Download or read book Measuring Transnational Organized Crime Threats to U S National Security Analysis of Three Conceptual Frameworks Used to Study Organized Crime Un written by U. S. Military and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2018-10-04 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2011 President Obama released the United States Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime (SCTOC). The strategy identified Transnational Organized Crime (TOC) as a national security threat directed the creation of an Interagency Threat Mitigation Working Group (TMWG). The SCTOC tasked the TMWG to identify criminal networks that posed a sufficiently high national security threat to merit a whole-of-government approach to achieve their defeat. Unfortunately, the SCTOC did not include any methodology for differentiating between criminal networks. Organized crime typologies, models, and assessment tools do exist. However, not all these tools are necessarily suitable for the TMWG. The question was, therefore, is there an existing typology or assessment model that can identify the TOC groups that present the national security threat defined in the SCTOC?A literature review of existing organized crime assessments identified the three most common conceptual frameworks used to study organized crime. These frameworks are organization-based, activities-based, and harm-based. The SCTOC discussion of TOC most closely resembles an organization-based conceptual framework. Therefore, all activities-based, and harm-based typologies were ruled out. SCTOC also identified specific selection criteria that helped match the SCTOC with an appropriate organization-based typology. The most appropriate model must be simple, support UN common terms, include key SCTOC variables, and address links to terrorists. A number of organization-based typologies were analyzed.The research found that The United Nations report, "Pilot Survey of Forty Selected Organized Criminal Groups in Sixteen Countries" meets the needs of the Threat Mitigation Working Group (TMWG) best. The UN typology is not designed to score TOC networks, so it is not an obvious choice, but it could be easily modified by the TMWG to rank-order TOC networks. The UN typology has the advantage of following the same conceptual model followed by the SCTOC. It is one of the few assessment tools to consider criminal links to terrorist organizations directly. It is also relatively simple, with clear definitions of all the relevant variables.Contents: 1. Introduction 2. TOC and U.S. National Security 3. Conceptual Frameworks for Describing and Measuring Transnational Organized Crime 4. The United States Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime 5. Assessment and Comparison of Selected TOC Typologies 6. ConclusionUnfortunately, despite international agreement that organized crime is a threat to national and global interests, global cooperation is hampered by the fact that there is very little agreement on how to define or measure transnational organized crime. Even the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) failed to achieve consensus on either a definition for organized crime or the types of crime that constitute that phenomenon. Similarly, the European Union attempt to define organized crime was a failure. Academics around the world complain that "behind this international political consensus on the importance and the threat of organized crime there is, nevertheless, a large and gaping scientific void." Despite all analysis available on TOC, no studies provide meaningful explanations for the seriousness and threat of organized crime, or a sound basis for the measurement of organized crime. The lack of a widely accepted definition impacts coordination between nations and between agencies within the United States government. Without a common definition it is impossible to agree upon methods by which to measure and compare transnational organized crime.
Download or read book The Global Underworld written by Donald R. Liddick and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2004-07-30 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transnational crime is an increasing national security threat to the United States and to individual citizens around the world. Criminal groups both in the United Staes and abroad operate crime cartels that span national boundaries, but in ways that affect all Americans, and wreak havoc on law enforcement organizations as well as businesses and other entities, such as the stock market. More often than not, transnational crime takes the form of organized crime, and in its many forms is responsible for over-priced goods, unsafe products, environmental hazards, corruption of public officials, the exploitation of women and children, tax evasion, theft and piracy, identity theft, organ smuggling, stock market fraud, drug trafficking, and black market trading in armaments and weapons of mass destruction, among other scandals and forms of misconduct. Because perpetrators often act in collusion with legitimate organizations and other powerful elites, who either cooperate knowingly or unknowingly or are coerced through violence, dealing with the problem is especially difficult. Here, Liddick describes the many groups responsible for transnational crimes, and the nature and scale of their various enterprises. The result is a powerful testament to the globalization of criminal organizations and their danger to American society. From the Russian mafiya to Chinese Triads, from outlaw motorcycle gangs to Latin American drug cartels, the nature and incidence of transnational crime is a serious threat to American security, both at the national and the individual level. Because of America's porous borders, it is relatively easy for criminal foreigners to set up their organizations within the United States Moreover, there are well-established groups already present in the United States that are now capable of operating on a multinational level. While response to the problem has been overdue, recent efforts to address transnational crime include technological innovations and controversial legislation such as the Patriot Act and the Homeland Security Act. But how well will these measures protect Americans from the increasing prevalence of criminal organizations that are capable of carrying out crimes that span the globe? This important book provides an engaging glimpse into the world of transnational crime through an introduction to the various groups involved, true stories of criminal misconduct, and a careful review and evaluation of efforts to address the problem.
