Download or read book Measuring Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units Tires and Brakes written by Prem Lobo and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 97: Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units, Tires, and Brakes presents the results of a comprehensive test program designed to measure particulate matter (PM) emissions from auxiliary power units and from tires and brakes during the landing phase of operations of in-service commercial aircraft. The research results are designed to provide a significant contribution to the characterization of emissions from these sources with the goal of helping airports improve the accuracy of their PM emissions inventories."--Publisher's description.

Download or read book Measuring PM Emissions from Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units Tires and Brakes written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports written by Sandy Webb and published by Transportation Research Board. This book was released on 2008 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRB¿s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports examines the state of industry research on aviation-related particulate matter emissions and explores knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged.

Download or read book Procedure for the Calculation of Aircraft Emissions written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This AIR describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from the main engines of commercial jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation for all segments of a flight. Piston engine aircraft emissions are not included in this AIR. Some information about piston engine aircraft emissions can be found in FOCA 2007. The principal purpose of the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.The pollutants considered in this document are: Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Total unburned Hydrocarbons (THC) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Water (H2O) Sulfur Oxides (SOx) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) Methane (CH4) Non-Methane Hydrocarbons (NMHC) Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOC) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10)As indicated above, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) are not individually accounted for; many of these are simply included as part of THC. Also, trace metals are not included other than those that may already be accounted for as part of PM emissions. Since the scope is limited to aircraft engine emissions only, emissions from Ground Service Equipment (GSE), roadway vehicles, power plants, training fires, etc., are not included within this document. Athough Auxilliary Power Units (APU), brakes, and tires are also part of the aircraft, their emissions (e.g., tire wear) are not within the scope of this document.The methods are based on aircraft performance and emissions modeling. This means that only the pollutants exiting the exhaust of an engine are considered. Any atmospheric effects including those that occur in the near-field (e.g., exhaust plume) and the subsequent atmospheric dispersion are not modeled. The exception to this is in the computation of PM emissions.In meeting the needs of modelers who may have varying fidelity requirements for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling, this document does not try to promote a single database and methodology. Therefore, several methods have been included in this document as indicated below with the emissions methods categorized by pollutants: Emissions Modeling Methods NOx, CO, and THC P3T3 Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) Deutsche Forschungsanstalt fur Luft- and Raumfahrt (DLR) Method International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Reference Method CO2, H2O, and SOx Fuel Composition Method (FCM) VOC, NMVOC, CH4 and NMTHC Derivative Factor Method (DFM) N2O Approximate Factor Method (AFM) PM2.5 and PM10 First Order Approximation (FOA) Aircraft Performance Methods Aircraft performance data from flight data recorders Manufacturer aircraft performance models SAE AIR 1845 combined with Eurocontrol's Base of Aircraft Data (BADA) Eurocontrol's BADA Other aircraft performance models such as the Project Interactive Analysis and Optimisation (PIANO) toolBoth of these sets of emissions and aircraft performance methods are listed in the order in which they are presented in this document. And as previously indicated, the order generally denotes the level of accuracy where the first method in each section represents the most accurate method based on current understanding. The exceptions to this are:Emissions Methods BFFM2 DLRAircraft Performance SAE 1845 + BADA BADAThe ordering of these methods are arbitrary since they are considered comparable (e.g., BFFM2 is comparable to DLR). One other possible exception is the last listing under aircraft performance methods ("Other aircraft performance models"). The data from these other sources may be more accurate, comparable, or less accurate than the previously mentioned methods. This last category was added to include all other methods that were not based on manufacturer, SAE 1845, and BADA models.In order to provide a better understanding of the relative condition of these methods, they have been defined into development status (i.e., "mature" or "developing") and fidelity (i.e., "simple," "intermediate," or "advanced") categories as presented in Table 1. The "other" aircraft model category was not included in Table 1 since it is understood that it can be listed in any of the categories depending on which method/model is employed. The definitions for each of the categories are as follows: In modeling aircraft performance and emissions, the main focus is on a single flight. This includes the complete operation and movement of the aircraft from gate-to-gate: Main engine start-up Ground taxi-out and delay activities Takeoff: Runway roll Takeoff: Initial ascent Climbout En route/cruise Airborne delay activities Approach Landing roll Thrust reverser Ground taxi-in and delay activities Engine shut-downFor modeling purposes, these modes can generally be simplified so that they are equated to one of the four LTO modes. Depending on the method, the actual modeling of the gate-to-gate movement may involve a segment-by-segment approach where results can be integrated to obtain totals by mode and flight. Currently, the AIR does not address emissions during engine start-up and shut-down activities. Also, thrust reverse operations are not directly covered in this AIR. This Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures for calculating emissions resulting from operations of jet and turboprop aircraft through all modes of operation. The procedures assume that reference emissions and performance data are available for each airplane involved. The fundamental element of the procedures is a method for deriving emissions indices for an airplane when performing any specified operation for a segment of a flight. The principal purpose of using the procedures is to assist model developers in calculating aircraft emissions in a consistent and accurate manner that can be used to address various environmental assessments including those related to policy decisions and regulatory requirements.Rather than presenting one method, many viable methods are presented for both emissions and aircraft performance modeling with descriptions of the uncertainties involved. As a loose guide to the user, the methods are also ordered such that the most accurate methods are presented first in each section based on current understanding. This document is intended to be updated periodically. Hence, the methodology descriptions and uncertainty assessments will be modified accordingly as the various methods evolve and new information becomes available.

