Download or read book Productive Math Struggle written by John J. SanGiovanni and published by Corwin. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All students face struggle, and they should—it is how they learn and grow. The teacher’s job is not to remove struggle, but rather to value and harness it, helping students develop good habits of productive struggle. But what’s missing for many educators is an action plan for how to achieve this, especially when it comes to math. This book guides teachers through six specific actions—including valuing, fostering, building, planning, supporting, and reflecting on struggle—to create a game plan for overcoming obstacles by sharing · Actionable steps, activities, and tools for implementation · Instructional tasks representative of each grade level · Real-world examples showcasing classroom photos and student work

Download or read book Teaching Math at a Distance Grades K 12 written by Theresa Wills and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2020-10-12 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Make Rich Math Instruction Come to Life Online In an age when distance learning has become part of the "new normal," educators know that rich remote math teaching involves more than direct instruction, online videos, and endless practice problems on virtual worksheets. Using both personal experience and those of teachers in real K-12 online classrooms, distance learning mathematics veteran Theresa Wills translates all we know about research-based, equitable, rigorous face-to-face mathematics instruction into an online venue. This powerful guide equips math teachers to: Build students’ agency, identity, and strong math communities Promote mathematical thinking, collaboration, and discourse Incorporate rich mathematics tasks and assign meaningful homework and practice Facilitate engaging online math instruction using virtual manipulatives and other concrete learning tools Recognize and address equity and inclusion challenges associated with distance learning Assess mathematics learning from a distance With examples across the grades, links to tutorials and templates, and space to reflect and plan, Teaching Math at a Distance offers the support, clarity, and inspiration needed to guide teachers through teaching math remotely without sacrificing deep learning and academic growth.

Download or read book Strengths Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics written by Beth McCord Kobett and published by Corwin. This book was released on 2020-02-27 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book is a game changer! Strengths-Based Teaching and Learning in Mathematics: 5 Teaching Turnarounds for Grades K- 6 goes beyond simply providing information by sharing a pathway for changing practice. . . Focusing on our students’ strengths should be routine and can be lost in the day-to-day teaching demands. A teacher using these approaches can change the trajectory of students’ lives forever. All teachers need this resource! Connie S. Schrock Emporia State University National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics President, 2017-2019 NEW COVID RESOURCES ADDED: A Parent’s Toolkit to Strengths-Based Learning in Math is now available on the book’s companion website to support families engaged in math learning at home. This toolkit provides a variety of home-based activities and games for families to engage in together. Your game plan for unlocking mathematics by focusing on students’ strengths. We often evaluate student thinking and their work from a deficit point of view, particularly in mathematics, where many teachers have been taught that their role is to diagnose and eradicate students’ misconceptions. But what if instead of focusing on what students don’t know or haven’t mastered, we identify their mathematical strengths and build next instructional steps on students’ points of power? Beth McCord Kobett and Karen S. Karp answer this question and others by highlighting five key teaching turnarounds for improving students’ mathematics learning: identify teaching strengths, discover and leverage students’ strengths, design instruction from a strengths-based perspective, help students identify their points of power, and promote strengths in the school community and at home. Each chapter provides opportunities to stop and consider current practice, reflect, and transfer practice while also sharing · Downloadable resources, activities, and tools · Examples of student work within Grades K–6 · Real teachers’ notes and reflections for discussion It’s time to turn around our approach to mathematics instruction, end deficit thinking, and nurture each student’s mathematical strengths by emphasizing what makes them each unique and powerful.

Download or read book Becoming the Math Teacher You Wish You d Had written by Tracy Johnston Zager and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-10 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ask mathematicians to describe mathematics and they' ll use words like playful, beautiful, and creative. Pose the same question to students and many will use words like boring, useless, and even humiliating. Becoming the Math Teacher You Wish You' d Had, author Tracy Zager helps teachers close this gap by making math class more like mathematics. Zager has spent years working with highly skilled math teachers in a diverse range of settings and grades and has compiled those' ideas from these vibrant classrooms into' this game-changing book. Inside you' ll find: ' How to Teach Student-Centered Mathematics:' Zager outlines a problem-solving approach to mathematics for elementary and middle school educators looking for new ways to inspire student learning Big Ideas, Practical Application:' This math book contains dozens of practical and accessible teaching techniques that focus on fundamental math concepts, including strategies that simulate connection of big ideas; rich tasks that encourage students to wonder, generalize, hypothesize, and persevere; and routines to teach students how to collaborate Key Topics for Elementary and Middle School Teachers:' Becoming the Math Teacher You Wish You' d Had' offers fresh perspectives on common challenges, from formative assessment to classroom management for elementary and middle school teachers No matter what level of math class you teach, Zager will coach you along chapter by chapter. All teachers can move towards increasingly authentic and delightful mathematics teaching and learning. This important book helps develop instructional techniques that will make the math classes we teach so much better than the math classes we took.