Download or read book Whole of Government Approach to Transnational Organized Crime TOC written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2018-05-10 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transnational crime is a recognized threat to national security, mostly due to their relation to terrorist organizations. The President has called for a Whole of Government approach to combatting the threat from Transnational Organized Crime (TOC). The Strategy written in 2011 illustrates the differences of TOCs in the different geo-political regions, however, it does not illustrate in detail the varying degrees of influence the military, and specifically the Army, will have in each of these regions, as a part of the whole of government principle. The focus of this study is on identifying the role of the Army in combatting TOC. It will identify the role of the TOC in the growth of terrorist organizations, and identify when is the best time to affect criminal organizations to protect our national interests. CONTENTS * CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION * Problem Background * Problem Statement * Purpose of the Study * Research Questions * Significance * Limitations * Delimitations * Theoretical Framework * Operational Definitions * Summary * CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW * Introduction * Transnational Organized Crime in the U.S., Europe, and Abroad * Case Study: Colombia * Case Study: Mexico * Peacebuilding and Organized Crime: The Cases of Kosovo and Liberia * Conclusion * CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY * Introduction * Data Collection * Data Analysis * Threats to Validity * Conclusion * CHAPTER 4 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS * Introduction * Operational Environment: Current U.S Policy against TOC * Line of Operation 1: Colombia Case Study * Line of Operation 2: Mexico Case Study * Line of Operation 3: Liberia and Western Africa Case Study * Line of Operation 4: Kosovo Case Study * End State: Whole of Government Approach * Role of the Military * Conclusion * CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS * Introduction * Conclusions * Recommendations * Recommendations for Further Research * REFERENCE LIST The concern over TOC is the convergence of criminal organizations, transnational movement, and the occasional mutual benefit they receive from alliance to terrorist organizations. This Strategy against this threat is "organized around a single unifying principle: to build, balance, and integrate the tools of American power to combat transnational organized crime and related threats to national security-and to urge our foreign partners to do the same". Along with an emphasis on this emerging threat, the U.S. national strategy addresses these problems by using a whole of government approach. Though the military will not take the lead in this effort, the role of the military will be one of support. The problem is how the U.S. military will effectively integrate with the strategy, or whether or not the military should be involved at all in this mission. The emergence of Regionally Aligned Forces for the military also presents a challenge for inter-cooperation amongst Combatant Commanders (COCOM), as TOC by its definition works beyond the boundaries of nation-states. If the military participates in a whole-of-government approach, the regional alignment of forces must be considered. Coordination will occur at the strategic level, and areas such as logistics and intelligence will require multiple coordinated efforts in order to be effective. This is normal during many different operations; the question is whether the cost-benefit is good enough to warrant such an effort.
Download or read book Transnational Organized Crime written by Robert M. BRZENCHEK and published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transnational Organized Crime and Gangs: Intervention, Prevention, and Suppression of Cybersecurity provides several first-person examples of the mind set and mentality present in today's transnational organized crime groups combined with a holistic approach towards prevention and intervention in the cybersecurity space. Transnational organized crime groups have tremendous power and money, which means they have the ability to pay hackers to defeat cybersecurity measures. The dangers posed by organized crime groups are nothing new. For decades, these groups have launched sophisticated attacks against individuals as well as major corporations. Billions of dollars have been stolen every year, and large, continuous hacks of our highly sensitive computer systems. What is new, is the acknowledgement that cybersecurity should be high priority for every individual, company, and government entity. While Department of Homeland Security's involvement in cybersecurity is a step in the right direction, more measures need to be put in place that facilitates collaboration across industries and government entities. Transnational organized criminal elements will continue to find creative and effective ways to use technology for illegal activity. They will continue doing so unless law enforcement works closer with policymakers to enact uniform laws, regulations, and policies beyond current practices. Transnational Organized Crime and Gangs explores effective programs, policies, technologies and builds a body of knowledge to guide future regulations and resources for our criminal justice leaders of tomorrow.
