Download or read book Measurement of Soot Mass Concentration in Diesel Engine Exhaust Using Laser induced Incandescence written by Mark Eric Case and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particulate Measurement Issues in Diesel Exhausts Using Laser Induced Incandescence written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A number of studies in the recent past have identified Laser Induced Incandescence (LII) as a versatile technique for in-flame measurement of soot concentrations. Recently, a number of researchers have focused their attention in adapting this technique to measure particulate in diesel exhausts. However the agreement with established physical sampling techniques, such as the EPA recommended filter paper collection method, was found to be less than ideal. This paper reports the efforts to adapt this technique for diesel exhaust characterization. Many of the factors affecting LII signal were identified through computer modeling. Parameters that could not be determined through such a model were determined experimentally following a parametric study. Subsequently, LII measurements were performed in the exhaust of a modified lab burner, with conditions close to that of diesel engine exhausts. Such measurements show excellent agreement with those performed using the standard filter paper collection technique.
Download or read book Laser induced Incandescence and Elastic scattering Measurements of Particulate matter Volume Fraction Changes During Passage Through a Dilution Tunnel written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern diesel engines produce far less mass of particulate matter than their predecessors, but this advance has been achieved at the expense of a significant increase in the number of sub-micron sized particles. This change in soot morphology has created the need for new instrumentation capable of measuring small volumes and sizes of particulate matter in a reasonable period of time, and preferably in real-time. Laser-induced incandescence and laser elastic scattering are complementary techniques suitable for this task. Optical measurements are presented for a diesel engine exhaust and compared with measurements performed using a scanning mobility particle sizer. This study investigates the effects of exhaust dilution and temperature control of the sampling system. It is also shown that laser-induced vaporization of low temperature volatile material is a potentially valuable technique for measuring the volatile component of exhaust particulate matter.
Download or read book Measurement Characterization Identification and Control of Combustion Produced Soot written by Madhu Singh and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The negative health implications associated with combustion produced soot demand identification of contributing sources, quantification and characterization of their emissions to assess its impact, and control to minimize the imposed hazard. Distinguishing different sources of soot from engines and combustors is challenging, given the morphological and chemical similarity of the emitted soot. Leaner combustion conditions and tighter emission limits challenge traditional filter-based measurements for soot mass. Meanwhile, current after-treatment particulate control strategies are based on regeneration, i.e., soot oxidation which in turn depends upon soot nanostructure and composition (such as in a diesel particulate filter). Presently, effects on human health associated with soot exposure are largely correlative, while controlled lab studies predominantly use varied washings or extracts of soot, but rarely the actual particulate. Given the intertwined nature of these topics this dissertation addresses each in an integrated approach. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is used to determine soot concentration while Time-resolved LII (TiRe-LII) can be used to estimate soot primary particle size largely by using available and appropriate models. The use of laser diagnostics has been used to experimentally demonstrate prevailing inconsistencies between experimentally measured and model-derived particle diameter values. Discrepancies have been attributed (a) to the empiricism associated with evaluating modeling variables and (b) to the lack of proper accountability of the changes in soot nanostructure upon heating with a pulsed laser. This work uses an experimental approach coupled with microscopy to (a) test the robustness of existing LII models and (b) inform existing models of experimental observations so that these can be accounted for in future models. Specifically, the contribution of changing soot nanostructure on laser heating is known and is shown here again with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, the change in soots optical properties because of an altered nanostructure remains unclear. Optical properties change when soot is laser-heated, and this alteration of optical properties upon laser heat treatment has been shown in this work experimentally, by using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Also, the effect of the degree of aggregation on the soots cooling profile is highlighted. This work demonstrates that different degrees of aggregation results in a shift of the time-temperature-history (TTH), thereby resulting in erroneous particle size predictions, which are calculated from the materials TTH. Unfortunately, most models assume point-contacting spheres and aggregation remains unaccounted for. The effect of the thermal accommodation coefficient is similar in that a small change in the value of this mathematical parameter significantly alters particle cooling as simulated here by an open-access simulator, indicating the need to exercise caution when assigning a value to this parameter in the model. While the change in soot nanostructure as a consequence of laser annealing complicates the interpretation from LII measurements, laser heating of soot can