Download or read book Everything You Need for Mathematics Coaching written by Maggie B. McGatha and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2018-04-02 with total page 361 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Math coaches wear many hats. You think on your feet and have to invent, react, and respond—often without time to prepare—in a myriad of professional contexts. What’s your go-to resource for support? Plan, focus, and lead: Your toolkit for inspiring math teachers Meet Everything You Need For Mathematics Coaching: Tools, Plans, and a Process That Works for Any Instructional Leader. This one-stop, comprehensive toolkit for improving mathematics instruction and learning is designed for busy math coaches and teacher leaders who often have to rely on their own competencies. Using the Leading for Mathematical Proficiency Framework, the authors position student outcomes as the focus of all professional work and connect the Eight Mathematical Practices for students with NCTM’s Eight Effective Teaching Practices to help you guide teachers toward growing mathematics proficiency in their classrooms. This hands-on resource details critical coaching and teaching actions, and offers nearly a hundred tools for: Shifting classroom practice in a way that leads to student math proficiency and understanding of mathematical concepts. Honing in on key areas, including content knowledge and worthwhile tasks, student engagement, questioning and discourse, analysis of student work, formative assessment, support for emergent language learners and students with special needs, and more. Navigating a coaching conversation. Planning and facilitating professional learning communities. Finding a focus for professional development or a learning cycle. Making connections between professional learning activities, teaching, and student learning. Using the coaching cycle—plan, gather data, reflect—to build trust and rapport with teachers. With examples from the field, a comprehensive list of resources for effective coaching, and a plethora of tools you can download and share with teachers, this toolkit is your must-have guide to designing a professional learning plan and leading with clarity and purpose.

Download or read book Answers to Your Biggest Questions About Teaching Elementary Math written by John J. SanGiovanni and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2021-08-31 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Your guide to grow and learn as a math teacher! Let’s face it, teaching elementary math can be hard. So much about how we teach math today may look and feel different from how we learned it. Today, we recognize placing the student at the center of their learning increases engagement, motivation, and academic achievement soars. Teaching math in a student-centered way changes the role of the teacher from one who traditionally “delivers knowledge” to one who fosters thinking. Most importantly, we must ensure our practice gives each and every student the opportunity to learn, grow, and achieve at high levels, while providing opportunities to develop their agency and authority in the classroom which results in a positive math identity. Whether you are a brand new teacher or a veteran, if you find teaching math to be quite the challenge, this is the guide you want by your side. Designed for just-in-time learning and support, this practical resource gives you brief, actionable answers to your most pressing questions about teaching elementary math. Written by four experienced math educators representing diverse experiences, these authors offer the practical advice they wish they received years ago, from lessons they′ve learned over decades of practice, research, coaching, and through collaborating with teams, teachers and colleagues—especially new teachers—every day. Questions and answers are organized into five areas of effort that will help you most thrive in your elementary math classroom: 1. How do I build a positive math community? 2. How do I structure, organize, and manage my math class? 3. How do I engage my students in math? 4. How do I help my students talk about math? 5. How do I know what my students know and move them forward? Woven throughout, you′ll find helpful sidebar notes on fostering identity and agency; access and equity; teaching in different settings; and invaluable resources for deeper learning. The final question—Where do I go from here?— offers guidance for growing your practice over time. Strive to become the best math educator you can be; your students are counting on it! What will be your first step on the journey?

Download or read book The Math Teacher s Toolbox written by Bobson Wong and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 567 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Math teachers will find the classroom-tested lessons and strategies in this book to be accessible and easily implemented in the classroom The Teacher’s Toolbox series is an innovative, research-based resource providing teachers with instructional strategies for students of all levels and abilities. Each book in the collection focuses on a specific content area. Clear, concise guidance enables teachers to quickly integrate low-prep, high-value lessons and strategies in their middle school and high school classrooms. Every strategy follows a practical, how-to format established by the series editors. The Math Teacher's Toolbox contains hundreds of student-friendly classroom lessons and teaching strategies. Clear and concise chapters, fully aligned to Common Core math standards, cover the underlying research, required technology, practical classroom use, and modification of each high-value lesson and strategy. This book employs a hands-on approach to help educators quickly learn and apply proven methods and techniques in their mathematics courses. Topics range from the planning of units, lessons, tests, and homework to conducting formative assessments, differentiating instruction, motivating students, dealing with “math anxiety,” and culturally responsive teaching. Easy-to-read content shows how and why math should be taught as a language and how to make connections across mathematical units. Designed to reduce instructor preparation time and increase student engagement and comprehension, this book: Explains the usefulness, application, and potential drawbacks of each instructional strategy Provides fresh activities for all classrooms Helps math teachers work with ELLs, advanced students, and students with learning differences Offers real-world guidance for working with parents, guardians, and co-teachers The Math Teacher's Toolbox: Hundreds of Practical ideas to Support Your Students is an invaluable source of real-world lessons, strategies, and techniques for general education teachers and math specialists, as well as resource specialists/special education teachers, elementary and secondary educators, and teacher educators.