Download or read book Transnational Organized Crime Terrorism and Criminalized States in Latin America written by Douglas Farah and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of new hybrid (state and nonstate) transnational criminal/terrorist franchises in Latin America operating under broad state protection now pose a tier-one security threat for the United States. Similar hybrid franchise models are developing in other parts of the world, making understanding the new dynamics an important factor in a broader national security context. This threat goes well beyond the traditional nonstate theory of constraints activity such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking into the potential for trafficking related to weapons of mass destruction by designated terrorist organizations and their sponsors. These activities are carried out with the support of regional and extra regional states actors whose leadership is deeply enmeshed in criminal activity, which yields billions of dollars in illicit revenues every year. These same leaders have a publicly articulated, common doctrine of asymmetrical warfare against the United States and its allies that explicitly endorses as legitimate the use of weapons of mass destruction. The central binding element in this alliance is a hatred for the West, particularly the United States, and deep anti-Semitism, based on a shared view that the 1979 Iranian Revolution was a transformative historical event. For Islamists, it is evidence of divine favor; and for Bolivarians, a model of a successful asymmetrical strategy to defeat the "Empire." The primary architect of this theology/ideology that merges radical Islam and radical, anti-Western populism and revolutionary zeal is the convicted terrorist Ilich Sánchez Ramirez, better known as "Carlos the Jackal," whom Chávez has called a true visionary.
Download or read book Convergence written by Michael Miklaucic and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Threat of Harm written by David A. Marvelli and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In April 2008 the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) developed a strategy to combat international organized crime. Within its strategies, the DOJ identified eight criminal activities, including--but not limited to--the trafficking of humans, contraband, and illicit narcotics, to be among the greatest threats emanating from transnational organized criminals. Besides identifying these threats, the DOJ sought an assessment of the criminal organizations engaged in these activities for resource allocation. To date, only a traditional organized crime threat assessment has been conducted by federal law enforcement agencies. This threat assessment focused exclusively on evaluating known criminal organizations believed to pose the greatest threat--defined by their characteristics. Few, if any, assessments have considered the actual or estimated harm caused by criminal organizations, yet an untested hypothesis in the organized crime literature suggests the degree of a criminal organization's structure, sophistication, self-identification, stability, size, and reputation impacts the organization's capacity for harm--the so-called "harm capacity thesis." This exploratory study was the first known assessment of the harm capacity thesis. To assess the hypothesis, the content of 14 closed criminal cases, consisting of thousands of pages of interviews, surveillance logs, administrative updates and other investigative documents, derived from FBI criminal investigations of transnational crimes were analyzed. Through the content analysis, the harm capacity and harm variables were assigned values ranging from one (minimum) to three (maximum). These were used to calculate harm capacity and harm indices. A cross-comparison of these indices suggests criminal organizations commit a level of harm commensurate with their harm capacity. Nine of the fourteen criminal organizations were found to have committed a level of harm commensurate with its harm capacity. However, the research was limited on identifying which particular harm capacity characteristics contributed to an organizations overall level of harm. The findings from this study have implications for future research to include comparative studies of criminal organizations operating in the same criminal market to more accurately assess which characteristics are contributing to an organizations level of harm and longitudinal studies to evaluate the factors most important in the structural development of criminal organizations.
Download or read book Deviant Globalization written by Nils Gilman and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2011-03-24 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: >
Download or read book Transnational Organized Crime written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-07-13 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crime statistics assail us from the front pages of newspapers around the countryâ€"and around the globe. As the world's economic systems become integrated, as barriers to trade, travel, and migration come down, criminal opportunities have rapidly expanded across national borders. Transnational crime has become a problem of considerable political urgency that requires long-term attention. The United States and other countries are devoting significant resources to its investigation and control. The National Academies Committee on Law and Justice convened a workshop to elicit ideas about this phenomenon and to discuss the research and information needs of policy officials. This report lays out the full range of research issues and makes useful suggestions for learning more about transnational crime.
