Download or read book HIV 1 Integrase written by Nouri Neamati and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprehensively covers the mechanisms of action and inhibitor design for HIV-1 integrase. It serves as a resource for scientists facing challenging drug design issues and researchers in antiviral drug discovery. Despite numerous review articles and isolated book chapters dealing with HIV-1 integrase, there has not been a single source for those working to devise anti-AIDS drugs against this promising target. But this book fills that gap and offers a valuable introduction to the field for the interdisciplinary scientists who will need to work together to design drugs that target HIV-1 integrase.

Download or read book The Evolution of HIV written by Keith A. Crandall and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 1999-04-26 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wolinsky.-- "European Molecular Biology Organization Reports"

Download or read book Origin and Evolution of Viruses written by Esteban Domingo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-06-23 with total page 573 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New viral diseases are emerging continuously. Viruses adapt to new environments at astounding rates. Genetic variability of viruses jeopardizes vaccine efficacy. For many viruses mutants resistant to antiviral agents or host immune responses arise readily, for example, with HIV and influenza. These variations are all of utmost importance for human and animal health as they have prevented us from controlling these epidemic pathogens. This book focuses on the mechanisms that viruses use to evolve, survive and cause disease in their hosts. Covering human, animal, plant and bacterial viruses, it provides both the basic foundations for the evolutionary dynamics of viruses and specific examples of emerging diseases. - NEW - methods to establish relationships among viruses and the mechanisms that affect virus evolution - UNIQUE - combines theoretical concepts in evolution with detailed analyses of the evolution of important virus groups - SPECIFIC - Bacterial, plant, animal and human viruses are compared regarding their interation with their hosts

Download or read book The Phylogenetic Handbook written by Marco Salemi and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-08-27 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sample Text

Download or read book Global Virology II HIV and NeuroAIDS written by Paul Shapshak and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-07 with total page 1059 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on NeuroAIDS, a collection of chapters written by experts and specialists from around the world, provides a global perspective on HIV and NeuroAIDS in the field, clinic, and laboratory. The chapters address the comorbidity of HIV and other infectious agents, including Zika virus, Ebola, Chagas disease, TB and HCV. Also discussed are key topics, such as: · Molecular socioepidemiology · Global HIV and NeuroAIDS · Neuropathology · cART and blood-brain barrier penetration · HIV replicative oscillations · HIV and SIV evolution · Psychiatric comorbidities · Neurosyphilis · The examination of current and innovative models of translational research to translational effectiveness

Download or read book Virus as Populations written by Esteban Domingo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-06 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virus as Composition, Complexity, Quasispecies, Dynamics, and Biological Implications, Second Edition, explains the fundamental concepts surrounding viruses as complex populations during replication in infected hosts. Fundamental phenomena in virus behavior, such as adaptation to changing environments, capacity to produce disease, and the probability to be transmitted or respond to treatment all depend on virus population numbers. Concepts such as quasispecies dynamics, mutations rates, viral fitness, the effect of bottleneck events, population numbers in virus transmission and disease emergence, and new antiviral strategies are included. The book's main concepts are framed by recent observations on general virus diversity derived from metagenomic studies and current views on the origin and role of viruses in the evolution of the biosphere. - Features current views on key steps in the origin of life and origins of viruses - Includes examples relating ancestral features of viruses with their current adaptive capacity - Explains complex phenomena in an organized and coherent fashion that is easy to comprehend and enjoyable to read - Considers quasispecies as a framework to understand virus adaptability and disease processes

Download or read book War in the Body written by W David Wick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-10 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the relatively few decades since the introduction of HIV into the human population, variants of the virus have diverged to such an extent that, were the discussion about something other than viruses, said variants could easily be classified as different species. This book will consider these evolutionary variations, as well as the different and, at times, opposing theories attempting to explain them. It will compare and contrast the ways in which the immune system and drugs affect the virus's evolution, and the implications of these for vaccine development. The issue will be explored and explained through "ecological genetics," which postulates that all living organisms have, besides rivals, enemies. This is divergent from the more traditional school of "population genetics," which emphasizes that evolution occurs among rival species (or variants thereof) that compete for niches or resources in a fixed, unreactive environment. Both models will be formulated using mathematical models, which will be included in the book. Finally, it will consider the possibilities for designing a vaccine that blocks HIV from escaping the immune system.

