Download or read book Mechanical Characterization of Chemically Modified Wood written by Samuel O. Olaniran and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Wood Modification written by Callum A. S. Hill and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-02-06 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is exclusively concerned with wood modification, although many of these processes are generic and can be applied to other lignocellulosic materials. There have been many rapid developments in wood modification over the past decade and, in particular, there has been considerable progress made in the commercialisation of technologies. Topics covered include: The use of timber in the 21st century Modifying the properties of wood Chemical modification of wood: Acetic Anhydride Modification and reaction with other chemicals Thermal modification of wood Surface modification Impregnation modification Commercialisation of wood modification Environmental consideration and future developments This is the first time that a book has covered all wood modification technologies in one text. Although the book covers the main research developments in wood modification, it also puts wood modification into context and additionally deals with aspects of commercialisation and environmental impact. This book is very timely, because wood modification is undergoing huge developments at the present time, driven in part by environmental concerns regarding the use of wood treated with certain preservatives. There has been considerable commercial interest shown in wood modification over the past decade, with products based upon thermal modification, and furfurylation now being actively being marketed. The next few years will see the commercialisation of acetylation and impregnation modification. This is a new industry, but one that has enormous potential. This book will prove useful to all those with an interest in wood modification including researchers, technologists and professionals working in wood science and timber engineering, wood preservation, and well as professionals in the paper and pulp industries, and those with an interest in the development of renewable materials.
Download or read book Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials written by DavidN.-S. Hon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume emphasizes the growing need for wood products with advanced engineering properties. It details the fundamental principles of cellulose technology and presents current techniques to modifying the basic chemistry of lignocellulosic materials. The work: discusses the cost-efficient use of cellulose derivatives in a variety of commodities; highlights the chemical modification of wood by methods such as etherification, esterification and thermoplasticization; considers recent progress in the lignocellulosic liquefaction of wood; and more.
Download or read book Wood Modification Technologies written by Dick Sandberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-15 with total page 765 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The market for durable products using modified wood has increased substantially during the last few years. This is partly because of the restriction on the use of toxic preservatives due to environmental concerns, and to lower maintenance cost and time. Furthermore, as sustainability becomes a greater concern, the environmental impact of construction and interior materials is factored in planning by considering the whole life cycle and embodied energy of the materials used. Wood is modified to improve its intrinsic properties, enhance the range of applications of timber, and to acquire the form and functionality desired by engineers without calling the environmental friendliness into question. Wood modification processes are at various stages of development, and the challenges faced in scaling up to industrial applications differ. The aim of this book is to put together the key elements of the changes of wood constituents and the related changes in wood properties of modified wood. Further, a selection of the principal technologies implemented in wood modification are presented. This work is intended for researchers, professionals of timber construction, as well as students studying the science of materials, civil engineering and architecture. This work is not exhaustive, but intends to deliver an outline of the scientific disciplines necessary to apprehend the technologies of wood modification and its behavior during treatment, as well as during its use.
Download or read book Wood Modification Technologies written by Dick Sandberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-14 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes how to Improvement of wood products Describes Sustainable development Covers Environmental industrial processing
Download or read book Chemical Modification of Lignocellulosic Materials written by DavidN.-S. Hon and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-29 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume emphasizes the growing need for wood products with advanced engineering properties. It details the fundamental principles of cellulose technology and presents current techniques to modifying the basic chemistry of lignocellulosic materials. The work: discusses the cost-efficient use of cellulose derivatives in a variety of commodities; highlights the chemical modification of wood by methods such as etherification, esterification and thermoplasticization; considers recent progress in the lignocellulosic liquefaction of wood; and more.