Download or read book Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing Volume 3 Particulate Matter Results written by Thomas Gerstle and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the product of a 2-year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from sixteen aircraft engines, two helicopter engines, and two auxiliary power units (APUs) burning JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this engine testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative engine load conditions. All testing was performed by the Environmental Quality Management Inc. (EQ) and Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston) team. Testing was conducted for criteria pollutants and select hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), e.g., aldehyde/ketones and semi volatile and volatile organic compounds.

Download or read book PT6A 68 Emissions Measurement Program Summary written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Report is the product of a five year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from aircraft engines, auxiliary power units (APU's) burning JP-8. The purpose of the emissions testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative load conditions. This addendum is for the PT6A-68 aircraft engine test program. Testing was performed by Environmental Quality Management, Inc. (EQM). Testing was conducted for criteria and hazardous air pollutants.

Download or read book Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing Final Report Addendum F119 PW 100 Engine Emissions Testing Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the product of a 5 year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from seventeen aircraft engines, two helicopter engines, and two auxiliary power units (APUs) burning JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this engine testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative engine load conditions. All testing was performed by the Environmental Quality Management, Inc. (EQ) and Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston) team. Testing was conducted for criteria pollutants and select hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), e.g., aldehyde/ketones and semivolatile and volatile organic compounds.

Download or read book Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing Volume 2 Detailed Sampling Approach and Results written by Thomas Gerstle and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the product of a 2-year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from sixteen aircraft engines, two helicopter engines, and two auxiliary power units (APUs) burning JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this engine testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative engine load conditions. All testing was performed by the Environmental Quality Management Inc. (EQ) and Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston) team. Testing was conducted for criteria pollutants and select hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), e.g., aldehyde/ketones and semi volatile and volatile organic compounds.

Download or read book Aircraft Engine and Auxiliary Power Unit Emissions Testing Volume 1 Executive Summary written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report is the product of a 2-year emissions testing program designed to document, characterize, and evaluate emissions from sixteen aircraft engines, two helicopter engines, and two auxiliary power units (APUs) burning JP-8 fuel. The purpose of this engine testing program was to develop emission factors for the tested engines under representative engine load conditions. All testing was performed by the Environmental Quality Management Inc. (EQ) and Roy F. Weston, Inc. (Weston) team. Testing was conducted for criteria pollutants and select hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), e.g., aldehyde/ketones and semivolatile and volatile organic compounds.

Download or read book Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) consists of methodologies for the measurement of non-volatile particulate matter (nvPM) emissions sampled at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. The methods describe means of sampling and measuring particle mass concentration, particle number concentration and reporting of emissions indices through the use of an appropriate sampling system and instrumentation that goes beyond the measurements of visible obscuration as described in ARP1179 for Smoke Number (SN). This ARP allows for repeatable and traceable measurements of nvPM mass and number concentrations at the end of the prescribed sampling system, and it provides technical details for the measurement of nvPM emissions required for engine certification consistent with ICAO Annex 16 Volume II (see 2.1.3.14).1.

Download or read book Measurement of Exterior Noise Produced by Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units APUs and Associated Equipment During Ground Operation written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test procedures are described for measuring noise at specific locations (passenger and cargo doors, and servicing positions) and for conducting general noise surveys around aircraft.Requirements are identified with respect to instrumentation; acoustic and atmospheric environment; data acquisition, reduction and presentation, and such other information as is needed for reporting the results.Recommended procedures involve recording data on magnetic tape for subsequent processing. The use of tape-recorder/time-integrating analyzer systems avoids the need to average by eye the variations associated with manual readings from sound level meters and octave band analyzers and, therefore, yields more accurate results.This document makes no provision for predicting APU noise from basic engine characteristics, nor for measuring noise of more than one aircraft operating at the same time.No attempt is made to suggest acceptable levels of noise or suitable subjective criteria for judging acceptability. ARP1307A has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE five-year review policy.