Download or read book Human Retroviruses written by Elisa Vicenzi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Human Retroviruses: Methods and Protocols collects key experimental protocols that have provided the basis of the major discoveries of the field. Split into five sections, this detailed volume covers mapping of the HIV life cycle, isolation, co-receptor use, and cell tropism of HIV-1, in vivo quantification of HIV-1, biological aspects of HIV-1, as well as HTLVs. Some articles explore assay and function of accessory genes, largely involving the interface between retroviral and host factors, the extracellular role of Tat and Tax, resembling the function of cytokines, and the biotechnological exploitation of HIV as lentiviral vector to carry foreign genes with therapeutic value. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and authoritative, Human Retroviruses: Methods and Protocols provides state-of-art methodological protocols from world leaders in human retrovirology, essential for any lab working this vital field."--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 HIV 1 and Breastfeeding written by Athena P. Kourtis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-03-28 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The HIV pandemic continues to levy a heavy burden on the human race world-wide. The estimated number of people who became newly infected with HIV in 2009 was 2.6 million; most of these individuals live in Sub-Saharan Africa, followed by India and Southeast Asia. An estimated 370,000 new cases of pediatric infections occurred globally in 2009 (or more than 1,000 new infections every day), practically all of them through mother-to-child transmission. Up to 40% of all new infant HIV infections occur during breastfeeding. While breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is not recommended in the U.S. and other resource-rich settings where safe replacement feeding is easily available, the situation is different in many resource-limited settings, where replacement feeding is not safe or available and carries a high risk of infections (diarrhea, pneumonia) and infant malnutrition. Mothers in such settings are faced with a difficult dilemma: to breastfeed their infants in order to provide their infants with its many benefits (nutritional, immunologic, cognitive), but to also risk transmitting HIV. These challenges have prompted an intensive search for new prophylactic and therapeutic strategies in order to prevent infants from acquiring HIV infection through breastfeeding. In this book, expert HIV researchers critically review every aspect of this highly evolving and topical subject. The opening chapters deal with the epidemiology, global magnitude and biologic mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission from mother to child through breastfeeding and include considerations of the virus (quantity, compartments, characteristics) and the host (genetic, immunity-innate, cellular, humoral). The effects of breastfeeding on the HIV-infected mother’s health and nutritional status, and the social and cultural issues associated with the practice of breastfeeding are also discussed. The next few chapters provide cutting-edge reviews of the latest approaches to prevention of HIV transmission to the infant through breastfeeding, including antiretroviral strategies, nutritional and immune-based approaches, and treatment of expressed breast milk. The remaining chapters provide a fascinating review of the many iterations this subject has received, as reflected in the several different sets of guidelines for infant feeding by HIV-infected mothers issued by the World Health Organization, and a debate by leading scientists on whether HIV-infected mothers should breastfeed their infants-in resource-limited and in resource-rich settings. A comprehensive overview of the current state of implementing the new evidence for prevention of breastfeeding transmission of HIV all over the world is also presented. Essential reading for the many disciplines of scientists and clinicians working on HIV/AIDS and other retroviruses, pediatricians, obstetricians/gynecologists, as well as all health-care professionals interested in expanding their understanding on the subject.

Download or read book Diabetes and Viruses written by Keith Taylor and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-15 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book will assemble the views of many of the world's experts in the field of viruses and diabetes. It will look critically at some unanswered questions, in the field. Among these, How do viruses destroy or modify the pancreatic islet? Which viruses are involved? What is the role of virus-induced cytokines> Could vaccines prevent virus-induced diabetes? Until recent technological advances, progress in the understanding of the relationship between viruses and diabetes has been hampered. New technologies are helping shed new light on these mysteries. This will be the first comprehensive volume on this topic.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases written by Michel Tibayrenc and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-07-31 with total page 807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how the application of novel multidisciplinary, integrative approaches and technologies are dramatically changing our understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and their treatments. Each article presents the state of the science, with a strong emphasis on new and emerging medical applications. The Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases is organized into five parts. The first part examines current threats such as AIDS, malaria, SARS, and influenza. The second part addresses the evolution of pathogens and the relationship between human genetic diversity and the spread of infectious diseases. The next two parts highlight the most promising uses of molecular identification, vector control, satellite detection, surveillance, modeling, and high-throughput technologies. The final part explores specialized topics of current concern, including bioterrorism, world market and infectious diseases, and antibiotics for public health. Each article is written by one or more leading experts in the field of infectious diseases. These experts place all the latest findings from various disciplines in context, helping readers understand what is currently known, what the next generation of breakthroughs is likely to be, and where more research is needed. Several features facilitate research and deepen readers' understanding of infectious diseases: Illustrations help readers understand the pathogenesis and diagnosis of infectious diseases Lists of Web resources serve as a gateway to important research centers, government agencies, and other sources of information from around the world Information boxes highlight basic principles and specialized terminology International contributions offer perspectives on how infectious diseases are viewed by different cultures A special chapter discusses the representation of infectious diseases in art With its multidisciplinary approach, this encyclopedia helps point researchers in new promising directions and helps health professionals better understand the nature and treatment of infectious diseases.