Download or read book Over 40 Publications Combined Implications Of Narco Terrorism And Human Trafficking In Mexico and Central America On United States National Security written by and published by Jeffrey Frank Jones. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 3178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over 3,100 total pages ... CONTENTS: The Nexus of Extremism and Trafficking: Scourge of the World or So Much Hype? Crossing Our Red Lines About Partner Engagement in Mexico Two Faces of Attrition: Analysis of a Mismatched Strategy against Mexican and Central American Drug Traffickers Combating Drug Trafficking: Variation in the United States' Military Cooperation with Colombia and Mexico Ungoverned Spaces in Mexico: Autodefensas, Failed States, and the War on Drugs in Michoacan U.S. SOUTHWEST BORDER SECURITY: AN OPERATIONAL APPROACH TWO WARS: OVERSEAS CONTINGENCY OPERATIONS AND THE WAR ON DRUGS WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED FROM THE WAR ON DRUGS? AN ASSESSMENT OF MEXICO’S COUNTERNARCOTICS STRATEGY THE DIVERSIFICATION OF MEXICAN TRANSNATIONAL CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ITS EFFECTS ON SPILLOVER VIOLENCE IN THE UNITED STATES Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations: Matching Strategy to Threat THE IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON CITIZEN SECURITY BEHAVIOR IN MEXICO Combating Transnational Organized Crime: Strategies and Metrics for the Threat Beyond Merida: A Cooperative Counternarcotics Strategy for the 21st Century MEXICAN DRUG CARTELS AND TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS, A NEW ALLIANCE? THE EFFECTIVE BUSINESS PRACTICES OF MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS (DTOs) DRUG TRAFFICKING AND POLICE CORRUPTION: A COMPARISON OF COLOMBIA AND MEXICO CRISIS IN MEXICO: ASSESSING THE MÉRIDA INITIATIVE AND ITS IMPACT ON US-MEXICAN SECURITY BORDER SECURITY: IS IT ACHIEVABLE ON THE RIO GRANDE? Borders and Borderlands in the Americas PREVENTING BULK CASH AND WEAPONS SMUGGLING INTO MEXICO: ESTABLISHING AN OUTBOUND POLICY ON THE SOUTHWEST BORDER FOR CUSTOMS AND BORDER PROTECTON DRUG TRAFFICKING WITHIN MEXICO: A LAW ENFORCEMENT ISSUE OR INSURGENCY? USSOCOM’s Role in Addressing Human Trafficking Southwest Border Violence: Issues in Identifying and Measuring Spillover Violence National Security Threats at the U.S.-Mexico Border Merida Initiative: Proposed U.S. Anticrime and Counterdrug Assistance for Mexico and Central America COCAINE TRAFFICKING THROUGH WEST AFRICA: THE HYBRIDIZED ILLICIT NETWORK AS AN EMERGING TRANSNATIONAL THREAT ORGANIZED CRIME AND TERRORIST ACTIVITY IN MEXICO, 1999-2002 Is the Narco-violence in Mexico an Insurgency? THE USE OF TERRORISM BY DRUG TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS’ PARAMILITARY GROUPS IN MEXICO An Approach to the 40-Year Drug War EXPLOITING WEAKNESSES: AN APPROACH TO COUNTER CARTEL STRATEGY MEXICO AND THE COCAINE EPIDEMIC: THE NEW COLOMBIA OR A NEW PROBLEM? EXPLAINING VARIATION IN THE APPREHENSION OF MEXICAN DRUG TRAFFICKING CARTEL LEADERS Drug Cartels and Gangs in Mexico and Central America: A View through the Lens of Counterinsurgency The COIN Approach to Mexican Drug Cartels: Square Peg in a Round Hole Counterinsurgency and the Mexican Drug War THE UNTOLD STORY OF MEXICO’S RISE AND EVENTUAL MONOPOLY OF THE METHAMPHETAMINE TRADE Competing with the Cartels: How Mexico's Government Can Reduce Organized Crime's Economic Grip on its People FIGHTING CORRUPTION IN MEXICO: LESSONS FROM COLOMBIA Defeating Mexico's Drug Trafficking Organizations: The Range of Military Operations in Mexico Drug Trafficking as a Lethal Regional Threat in Central America What Explains the Patterns of Diversification in Drug Trafficking Organizations Evaluating the Impact of Drug Trafficking Organizations on the Stability of the Mexican State
Download or read book Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime electronic Resource written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2011 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transnational organized crime refers to those self-perpetuating associations of individuals who operate transnationally for the purpose of obtaining power, influence, monetary and/or commercial gains, wholly or in part by illegal means, while protecting their activities through a pattern of corruption and/or violence, or while protecting their illegal activities through a transnational organizational structure and the exploitation of transnational commerce or communication mechanisms. This strategy is organized around a single, unifying principle: to build, balance, and integrate the tools of American power to combat transnational organized crime and related threats to our national security – and to urge our partners to do the same. This strategy sets out 56 priority actions, starting with ones the U.S. can take within its own borders to lessen the impact of transnational crime domestically and on our foreign partners. Other actions seek to enhance our intelligence, protect the financial system and strategic markets, strengthen interdiction, investigations, and prosecutions, disrupt the drug trade and its facilitation of other transnational threats, and build international cooperation. Figures. This is a print on demand report.