reciprocally be used to purposefully study the evolution in soot nanostructure as a function of its chemistry. Soot chemistry varies with its combustion environment, with fuel and combustion conditions specific to each source. Thus, by association, the evolution of soot nanostructure observed upon laser heat treatment can be correlated to its fuel origins and combustion origins, potentially identifying its formation source. Fundamentally, the presence of oxygen in nascent soot is identified here as a key compositional parameter. The increase in oxygen content of the fuel, as diesel is blended with increased proportions of biofuel, is correlated to increased oxygen content in the soot that is generated by the respective fuel. In other words, fuel with a higher oxygen content generates soot which also has oxygen content relatively higher than soot generated by fuel with low oxygen content. This work shows that oxygen dictates the evolution of soot nanostructure when it escapes the material upon laser heat treatment. When laser heated, the nanostructure of soot with a higher oxygen content evolves as hollow-shell like structures while nanostructure of soot with a low oxygen content evolves to show a ribbon-like interior. This divergence in soot nanostructure based on the oxygen content of nascent soot, which in turn is shown to be a function of the fuel composition, could be used to identify the source that generated the soot sample studied. Given the lack of availability of authentic soot samples, the combination of laser heat treatment and TEM of soot to identify fuel or source is powerful when sample quantities are in the range of less than a few nanograms. Being able to identify sources and their contributions using laser derivatization of soot as a diagnostic can help optimize new or existing control measures to reduce the concentration of atmospheric soot. For instance, diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are used to reduce diesel soot emissions. Effective protocols for DPF operation can be developed by understanding soot nanostructure changes as captured soot is oxidized during passive and active DPF regeneration. Typically, O2, NO2 or a combination of the two oxidants are encountered during DPF regeneration. In this work, soot nanostructure has been shown to vary with the order of oxidants to which it is exposed, a significant finding towards optimizing DPF filter regeneration protocols. The study has been performed on authentic diesel soot in a thermogravimetric analyzer under conditions mimicking active and passive regeneration in a DPF. To validate observations with diesel soot, three carbon blacks with varying nanostructure are also subjected to oxidation by O2 and NO2. The intriguing result is that order of oxidation matters, i.e., the oxidation rates are dependent upon nanostructure changes in response to oxidation by O2 alone, or O2 with NO2.Prolonged exposure to particulate matter causes unwanted ill-health, lung dysfunctions, and breathing problems. Most toxicity studies are done using a washing, or an extract of the organic fraction of soot and cells are exposed to this extract. This work tests the adverse effect of soot on human (male) lung cells when these are exposed to surrogate soot as is, i.e., structure and chemistry intact to mimic real-time exposure conditions. The impact of soot chemistry and the presence of acidic functional groups on lung epithelial cells for varying exposure times is demonstrated in our collaborative work with the College of Medicine at Penn State, Hershey, PA. Soot chemistry is shown to directly and adversely impact cell viability and mRNA expressions of the IL-1B and IL-6 cytokines as well as mRNA expression of the TLR4 protein. Specifically, cell viability was shown to reduce significantly after 6- and 24-hours of exposure to carboxylic groups on the soot, thereby demonstrating the health impact of soot surface chemistry in comparison to extracts.In summary, soot measurement, its extensive characterization to identify source contributions and develop practically applicable control strategies has a direct implication on our health and surroundings and can aid in promoting a healthy living environment.
Download or read book Applied Combustion Diagnostics written by KoHse-HoingHaus and published by Taylor & Francis US. This book was released on 2002-04-26 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The editors have assembled a world-class group of contributors who address the questions the combustion diagnostic community faces. They are chemists who identify the species to be measured and the interfering substances that may be present; physicists, who push the limits of laser spectroscopy and laser devices and who conceive suitable measurement schemes; and engineers, who know combustion systems and processes. This book assists in providing guidance for the planning of combustion experiments, in judging research strategies and in conceiving new ideas for combustion research. It provides a snapshot of the available diagnostic methods and thier typical applications from the perspective of leading experts in the field.
Download or read book Diesel Particulate Emissions Landmark Research 1994 2001 written by John H Johnson and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2002-02-20 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for manufacturers to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) mobile source diesel emissions standards for on-highway light duty and heavy duty vehicles has been the driving force for the control of diesel particulate and NOx emissions reductions. Diesel Particulate Emissions: Landmark Research 1994-2001 contains the latest research and development findings that will help guide engineers to achieve low particulate emissions from future engines. Based on extensive SAE literature from the past seven years, the 45 papers in this book have been selected from the SAE Transactions Journals.