Download or read book HIV Molecular Immunology 2002 written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2002 with total page 940 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Application of Bioinformatics in Cancers written by Chad Brenner and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-20 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of 25 research papers comprised of 22 original articles and 3 reviews is brought together from international leaders in bioinformatics and biostatistics. The collection highlights recent computational advances that improve the ability to analyze highly complex data sets to identify factors critical to cancer biology. Novel deep learning algorithms represent an emerging and highly valuable approach for collecting, characterizing and predicting clinical outcomes data. The collection highlights several of these approaches that are likely to become the foundation of research and clinical practice in the future. In fact, many of these technologies reveal new insights about basic cancer mechanisms by integrating data sets and structures that were previously immiscible. Accordingly, the series presented here bring forward a wide range of artificial intelligence approaches and statistical methods that can be applied to imaging and genomics data sets to identify previously unrecognized features that are critical for cancer. Our hope is that these articles will serve as a foundation for future research as the field of cancer biology transitions to integrating electronic health record, imaging, genomics and other complex datasets in order to develop new strategies that improve the overall health of individual patients.

Download or read book Mobile DNA III written by Michael Chandler and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-07-24 with total page 1321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of the raw power of genetic material to refashion itself to any purpose... Virtually all organisms contain multiple mobile DNAs that can move from place to place, and in some organisms, mobile DNA elements make up a significant portion of the genome. Mobile DNA III provides a comprehensive review of recent research, including findings suggesting the important role that mobile elements play in genome evolution and stability. Editor-in-Chief Nancy L. Craig assembled a team of multidisciplinary experts to develop this cutting-edge resource that covers the specific molecular mechanisms involved in recombination, including a detailed structural analysis of the enzymes responsible presents a detailed account of the many different recombination systems that can rearrange genomes examines the tremendous impact of mobile DNA in virtually all organisms Mobile DNA III is valuable as an in-depth supplemental reading for upper level life sciences students and as a reference for investigators exploring new biological systems. Biomedical researchers will find documentation of recent advances in understanding immune-antigen conflict between host and pathogen. It introduces biotechnicians to amazing tools for in vivo control of designer DNAs. It allows specialists to pick and choose advanced reviews of specific elements and to be drawn in by unexpected parallels and contrasts among the elements in diverse organisms. Mobile DNA III provides the most lucid reviews of these complex topics available anywhere.

Download or read book The Human Immunodeficiency Virus written by Emilio Emini and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-04-13 with total page 546 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The past few years have witnessed an explosive increase in our collective knowledge of the biology of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Researchers have acquired new understanding of the virus's biochemistry, molecular biology, pathogenesis, genetics, and immunobiology. Resulting therapeutic advances have significantly prolonged the lives of thousands. Yet, the need to develop better therapies is ever more acute and--given the virus's continued spread through the human population--the need for an effective vaccine is urgent. These goals can be accomplished only through the experienced synthesis of information from the many disciplines participating in HIV research and through the insights of new investigators. This volume is designed to lower the barriers imposed on investigators by the sheer volume of available information--information that often can be found only in far-flung and specialized journals. It provides, in a single resource, an in-depth overview of the diverse areas that constitute HIV research. The result is a broad introduction for students and researchers new to the field as well as an integrated overview for researchers specialized in particular areas of HIV investigation. The volume will also benefit those seeking technical understanding of the virus's biology, including physicians treating HIV-infected patients. Each chapter is a comprehensive presentation of one area of current AIDS research--including work on the virus life cycle, epidemiology, genetics, protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors, receptor and co-receptor interactions, therapeutic targets, clinical treatment, immunobiology, and vaccines--written by a leading researcher in that area. The contributors are Jon P. Anderson, Jan Balzarini, Elana Cherry, Thomas J. Coates, Chris Collins, Jon H. Condra, Mark B. Feinberg, Richard B. Gaynor, Matthias Götte, Daria J. Hazuda, Spyros Kalams, Nathaniel R. Landau, Gerald H. Learn, Norman L. Letvin, James I. Mullins, Willscott E. Naugler, David Nickle, Matthew Rain, Allen G. Rodrigo, Daniel Shriner, Shalom Spira, Mario Stevenson, Todd Summers, Catherine Ulich, Joseph P. Vacca, Mark A. Wainberg, Bruce D. Walker, and Yang Wang.

