Download or read book Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation written by Eleanor H. Simpson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-11 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers the current status of research in the neurobiology of motivated behaviors in humans and other animals in healthy condition. This includes consideration of the psychological processes that drive motivated behavior and the anatomical, electrophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms which drive these processes and regulate behavioural output. The volume also includes chapters on pathological disturbances in motivation including apathy, or motivational deficit as well as addictions, the pathological misdirection of motivated behavior. As with the chapters on healthy motivational processes, the chapters on disease provide a comprehensive up to date review of the neurobiological abnormalities that underlie motivation, as determined by studies of patient populations as well as animal models of disease. The book closes with a section on recent developments in treatments for motivational disorders.

Download or read book The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation written by D.W. Pfaff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To scientists engaged in research on the cellular mechanisms in the mammalian brain, concepts of "motivation" seem to be a logical neces sity, even if they are not fashionable. Immersed in the detailed, time consuming research required to deal with mammalian nerve cells, we usually pay scant attention to the more global brain -behavior questions that have arisen from decades of biological and psychological studies. We felt it was time to confront these issues-namely, how far has neuro biological investigation come in uncovering mechanisms by which moti vational signals influence behavior? At Rockefeller University, we have recently held a course on this subject. We restricted our treatment to those motivational systems most tractable to physiological approaches, and invited scientists skilled in both behavioral issues and physiological techniques to participate. This volume results from that course. The deans and administration at Rockefeller University provided much help in planning the course, and the staff of Springer-Verlag assisted in planning the book. Gabriele Zummer helped organize both the course and the processing of book chapters. They all deserve our thanks. December 1981 Donald W. Pfaff Professor of Neurobiology and Behavior Rockefeller University Contents Part One: Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 Donald W. Pfaff Motivational Concepts: Definitions and Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . 3 Motivation: A Brief Review of Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Reinforcement, Reward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Incentive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Arousal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Emotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Motivation Is a Unitary Behavioral Concept with Multiple Neurophysiological Mechanisms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Chapter 2 Alan N.

Download or read book Learning Motivation and Their Physiological Mechanisms written by Neal E. Miller and published by Transaction Publishers. This book was released on with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neal E. Miller's pioneering work in experimental psychology has earned him worldwide respect. This second in a two-volume collection of his work brings together forty-three of Miller's most important and representative essays on learning, motivation, and their physiological mechanisms. They were selected on the basis of their current relevance and their historical significance at the time they were published. In order to emphasize the main themes, essays on a given topic have been grouped together. Learning, Motivation, and Their Physiological Mechanisms begins when the author first discovered the thrill of designing and executing experiments to get clear-cut answers concerning the behavior of children and of rats. The first study was one of the earliest ones on the behavioral effects of the recently synthesized male hormone, testosterone. The second was one of the earliest studies demonstrating the value of using a variety of behavioral techniques to investigate the motivational effects of a physiological intervention. The next studies investigated the satisfying and rewarding effects of food or water in the stomach versus in the mouth and the thirst-inducing and reducing effects of hyper- and hypotonic solutions, respectively, injected into the brain. The last study describes a technique devised for extending the analysis of the mechanism of hunger to the effects of humoral factors in the blood. The study is completed with an examination of trial-and-error learning that was motivated by direct electrical stimulation of the brain and rewarded by the termination of such stimulation. Other studies show that the stimulation via such electrodes not only elicits eating, but also has the principal motivational characteristics of normal hunger. The conclusion deals with a series of experiments that overthrows strong traditional beliefs by proving that glandular and visceral responses mediated by the autonomic nervous system are subject to instrumental learning, which can be made quite specific. Neal E. Miller (1909-2002) was a professor of psychology at Yale University and professor and head of a laboratory of Physiological Psychology at the Rockefeller University. He is a past president of the American Psychological Association, an elected honorary fellow of the British Psychological Society, and chairman of the National Research Council Committee on Brain Sciences. He is co-author of four books and author of many articles.

