Download or read book Mechanism of Conversion of Cellulosic Wastes to Liquid Fuels in Alkaline Solution written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conversion of cellulosic wastes into liquid oils is being practiced on a pilot plant scale at Albany, OR, but the fundamental chemistry of the process is poorly understood. We report our findings on the aqueous alkaline digestion of pure cellulose, on a laboratory scale, in a closely related system. Our intent is to elucidate the reaction mechanisms involved in oil and tar formation, and to identify products of potential value. A 30 wt % aqueous slurry of pure cellulose in up to 1.2 N alkali (sodium hydroxide or carbonate), heated to 350/sup 0/C over a 3.5 hour period showed a sharp discontinuity in heating rate at 265 to 270/sup 0/C, indicating the onset of a discrete liquefaction reaction not hitherto observed. A series of 129 autoclave experiments analyzed by statistical methods indicated that carbon monoxide, while it promotes the attainment of high yields as claimed by the Bureau of Mines, is not necessary for the reaction to proceed. Analysis of the products by /sup 13/C-NMR, GC/MS, and gel permeation chromatography indicated that the nonvolatile fraction of the oil consists of 44% aromatic carbon and 7% aromatic hydrogen, corresponding to a benzenoid polyaromatic with a substitution ratio of 5:1. However, oxygen content of the nonvolatile fraction and distillable oil is approximately the same. Since the oil contains a series of polyalkylated furans, this suggests that the char is a poly-furan rather than a conventional asphaltene derivative. Volatile products from the oil fraction consist of furans, cyclic ketones, linear and branched alkenes, and phenolics. The high proportion of phenolics relative to normal crude oil could explain the observed highly corrosive nature of the biomass-derived oils.
Download or read book Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion written by R.P. Overend and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 1155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the world many projects have been underway to investigate the conversion of renewable biomass into energy and synthetic fuels by thermo chemical methods such as combustion, pyrolysis, gasification and lique faction. While many of these represent prior art used during the early 20th century, the recent decade since the 1970s oil shock has immeasurably increased the knowledge base for such processes. Much of the new knowledge has been gained by persons who were not trained in classical wood chemistry and there have not yet been many attempts to synthesize the knowledge into a corpus of systematic information. To bring this about the International Energy Agency's Forestry Energy collaboration, the Gas Research Institute, the National Research Council of Canada and the US Department of Energy jointly sponsored a conference on the Fundamentals of Thermochemical Biomass Conversion in Estes Park, Colorado which was held on October 18-22, 1982. The Conference, which was structured around invited plenary papers and contributions from researchers, served as the basis for the papers in this volume which reflect the substantial conclusions of the Conference. During the planning for the Conference, it was realized by the editors in their capacity as Co-chairmen that a major problem in biomass research was the lack of reproducibility between reported experiments and their inter comparison on account of the heterogeneity of biomass materials. A well known wood chemist, George M.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Handbook of Biofuels Production written by Rafael Luque and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-11-25 with total page 684 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the global increase in the use of biofuels as substitute transportation fuels, advanced chemical, biochemical and thermochemical biofuels production routes are fast being developed.Research and development in this field is aimed at improving the quality and environmental impact of biofuels production, as well as the overall efficiency and output of biofuels production plants. The range of biofuels has also increased to supplement bioethanol and biodiesel production, with market developments leading to the increased production and utilisation of such biofuels as biosyngas, biohydrogen and biobutanol, among others.Handbook of biofuels production provides a comprehensive and systematic reference on the range of biomass conversion processes and technology. Part one reviews the key issues in the biofuels production chain, including feedstocks, sustainability assessment and policy development.Part two reviews chemical and biochemical conversion and in turn Part three reviews thermal and thermo-chemical conversion, with both sections detailing the wide range of processes and technologies applicable to the production of first, second and third generation biofuels. Finally, Part four reviews developments in the integration of biofuels production, including biorefineries and by-product valorisation, as well as the utilisation of biofuels in diesel engines.With its distinguished international team of contributors, Handbook of biofuels production is a standard reference for biofuels production engineers, industrial chemists and biochemists, plant scientists, academics and researchers in this area. A comprehensive and systematic reference on the range of biomass conversion processes and technologies Addresses the key issues in the biofuels production chain, including feedstocks, sustainability assessment and policy development Reviews chemical and bio-chemical conversion techniques as well as thermal and thermo-chemical conversion, detailing the range of processes and technologies applicable to biofuels production
Download or read book Energy from Biological Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the 1986 International Congress on Renewable Energy Sources written by S. Terol and published by Editorial CSIC - CSIC Press. This book was released on with total page 1942 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Resource Potential in Phytochemistry written by Tony Swain and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume of Recent Advances in Phytochemistry is the Proceedings of the 1979 Annual Meeting of the Phytochemical Society of North America held August 12-15 at Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. It contains a series of exciting chapters which start with the potential use of plant products as fuels and medicinals, their possible effects in carcinogenesis and use in steroidal hormone synthesis. The volume continues with a series of chapters which examine the importance of plant constituents in the breeding and selection of corn, cruciferous vegetables, soybeans and citrus fruits. All the contributions illustrate the wide importance of research which improves the health and the economic and social well being of mankind. The authors are to be congratulated on their lucid exposition of the progress of research in their subject area and for their patience while this book was being produced. The members of the Phytochemical Society of North America can feel proud of having another of their excellent symposia series in print. It is fitting, therefore, that this volume is dedicated to one of the founder members of the Society, Ted Geissman, who has inspired so many of us with his wisdom, teaching and wonderful support of all our endeavours. He was a giant among phytochemists and is sorely missed by all who knew him.
Download or read book Energy from Biomass and Wastes VII written by Donald L. Klass and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy from Biomass and Wastes written by Donald L. Klass and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 888 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Solar Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Information Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Energy Journal written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 886 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Biomass Sugars for Non Fuel Applications written by Dmitry Murzin and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2016 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Providing an overview of sugar-based technologies, this book is a valuable resource for chemists working to develop greener synthetic routes to chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
Download or read book The International Bio energy Directory written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels and Chemicals written by Mark Crocker and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2010-09-10 with total page 555 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is increasing recognition that low-cost, high capacity processes for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals are essential for expanding the utilization of carbon neutral processes, reducing dependency on fossil fuel resources, and increasing rural income. While much attention has focused on the use of biomass to produce ethanol via fermentation, high capacity processes are also required for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. In this context, this book provides an up-to-date overview of the thermochemical methods available for biomass conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals. In addition to traditional conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis, new developments are considered, including catalytic routes for the production of liquid fuels from carbohydrates and the use of ionic liquids for lignocellulose utilization. The individual chapters, written by experts in the field, provide an introduction to each topic, as well as describing recent research developments.