Download or read book Measurement of Exterior Noise Produced by Aircraft Auxiliary Power Units APUs and Associated Aircraft Systems During Ground Operation written by A-21 Aircraft Noise Measurement Aviation Emission Modeling and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Test procedures are described for measuring noise at specific receiver locations (passenger and cargo doors, and servicing positions) and for conducting general noise surveys around aircraft. Procedures are also described for measuring noise level and directivity at noise source locations to facilitate the understanding and interpretation of the data.Requirements are identified with respect to instrumentation; acoustic and atmospheric environment; data acquisition, reduction and presentation, and such other information as is needed for reporting the results.This document makes no provision for predicting APU or component noise from basic engine characteristics or design parameters, nor for measuring noise of more than one aircraft operating at the same time.No attempt is made to suggest acceptable levels of noise or suitable subjective criteria for judging acceptability. ICAO Annex 16 Volume I Attachment C provides guidance on recommended maximum noise levels. This document has been updated and expanded to reflect current instrumentation and test practices for measurement and analysis of noise from APUs and associated equipment.

Download or read book Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques written by E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (

Download or read book Non exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-07 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Non-exhaust emissions of particulate matter constitute a little-known but rising share of emissions from road traffic and have significant negative impacts on public health. This report synthesizes the current state of knowledge about the nature, causes, and consequences of non-exhaust particulate emissions. It also projects how particulate matter emissions from non-exhaust sources may evolve in future years and reflects on policy instrument mixes that can address this largely ignored environmental issue.

Download or read book Nonvolatile Exhaust Particle Measurement Techniques written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) addresses procedures applicable to quantifying the emission of nonvolatile particulate matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. While both volatile and nonvolatile particulate matter (PM) are present in aircraft gas turbine exhaust, the methods used to measure nonvolatile particles are farther advanced and are addressed here.Existing PM measurement regulations employ the SAE Smoke Number measurement (Reference 2.1.1), a stained filter technique used in evaluating visible emissions. The environmental and human health issues associated with submicronic PM emissions require more detailed measurement of the mass, size, and quantity of these particle emissions.Responding to regulatory agency requests, this AIR describes measurement techniques that are well developed and could be applied to the measurement of aircraft engine particulate matter. The techniques discussed here are considered relevant for measuring particle parameters identified with environmental and health concerns.The discussion that follows is based on research made while developing measurement techniques and in scientific and engineering experiments regarding PM emissions. The techniques are not yet used in routine aircraft engine certification. Future use in regulatory testing is likely to involve further refinements in methodology and application. It is planned that these refinements will be included in the subsequent publication of an Aerospace Recommended Practice.The distinction between nonvolatile and volatile particle types is a critical task in the measurement of particles in aircraft engine exhaust. Appendix A, SAE E-31 Position Paper on Particle Matter Measurements, provides additional technical bases for the scope of this AIR. The measurement methods for volatile condensed particles in turbine exhaust will be covered in a subsequent report. Observations to date show that volatile particles occur mainly at diameters less than 10 nanometers (

Download or read book Particulate Matter PM Emissions Analysis for Commercial Aircraft Operating in the Landing and Takeoff LTO Cycle written by Niharika Burla and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The UMR Mobile Aerosol Sampling System (MASS) has measured the particulate matter (PM) emissions from commercial aircrafts during the routine takeoff operation within 100m of a runway and 200m of a taxiway at a major US airport for two days in September 2004. The emissions were measured with 1s time resolution using a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS500). The plumes were measured for 2 days, from over 400 commercial aircrafts, ranging from 717's, 767's, MD-88's, to Turboprop's ... In order to interpret these PM data it is important to be able to uniquely identify a given aircraft with a specific emission plume. As is common at many airports departure frequency varies throughout the day. At high departure frequencies, the data gathered cannot be attributed to any specific single aircraft since the emission plumes arriving at the sampling system are convoluted by overlapping departures and from up;wind aircraft stopping and starting while taxiing forward in a line towards the number one departure slot. The data presented here are "first of a kind" PM measurements of advective plumes from commercial aircraft. Although it is planned to eventually interpret high frequency departure data, in this thesis only low frequency departure data specifically attributable to given aircraft will be studied"--Abstract, leaf iii.

Download or read book Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non Volatile Particle Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines written by E-31P Particulate Matter Committee and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This SAE Aerospace Information Report consists of methodologies for measurements of nonvolatile exhaust particles at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. The described methods represent a means of determining particle mass concentration, particle number concentration, and reporting of emissions indices through the use of an appropriate sampling system and instrumentation that goes beyond the measurements of visible obscuration as described in ARP1179 for smoke number.