Download or read book The Physiological Mechanisms of Motivation written by D. W. Pfaff and published by . This book was released on 1982-05-05 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Theories of Motivation from Mechanism to Cognition written by Bernard Weiner and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Mechanisms of Motivation written by Georg Schulze and published by Trafford Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We teach aspects of the psychology of motivated behaviors using the "problem-based" and "structured activity-learning" methods that are rapidly gaining credence as effective instructional approaches, especially in teaching medicine-related courses. Our approach with this text attempts to: provide students with structured challenges; foster independent thought by encouraging students to solve the challenges without external aid; allow students to attempt to solve the challenges as they see fit; emphasize that the number of different approaches made in solution of the posed challenges is often far more important than the speed or accuracy with which the solution is arrived at; and provide ample encouragement. We do not spoon-feed students, but expect them to fend for themselves. This text is terse; some of the questions posed are ambiguous; some information may be missing; there is a proscription against seeking aid except in discourse with fellow students; there is a lack of supplemental explanations; there are no summaries or teaching objectives in the text; rather the student is asked to supply and deduce these, respectively...In short, we are standing current accepted practice on its head. It works. In fact, many students find the experience, though very demanding, also liberating, energizing and empowering. Their intellectual capabilities are respected and their problem-solving abilities developed. This is what they expected higher education to be about. ..."he encourages his students to guide their own thinking rather than just rote memorization." Anonymous (1997) "It was challenging to be in a psyc course where critical thinking, integration of topics and understanding, as opposed to rote memorization, were emphasized." Anonymous (1997) "Emphasis on individual thought and communication w[ith] classmates led to a good (and probably long-lasting) understanding of the material. In addition, the classroom discussion was interactive and led to a high degree of interest and enjoyment." Anonymous (1999) "I really appreciated the problem-based learning and group work format of the course, as well as the interesting course material. This course has contributed considerably to my understanding of psychology..." Anonymous (1999) "This is the end of my fourth year, and I have never spent so much effort on one course; nor have I enjoyed one more." Anonymous (2002)

Download or read book How People Learn II written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are many reasons to be curious about the way people learn, and the past several decades have seen an explosion of research that has important implications for individual learning, schooling, workforce training, and policy. In 2000, How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School: Expanded Edition was published and its influence has been wide and deep. The report summarized insights on the nature of learning in school-aged children; described principles for the design of effective learning environments; and provided examples of how that could be implemented in the classroom. Since then, researchers have continued to investigate the nature of learning and have generated new findings related to the neurological processes involved in learning, individual and cultural variability related to learning, and educational technologies. In addition to expanding scientific understanding of the mechanisms of learning and how the brain adapts throughout the lifespan, there have been important discoveries about influences on learning, particularly sociocultural factors and the structure of learning environments. How People Learn II: Learners, Contexts, and Cultures provides a much-needed update incorporating insights gained from this research over the past decade. The book expands on the foundation laid out in the 2000 report and takes an in-depth look at the constellation of influences that affect individual learning. How People Learn II will become an indispensable resource to understand learning throughout the lifespan for educators of students and adults.

Download or read book Learning Motivation and Their Physiological Mechanisms written by Neal E. Miller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neal E. Miller's pioneering work in experimental psychology has earned him worldwide respect. This second in a two-volume collection of his work brings together forty-three of Miller's most important and representative essays on learning, motivation, and their physiological mechanisms. They were selected on the basis of their current relevance and their historical significance at the time they were published. In order to emphasize the main themes, essays on a given topic have been grouped together.Learning, Motivation, and Their Physiological Mechanisms begins when the author first discovered the thrill of designing and executing experiments to get clear-cut answers concerning the behavior of children and of rats. The first study was one of the earliest ones on the behavioral effects of the recently synthesized male hormone, testosterone. The second was one of the earliest studies demonstrating the value of using a variety of behavioral techniques to investigate the motivational effects of a physiological intervention. The next studies investigated the satisfying and rewarding effects of food or water in the stomach versus in the mouth and the thirst-inducing and reducing effects of hyper- and hypotonic solutions, respectively, injected into the brain. The last study describes a technique devised for extending the analysis of the mechanism of hunger to the effects of humoral factors in the blood.The study is completed with an examination of trial-and-error learning that was motivated by direct electrical stimulation of the brain and rewarded by the termination of such stimulation. Other studies show that the stimulation via such electrodes not only elicits eating, but also has the principal motivational characteristics of normal hunger. The conclusion deals with a series of experiments that overthrows strong traditional beliefs by proving that glandular and visceral responses mediated by the autonomic nervous system are subject to instrumental learning, which can be