Download or read book The Past and the Future of Human Immunity Under Viral Evolutionary Pressure written by Gkikas Magiorkinis and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-04 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a long-standing evolutionary battle between viruses and their hosts that continues to be waged. The evidence of this conflict can be found on both sides, with the human immune system being responsive to new viral challenges and viruses having developed often sophisticated countermeasures. The “arms race” between viruses and hosts can be thought as an example of the “Red Queen” race, an evolutionary hypothesis inspired from the dialogue of Alice with the Red Queen in Lewis Carroll’s “Through the Looking-Glass”. At the same time, viruses have a minimal genomic content as they have evolved to hitchhike biological machinery of their hosts (or other co-infecting viruses). The minimalistic viral genome could be thought as the result of a “Black Queen” evolution, a theory inspired from the card game Heart, where the winner is the one with the fewest points at the end. The effects of this arms race are evident in the evolution of the human immune system. This system is capable of responding to diverse viral challenges, utilizing both the ancient innate immune system and the more recently evolved adaptive immune system of jawed vertebrates. It is now well-known that the two systems are linked, with innate immunity hypothesized to have provided raw material for the emergence of the adaptive immune response. The adaptive immune response comprises several protein families (including B and T cell receptors, MHC and KIR proteins, for example) that are encoded by complex and variable genomic regions. This complexity enables for responsive genetic changes to occur in immune cells, such as the ability of genomic hypervariable regions in B cells to recombine in order to produce more specific antibodies. Indeed, the human immune system is thought to be continually evolving via various mechanisms such as changes in the genes encoding immune receptors and the regulatory sequences that control their expression. For example, there is some evidence that exogenous viral infections can alter the expression of endogenous retroviruses, some of which contribute to the immune response. Viral countermeasures can include encoding decoy receptors for the signalling molecules of the immune response, altering the gene expression of adaptive immune cells during chronic infection or using host enzymes to facilitate viral immune escape. As the articles herein show, the immune system continues to be challenged by viral infections and these challenges continue to shape how the immune system combats pathogens, thus viruses and human immunity are continuously part of “Red and Black Queen” evolutionary dynamics. We had the pleasure of working with Jonas Blomberg as a reviewer during the course of the Research Topic and his untimely passing was a great loss. Prof. Blomberg made significant contributions, including to the nomenclature of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), the evolution and characterization of specific human ERV (HERV) and the contribution of ERVs to diseases such as cancer. It is with great respect for his contributions to the ERV field that we dedicate this eBook to his memory.

Download or read book Bioinformatics written by Jonathan M. Keith and published by Humana. This book was released on 2018-06-21 with total page 491 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition provides updated and expanded chapters covering a broad sampling of useful and current methods in the rapidly developing and expanding field of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics, Volume I: Data, Sequence Analysis, and Evolution, Second Edition is comprised of three sections: Data and Databases, Sequence Analysis, and Phylogenetics and Evolution. The first section details bioinformatics methodologies in the generation of sequence and structural data and its organization into conceptual categories, and databases to facilitate further analyses. The Sequence Analysis section describes the fundamental methodologies for processing the sequences of biological molecules: techniques that are used in almost every pipeline of bioinformatics analysis, particularly in the preliminary stages of such pipelines. Last but not least, the phylogenetics and evolution section deals with methodologies that compare biological sequences for the purpose of understanding how they evolved. As a volume in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters feature the kind of detail and expert implementation advice to ensure positive results. Comprehensive and practical, Bioinformatics, Volume I: Data, Sequence Analysis, and Evolution, Second Edition is an essential resource for graduate students, early career researchers, and others who are in the process of integrating new bioinformatics methods into their research.