Download or read book Imaging Measurements of Soot Particle Size and Soot Volume Fraction with Laser induced Incandescence at Diesel Engine Conditions written by Emre Cenker and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optical Metrology for Fluids Combustion and Solids written by Carolyn Mercer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optical Metrology for Fluids, Combustion and Solids is the first practical handbook that presents the assemblage of the techniques necessary to provide a basic understanding of optical measurement for fluids, combustion, and solids. The use of light as a measurement tool has grown over the past twenty years from a narrowly specialized activity to a mainstay of modern research today. Until recently, the knowledge that could be extracted from the light interaction of light with physical objects was limited to specialized activities. The invention of the laser, the computer and microelectronics has enabled a measurement revolution such that virtually every parameter of engineering interest can be measured using the minimally intrusive properties of light. The authors of this book's chapters are leaders in this revolution. They work on the front lines of research in government, industry, and universities, inventing yet more ways to harness the power of light for the generation of knowledge.
Download or read book Laser Induced Incandescence of Soot at High Pressures written by Sanaz Ghasemi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Particulate Emissions from Vehicles written by Peter Eastwood and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The public health risks posed by automotive particulate emissions are well known. Such particles are sufficiently small to reach the deepest regions of the lungs; and moreover act as carriers for many potentially toxic substances. Historically, diesel engines have been singled out in this regard, but recent research shows the need to consider particulate emissions from gasoline engines as well. Already implicated in more than one respiratory disease, the strongest evidence in recent times points to particle-mediated cardiovascular disorders (strokes and heart attacks). Accordingly, legislation limiting particulate emissions is becoming increasingly stringent, placing great pressure on the automotive industry to produce cleaner vehicles - pressure only heightened by the ever-increasing number of cars on our roads. Particulate Emissions from Vehicles addresses a field of increased international interest and research activity; discusses the impact of new legislation globally on the automotive industry; and explains new ways of measuring particle size, number and composition that are currently under development. The expert analysis and summary of the state-of-the-art, which encompasses the key areas of combustion performance, measurement techniques and toxicology, will appeal to R&D practitioners and engineers working in the automotive industry and related mechanical fields, as well as postgraduate students and researchers of engine technology, air pollution and life/ environmental science. The public health aspects will also appeal to the biomedical research community.
Download or read book Using Laser Induced Incandescence to Measure Soot Smoke Concentrations written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparison of Different Techniques for Measurement of Soot and Particulate Matter Emissions from Diesel Engine written by Richard Viskup and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research presented here is the comparison studies between different commercially available techniques for measurement of soot and particulate matter (PM) emissions from passenger car diesel engine. The compared devices are filter paper-type smoke meter, photoacoustic spectrometer, opacimeter, differential mobility spectrometer and laser-induced incandescence. The focus is to study static and dynamic transient exhaust emissions from the location position closer to the actual combustion event,Äîdownstream of the turbine, position characterised by the higher temperature and higher pressure of the emission gas,Äîthan the standard measurement position, in the tailpipe of the exhaust manifold. The main task is to compare an accuracy and sensitivity of individual devices at static and dynamic soot and PM emissions.
Download or read book Proceedings of the 2000 Fall Technical Conference of the ASME Internal Combustion Engine Division In cylinder flows and combustion processes written by American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Internal Combustion Engine Division. Technical Conference and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proceedings of the September 2000 conference are presented in three slim volumes, each with its own title indicating the scope of the material covered: v.1, In-Cylinder Flows and Combustion Processes (17 contributions); v.2, Large Bore Engine Designs, Natural Gas Engines, and Alternative Fuels (
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics written by Cameron Tropea and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-09 with total page 1570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying DVD-ROM contains ... "all chapters of the Springer Handbook."--Page 3 of cover.
Download or read book Quantitative Planar Soot Measurements in a D I Diesel Engine Using Laser induced Incandescence and Light Scattering written by John A. Pinson and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Emissions Measurement Testing 2004 written by and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2004 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Two dimensional Flamelet Model for Multiple Injections in Diesel Engines written by Christian Wolfgang Hasse and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2004 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