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Motivation and Learning written by K. Ann Renninger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-14 with total page 1172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by leading researchers in educational and social psychology, learning science, and neuroscience, this edited volume is suitable for a wide-academic readership. It gives definitions of key terms related to motivation and learning alongside developed explanations of significant findings in the field. It also presents cohesive descriptions concerning how motivation relates to learning, and produces a novel and insightful combination of issues and findings from studies of motivation and/or learning across the authors' collective range of scientific fields. The authors provide a variety of perspectives on motivational constructs and their measurement, which can be used by multiple and distinct scientific communities, both basic and applied.

Download or read book Far Beyond Driven written by Anthony Landreth and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a dissertation on motivation and what in the brain is responsible for it. In this dissertation, I argue that the mechanisms of motivational states are a specific sort of process in the brain: a model-driven reinforcement learning process. Motivational states, through instrumental action, enable us to deactivate them. Thus, motivation's mechanism is self-terminating. Motivational states direct thought and behavior. I pick out neural mechanisms of motivated thought by elaborating a theory of internal models developed by Rick Grush. Evidence from neuroscience suggests that motivation's directional capacity is dependent on reinforcement learning mechanisms in the brain that control phasic dopamine. I therefore attempt to show that mechanisms of reinforcement learning control internal models. Motivation also energizes behavior. In part, this function depends on motivation mechanisms taking control of sensorimotor systems. It would appear that tonic dopamine, whose production may depend on phasic dopamine, regulates our performance drive. But complete understanding of how motivation mechanisms can take control of sensorimotor (and cognitive resources), an explanation of how motivation mechanisms get turned on, compete, and coordinate with each other must be given. I argue that the turning on and off of motivation depends on internal time-keeping mechanisms, and that motivational states compete through motivation mechanisms' mutual-inhibition. Colloquially, we describe motivation with terms like desire and intention. In this dissertation, I show that theories of desire and intention can be unified with a theory of motivation mechanisms. Following Timothy Schroeder, I argue that reinforcement mechanisms in the brain are mechanisms of desire. Following Elisabeth Pacherie, I argue that the content of intentions depends on model-driven control. I conclude with a theory of pleasure, where I argue that the hedonic content of pleasant and unpleasant experiences depends on reward and punishment. I show how the valence of emotional feelings, being tinged with pleasant or unpleasant qualities, fits with this picture of pleasure. Then, I argue that pleasure can affect motivation in two respects: (1) as part of the normal operation of any particular motivational state, or (2) as part of the operation of a higher-order desire mechanism.

Download or read book Mechanisms of Learning and Motivation written by A. Dickinson and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-01-14 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume consists of a series of chapters honoring a Polish psychologist and neurophysiologist who died in 1973. Although his name was familiar to all of the contributors, many had had no personal contact with him and had gained acquaintance with his ideas only through his publications.

Download or read book Routledge International Handbook of Self Control in Health and Well Being written by Denise de Ridder and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-30 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to prioritise long-term goals above short-term gratifications is crucial to living a healthy and happy life. We are bombarded with temptations, whether from fast-food or faster technologies, but the psychological capacity to manage our lives within such a challenging environment has far-reaching implications for the well-being not only of the individual, but also society as a whole. The Routledge International Handbook of Self-Control in Health and Wellbeing is the first comprehensive handbook to map this burgeoning area of research by applying it to health outcomes and personal well-being. Including contributions from leading scholars worldwide, the book incorporates new research findings that suggest that simply inhibiting our immediate impulses isn’t the whole story; there may be more options to improve self-control than simply by suppressing the ego. Divided into six coherent sections, the book provides an overview of the research base before discussing a range of interventions to help improve self-control in different contexts, from smoking or drinking too much to developing self-control over aggression or spending money. The only definitive handbook on this far-reaching topic, this essential work will appeal to researchers and students across health and social psychology, as well as related health sciences.

