which are neither readily apparent nor widely underƯ stood. Failure to understand the distinctive aspects of RNA genetics frequently generates confusion and controversy and can adversely impact vaccine and antiviral drug programs and other applications of medical virology. The 14 chapters in this volume describe advances in a number of significant areas of RNA virus genetics and evolution.
Download or read book The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Nucleocapsid Protein and Reverse Transcriptase on the Mechanism of Retroviral Recombination strand Transfer written by Aarti Raja and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Structural Dynamics of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Reverse Transcriptase written by James Malcolm Seckler and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reverse Transcriptase (RT) is the protein in HIV responsible for transcribing viral RNA into double stranded DNA, making it an essential component in viral infectivity and the most popular target for anti-viral therapies for HIV. Over the years, a plethora of inhibitors for RT have been developed, and many of them are currently approved for clinical use. Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) are small molecules that act as non-competitive, allosteric inhibitors of RT, binding in a binding pocket inside of the polymerase domain of RT and hampering enzymatic activity. Although this is a widely used class of viral inhibitor, the mechanism of inhibition is currently unknown. In addition to this, most current knowledge of RT is concentrated on the heterodimer, while little is known of the monomeric precursors to this structure. In this study we employ HXMS and SAXS to probe the solution structural dynamics and solution structure of RT heterodimer and monomers. We show that the p51 subunit does not form the stable core of the protein. Rather the core consists of the fingers and palm subdomains of both subunits. A ß-sheet that forms half of the NNRTI binding site undergoes slow cooperative unfolding, which is slowed by several orders of magnitude upon NNRTI binding. In addition to this, HXMS analysis reveals an allosteric network of regions that spans both subunits of the RT heterodimer. This network is thought to play a vital role in RT inhibition. The structural dynamics and solution structure of RT monomers were determined, revealing that the monomers were structured but more flexible in solution compared to the solution structure of the heterodimer. HXMS revealed that the monomers had nearly identical secondary structure, with the main difference being slow cooperative unfolding in the p66 thumb subdomain. SAXS revealed that both monomers exist in an ensemble of conformation. The polymerase domain of both monomers exists both in an open p66-like conformation, a closed p51-like conformation, and several unique conformations. This research lays the foundation for a novel method of drug screening and discovery.
Download or read book The Role of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nucleocapsid Protein in Viral Replication written by Xuguang Li and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