Download or read book Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites written by Roger M. Rowell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2005-02-18 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The degradable nature of high-performance, wood-based materials is an attractive advantage when considering environmental factors such as sustainability, recycling, and energy/resource conservation. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites provides an excellent guide to the latest concepts and technologies in wood chemistry and bio-based composites. The book analyzes the chemical composition and physical properties of wood cellulose and its response to natural processes of degradation. It describes safe and effective chemical modifications to strengthen wood against biological, chemical, and mechanical degradation without using toxic, leachable, or corrosive chemicals. Expert researchers provide insightful analyses of the types of chemical modifications applied to polymer cell walls in wood, emphasizing the mechanisms of reaction involved and resulting changes in performance properties. These include modifications that increase water repellency, fire retardancy, and resistance to ultraviolet light, heat, moisture, mold, and other biological organisms. The text also explores modifications that increase mechanical strength, such as lumen fill, monomer polymer penetration, and plasticization. The Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites concludes with the latest applications, such as adhesives, geotextiles, and sorbents, and future trends in the use of wood-based composites in terms of sustainable agriculture, biodegradability and recycling, and economics. Incorporating over 30 years of teaching experience, the esteemed editor of this handbook is well-attuned to educational demands as well as industry standards and research trends.
Download or read book Chemical Modification of Wood written by Willy Mukama Balaba and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bondability of modified wood written by Alireza Bastani and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2016-06-30 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study investigates the bonding properties of modified wood by considering three different aspects: water related characteristics, mechanical performance and optical (fluorescence microscopy and X-ray micro-computed tomography) observation of adhesive penetration into modified wood structure. In recent years, the new wood modifications have become more commercially available in the market for both exterior and interior applications due to improved properties that modification can bring to the wood e.g. the improved biological durability, dimensional stability, hardness and weathering resistance of the wood as well as the environmentally friendly nature of the wood modification processes (Militz and Hill 2005). Besides these advantages, modification can affect some technological aspects of the wood such as its bonding performance. For example, it can alter the strength of adhesion as a result of changes in chemical, physical and structural characteristics of the wood. For example, the less polar and less porous modified wood surfaces can result in reduced adhesion due to formation of less free OH groups for bonding leading to poorer adhesive wetting of the wood surface and weaker chemical bonds between the two adherents (Hunt et al. 2007). As modified wood becomes a more demanded material for different applications, there is a need to study its bonding performance where the challenge is to bond different modified materials as their physical and chemical characteristics are substantially changed by modification. In this thesis, measurements of capillary water uptake, contact angle and surface energy were used to determine the water related properties and hydrophobic behavior of furfurylated (FA40 and FA70, which represent 65 and 75 % WPGs) and N-methylol melamine (NMM) (10, 20 and 30%) modified Scots pine and thermally treated Scots pine and beech (modified through an industrial scale vacuum press dewatering method at 195 and 210 °C). The capillary water uptake results indicated a considerable reduction of water uptake for all modifications in all directions both after short (24 h) and long contact times (168, 336 h). Contact angle measurement data revealed an increased hydrophobicity of modified wood. However, some exceptions were observed, mainly for thermally treated wood. Modifications provided radial and tangential surfaces with a non-polar character. Penetration of adhesives into the wood structure plays an important role in the production of glued wood-based panels and products by affecting the bond quality (Frihart 2005, Kamke and Lee 2007). The gross penetration of emulsion polymer isocyanate (EPI), polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) adhesives into modified wood, both with and without pressure, were determined by using fluorescence microscopy based on measurements of effective (EP) and maximum penetration (MP). Without application of pressure, the EP of EPI adhesive reduced after NMM modification and furfurylation (FA70) and also PU adhesive after NMM modification while the EP of PVAc adhesive increased into furfurylated and NMM modified (10 and 20%) wood. For thermally treated Scots pine, increasing the treatment temperature improved EP of all adhesives. Among used adhesives, PU penetrated much deeper into thermally treated wood for both treatment temperatures. Comparison of penetration of adhesive with and without pressure revealed that with the exception of EP of PU and EPI adhesives into NMM-modified wood and PVAc into thermally treated beech at 195°C, application of pressure led to rather different results as compared to the EP data when no pressure was applied. Visual observation and analysis of fluorescence microscopy photomicrographs provided more detailed information on modality of penetration. Due to the large and deep penetration of PU adhesive into thermally treated Scots pine observed in both studies (with and without pressure), the 3D pattern of penetration of this adhesive was obtained by X-ray micro- computed tomography indicating the pathways which were used by this adhesive for penetration. In another study, the bonding shear strength of the same modified wood materials glued with the same adhesives was