Download or read book Drive written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What arouses an animal or human from an inactive, nonresponsive state to a condition of activity and responsiveness? What are the biological mechanisms for this change? In this book Donald W. Pfaff focuses on a reproductive behavior typical of many female animals. Sensory stimuli from the male trigger responses in a well-defined circuit of nerve cells. At the top of the circuit, certain nerve cells receive and retain sex hormones such as estrogens and progesterone. As a result, specific genes in these nerve cells are turned on at specific times, affecting in turn the rest of the neural circuit and causing a state of sexual responsiveness. According to Pfaff, the biological bases for the most primitive human drives are largely explained by mechanisms uncovered in animal brains that have not changed in their fundamental properties over millions of years of evolution. Focusing on a single instinctive behavior, in this case the sex drive, is an important step toward understanding the biological reasons for the change from unmotivated to motivated animal behavior.

Download or read book Motives and Mechanisms written by Rom Harré and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-09-16 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the first introductory statement of the ‘new psychology’, Motives and Mechanisms, originally published in 1985, aims to bring the study of human action to the forefront of the subject. Like any science, the practice of psychology is very much influenced by the hidden assumptions of its practitioners. The argument put forward in this important text shows how these assumptions can be brought out by comparing psychology with the natural sciences and with common-sense understanding. In pursuing the integration of traditional research methods with a new style of investigation, the basic principle is that social structures and mental structures are in reciprocal relation with one another because each is involved in the creation of the other. By adopting this principle social structures become the basis for research into the cognitive and emotional organization of mind. The authors devote two key chapters to the central question that underlies this stance: are human actions and human actors’ products of internal processes, such as those described by Freud, or of external social forces, of the kind described by Mead?

Download or read book Recent Developments in Neuroscience Research on Human Motivation written by Sung-il Kim and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2016-12-13 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides new insight into motivation theory by integrating noteworthy neuroscience research findings on motivation. This volume is dedicated to advancing our understanding of brain mechanisms of underlying motivational phenomena, including reward, approach, autonomy, intrinsic motivation, learning, effort, curiosity, and self-control.

Download or read book Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation written by V. Hamilton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the contributions of the members of an Advanced Research Workshop on Cogni ti ve Science Perspectives on Emotion, Motivation and Cognition. The Workshop, funded mainly by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division, together with a contribution from the (British) Economic and Social Research Council, was conducted at II Ciocco, Tuscany, Italy, 21-27 June 1987. The venue for our discussions was ideal: a quiet holiday hotel, 500m high in the Apennine mountain range, approached by a mile of perilously steep, winding narrow road. The isolation was conducive to concentrated discussions on the topics of the Workshop. The reason for the Workshop was a felt need for researchers from disparate but related approaches to cognition, emotion, and motivation to communicate their perspectives and arguments to one another. To take just one example, the framework of information processing and the metaphor of mind as a computer has wrought a major revolution in psychological theories of cogni tion. That framework has radically altered the way psychologists conceptualize perception, memory, language, thought, and action. Those advances have formed the intellectual substrate for the "cognitive science" perspective on mental life.

Download or read book Motivation and Cognitive Control written by Todd S. Braver and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Individuals do not always perform to their full capability on cognitive tasks. When this occurs, the usual explanation is that the individual was not properly motivated. But this begs the important question: How and why does motivation interact with and influence cognitive processing and the control processes that regulate it? What are the underlying mechanisms that govern such interactions? Motivation has been an important component of psychology and neuroscience throughout the history of the field, but has recently been rejuvenated by rapidly accelerating research interest in the nature of motivation-cognition interactions, particularly as they impact control processes and goal-directed behavior. This volume provides an up-to-date snapshot of the state of research in this exciting, expanding area. The contributors to the volume are internationally-renowned researchers that lead the field in conducting groundbreaking studies. Moreover, they represent a variety of research perspectives and traditions: cognitive psychology and neuroscience, animal learning, social, affective, and personality psychology, and development, lifespan, and aging studies. This book summarizes our current state of understanding of the relationship between motivation and cognitive control, and serves as an essential reference for both students and researchers.