Download or read book The United Nations and Transnational Organized Crime written by Ernesto Savona and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transnational organized crime poses a serious threat to the international community. This volume, the product of a UN conference, discusses the dangers of transnational organized crime and identifies forms of regional, national and international co-operation for its prevention and control, including intelligence networks, preventive strategies, extradition treaties, criminalizing participation in criminal organizations and the elaboration of an international convention. The reduction and subsequent containment of transnational organized crime require governments not only to recognize the seriousness of the challenge, but also to allocate resources commensurate with this challenge. The authors warn that should the international community fail to do this, the prospects for democratic government and the rule of law will be gloomy.
Download or read book Dark Logic written by Robert Mandel and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2011 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the first major study showing (1) when transnational organized crime is likely to use corruption and violence tactics, (2) when transnational criminal activities most affect individual and state security, and (3) when the negative consequences of these tactics and activities can be most successfully combated.
Download or read book Transnational Organised Crime written by Adam Edwards and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-02-24 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The perceived threat of 'transnational organized crime' to Western societies has been of huge interest to politicians, policy makers and social scientists over the last decade. This book considers the origins of this crime, how it has been defined and measured and the appropriateness of governments' policy responses. The contributors argue that while serious harm is often caused by transnational criminal activity - for example, the trafficking in human beings - the construction of that criminal activity as an external threat obscures the origins of these crimes in the markets for illicit goods and services within the 'threatened' societies. As such, the authors question the extent to which global crime can be controlled through law enforcement initiatives, and alternative policy initiatives are considered. The authors also question whether transnational organised crime will retain its place on the policy agendas of the United Nations and European Union in the wake of the 'War on Terror'.
Download or read book Transnational Crime and Global Security written by Philip L. Reichel and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2018-01-12 with total page 730 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume work offers a comprehensive examination of the distressing topics of transnational crime and the implications for global security. National security is a key concern for individual nations, regions, and the global community, yet globalism has led to the perfusion of transnational crime such that it now poses a serious threat to the national security of governments around the world. Whether attention is concentrated on a particular type of transnational crime or on broader concerns of transnational crime generally, the security issues related to preventing and combatting transnational crime remain of top-priority concern for many governments. Transnational Crime and Global Security has been carefully curated to provide students, scholars, professionals, and consultants of criminal justice and security studies with comprehensive information about and in-depth analysis of contemporary issues in transnational crime and global security. The first volume covers such core topics as cybercrime, human trafficking, and money laundering and also contains infrequently covered but nevertheless important topics including environmental crime, the weaponization of infectious diseases, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The second volume is unique in its coverage of security issues related to such topics as the return of foreign terrorist fighters, using big data to reinforce security, and how to focus efforts that encourage security cooperation.
Download or read book International Organized Crime written by Brian Sullivan and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Transnational Organized Crime Terrorism and Criminalized States in Latin America written by Douglas Farah and published by . This book was released on 2013-05-26 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The emergence of new hybrid (state and nonstate) transnational criminal/terrorist franchises in Latin America operating under broad state protection now pose a tier-one security threat for the United States. Similar hybrid franchise models are developing in other parts of the world, which makes the understanding of these new dynamics an important factor in a broader national security context. This threat goes well beyond the traditional nonstate theory of constraints activity, such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, into the potential for trafficking related to weapons of mass destruction by designated terrorist organizations and their sponsors. These activities are carried out with the support of regional and extra-regional state actors whose leadership is deeply enmeshed in criminal activity, which yields billions of dollars in illicit revenues every year.