also investigated. For all adhesives used, the shear strength significantly reduced after furfurylation and NMM modification of Scots pine samples, mainly due to the brittle nature of the wood after modification rather to the failure of the bondline. Bonding strength of both Scots pine and beech was also negatively affected by thermal modification and the bondline was found to be the weakest link in thermally modified wood. The EP of adhesives and the bondline thickness did not relate to the shear strength of all modified wood materials. It was indicated that the lower shear strength of modified wood could be attributed to other factors, such as the decreased chemical bonding or mechanical interlocking of adhesives, and the reduced strength of brittle modified wood substrate. The effect of two important bonding variables, wood moisture content and open assembly time on penetration of PU adhesive into thermally modified wood (195 and 210 °C) was also studied. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) level of 8.6% was found to be the optimum for an effective penetration of PU adhesive in thermally modified Scots pine treated at 195°C. In most of the cases, penetration of PU adhesive did not change significantly by increasing the open assembly time, which suggested using a shorter open assembly time of 15 min than 30 min for bonding of thermally modified Scots pine with PU adhesive, in order to save time and reducing the production costs. For samples treated at both treatment temperatures and after shorter open assembly time, the highest MP values observed at moderate EMC levels of 8.6 and 8.2% and the lowest at the higher EMC levels of 13.2 and 12.5%. In another study, the effect of phenol formaldehyde (PF) treatment on bonding performance of beech glued with PVAc and phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) adhesives was also investigated. The results of both dry and wet conditions indicated higher shear strength for samples bonded with PRF than PVAc. With the exception of 25% PF treated wood bonded with PVAc, the PF modified wood can be glued with both adhesives satisfactorily under dry condition, while under wet condition only the 25% PF modified samples bonded with PRF provided acceptable bonding. For both adhesive systems, PF modification caused a reduction of adhesive penetration into wood structure, especially in the case of higher load treatment. The development of bonding strength of modified birch veneers glued with hot curing phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesive was investigated in different pressing (20 s , 160s) and open assembly times (20s , 10 min). Generally, the bonding strength improved by extending the pressing time. In 20 s pressing, increasing assembly time did not change the bonding strength in most of the cases while at 160 s pressing, prolongation of assembly time developed a better bonding for controls, NMM modified and thermally treated veneers at 180°C. The combination of 10 min assembly time and 160 s pressing time provided the highest bonding strength for controls, NMM modified and thermally treated veneers at 180°C while furfurylated samples achieved the highest values in 20 s assembly and 160 s pressing times. In general, modification affected negatively the bonding performance of the veneers, especially for furfurylated and NMM modified samples. In General, the overall results obtained in this thesis showed that modified wood has lower bonding ability and performance than unmodified wood as result of the decreased water related properties, less penetration of adhesive into wood structure and decreased bonding strength after modification. However, the increased dimensional stability and low water uptake of modified wood might lead to better performance in long term.
Download or read book Modified Woods written by Raymond M. Seborg and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering written by Rajeev Bhat and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-01-21 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology in Paper and Wood Engineering: Fundamentals, Challenges and Applications describes recent advances made in the use of nanotechnology in the paper and pulp industry. Various types of nano-additives commonly used in the paper industry for modification of raw material to enhance final products are included, with other sections covering the imaging applications of nano-papers and nano-woods in pharmaceuticals, biocatalysis, photocatalysis and energy storage. This book is an important reference source for materials scientists and engineers who are looking to understand how nanotechnology is being used to create more efficient manufacturing processes in for the paper and wood industries. Provides information on nano-paper production and its applications Explains the major synthesis techniques and design concepts of cellulosic or wooden nanomaterials for industrial applications Assesses the major challenges of creating nanotechnology-based manufacturing systems for wood and paper engineering
Download or read book Lightweight and Sustainable Materials for Automotive Applications written by Omar Faruk and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-06-01 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Automotive manufacturers are required to decrease CO2 emissions and increase fuel economy while assuring driver comfort and safety. In recent years, there has been rapid development in the application of lightweight and sustainable materials in the automotive industry to help meet these criteria. This book provides critical reviews and the latest research results of various lightweight and sustainable materials in automotive applications. It discusses current applications and future trends of lightweight materials in the automotive area. While there are a few books published mainly focusing on automotive applications of metallic lightweight materials, to date there is no available book focusing on a broad spectrum of lightweight materials, including metal, plastic, composites, bio-fiber, bio-polymer, carbon fiber, glass fiber, nanomaterials, rubber materials, and foaming materials, as this work does. The book also includes case studies of commercial lightweight automotive parts from sustainable lightweight materials, providing an invaluable resource to those involved in this in-demand research and commercialization area.
Download or read book Advances in Wood Composites written by Antonios N. Papadopoulos and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-04-17 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood composites have shown very good performance, and substantial service lives when correctly specified for the exposure risks present. Selection of an appropriate product for the job should be accompanied by decisions about the appropriate protection, whether this is by design, by preservative treatment or by wood modification techniques. This Special Issue, Advances in Wood Composites presents recent progress in enhancing and refining the performance and properties of wood composites by chemical and thermal modification and the application of smart nanomaterials, which have made them a particular area of interest for researchers. In addition, it reviews some important aspects in the field of wood composites, with particular focus on their materials, applications, and engineering and scientific advances, including solutions inspired biomimetrically by the structure of wood and wood composites. This Special Issue, with a collection of 13 original contributions, provides selected examples of recent Advances in Wood Composites
Download or read book Wood Polymer Nanocomposites written by Md Rezaur Rahman and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-06 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows how chemical modifications influence some properties of wood nanocomposites. It describes suitable and effective chemical modifications that strengthen the physico-mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of wood. The authors provide intuitive explanation of the various types of chemical modifications applied to polymer cell walls in wood. They emphasize the reaction changes in wood cell walls due to the chemical modifications. Increased mechanical strength, improved thermal stability as well as the efficient retardancy against fungi attack are described. This book concludes summarizing the potential applications of wood-based nanocomposites taking into account sustainability and economic aspects.
Download or read book List of Publications written by Forest Products Laboratory (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Chemical Modification Properties and Usage of Lignin written by Thomas Q. Hu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most significant challenges facing mankind in the twenty-first century is the development of a sustainable global economy. Within the scientific community, this calls for the development of processes and technologies that will allow the sustainable production of materials from renewable natural resources. Plant material, in particular lignin, is one such resource. During the annual production of about 100 million metric tons of chemical wood pulps worldwide, approximately 45 and 2 million metric tons/year of kraft lignin and lignosulfonates, respectively, are also generated. Although lignosulfonates have found many applications outside the pulp and paper industry, the majority of kraft lignin is being used internally as a low-grade fuel for the kraft pulping operation. A surplus of kraft lignin will become available as kraft mills increase their pulp production without expanding the capacity of their recovery boilers that utilize lignin as a fuel. There is a tremendous opportunity and an enormous economic incentive to find better uses of kraft lignin, lignosulfonates and other industriallignins. The pulp and paper industry not only produces an enormous amount of lignins as by products of chemical wood pulps, but it also utilizes about 10 million metric tons of lignin per year as a component of mechanical wood pulps and papers. Mechanical wood pulps, produced in a yield of 90-98% with the retention of lignin, are mainly used to make low-quality, non-permanent papers such as newsprint and telephone directories because of the light-induced photooxidation of lignin and the yellowing of the papers.
Download or read book Wood Protection and Preservation written by Christian Brischke and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-10 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wood is an advantageous building material in many respects, but it is biodegradable and therefore requires protection when used in highly hazardous applications. This Special Issue comprises 19 papers by authors from 14 countries in Asia, North America and Europe. They represent a wide range of aspects related to wood protection and wood preservation, and give timely examples of research activities that can be observed around the globe. Several authors reported on the processes of thermal modification and different chemical wood modification techniques, which are among the latest alternative wood protection methods without the use of biocides. New preservatives and assessment methods of preservative-treated wood products are presented, as well as studies on the natural durability of wood, fire-retardant treated wood, the effect of concrete on wood durability and different novel surface modification techniques using plasma. In addition to biological durability, the mechanical properties, moisture performance, bonding properties, weathering stability and the corrosiveness of differently treated wood are investigated and reported within this Special Issue. Examples of research on fungal biology, service life planning with wood and test methodology are also included and complete the Special Issue.