Download or read book Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics Grades K 12 written by Peter Liljedahl and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2020-09-28 with total page 454 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thinking student is an engaged student Teachers often find it difficult to implement lessons that help students go beyond rote memorization and repetitive calculations. In fact, institutional norms and habits that permeate all classrooms can actually be enabling "non-thinking" student behavior. Sparked by observing teachers struggle to implement rich mathematics tasks to engage students in deep thinking, Peter Liljedahl has translated his 15 years of research into this practical guide on how to move toward a thinking classroom. Building Thinking Classrooms in Mathematics, Grades K–12 helps teachers implement 14 optimal practices for thinking that create an ideal setting for deep mathematics learning to occur. This guide Provides the what, why, and how of each practice and answers teachers’ most frequently asked questions Includes firsthand accounts of how these practices foster thinking through teacher and student interviews and student work samples Offers a plethora of macro moves, micro moves, and rich tasks to get started Organizes the 14 practices into four toolkits that can be implemented in order and built on throughout the year When combined, these unique research-based practices create the optimal conditions for learner-centered, student-owned deep mathematical thinking and learning, and have the power to transform mathematics classrooms like never before.

Download or read book High School Mathematics Lessons to Explore Understand and Respond to Social Injustice written by Robert Q. Berry III and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empower students to be the change—join the teaching mathematics for social justice movement! We live in an era in which students have —through various media and their lived experiences— a more visceral experience of social, economic, and environmental injustices. However, when people think of social justice, mathematics is rarely the first thing that comes to mind. Through model lessons developed by over 30 diverse contributors, this book brings seemingly abstract high school mathematics content to life by connecting it to the issues students see and want to change in the world. Along with expert guidance from the lead authors, the lessons in this book explain how to teach mathematics for self- and community-empowerment. It walks teachers step-by-step through the process of using mathematics—across all high school content domains—as a tool to explore, understand, and respond to issues of social injustice including: environmental injustice; wealth inequality; food insecurity; and gender, LGBTQ, and racial discrimination. This book features: Content cross-referenced by mathematical concept and social issues Downloadable instructional materials for student use User-friendly and logical interior design for daily use Guidance for designing and implementing social justice lessons driven by your own students’ unique passions and challenges Timelier than ever, teaching mathematics through the lens of social justice will connect content to students’ daily lives, fortify their mathematical understanding, and expose them to issues that will make them responsive citizens and leaders in the future.

Download or read book Understanding by Design written by Grant P. Wiggins and published by ASCD. This book was released on 2005 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is understanding and how does it differ from knowledge? How can we determine the big ideas worth understanding? Why is understanding an important teaching goal, and how do we know when students have attained it? How can we create a rigorous and engaging curriculum that focuses on understanding and leads to improved student performance in today's high-stakes, standards-based environment? Authors Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe answer these and many other questions in this second edition of Understanding by Design. Drawing on feedback from thousands of educators around the world who have used the UbD framework since its introduction in 1998, the authors have greatly revised and expanded their original work to guide educators across the K-16 spectrum in the design of curriculum, assessment, and instruction. With an improved UbD Template at its core, the book explains the rationale of backward design and explores in greater depth the meaning of such key ideas as essential questions and transfer tasks. Readers will learn why the familiar coverage- and activity-based approaches to curriculum design fall short, and how a focus on the six facets of understanding can enrich student learning. With an expanded array of practical strategies, tools, and examples from all subject areas, the book demonstrates how the research-based principles of Understanding by Design apply to district frameworks as well as to individual units of curriculum. Combining provocative ideas, thoughtful analysis, and tested approaches, this new edition of Understanding by Design offers teacher-designers a clear path to the creation of curriculum that ensures better learning and a more stimulating experience for students and teachers alike.

Download or read book The On Your Feet Guide to Blended Learning written by Catlin R. Tucker and published by Corwin. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Blended learning is more than just "teaching with technology"; it allows teachers to maximize learning through deliberate instructional moves. This On-Your-Feet Guide zeroes in on one blended learning routine: Station Rotation. The Station Rotation model moves small groups of students through a series of online and off-line stations, building conceptual understanding and skills along the way. This On-Your-Feet-Guide provides: 7 steps to planning a Station Rotation lesson A full example of one teacher's Station Rotation A blank planning template for designing your own Station Rotation Helpful assessment strategies for monitoring learning at each station Ideas to adapt for low-tech classrooms or large class sizes Use blended learning to maximize learning and keep kids constantly engaged through your next Station Rotation lesson! Laminated, 8.5”x11” tri-fold (6 pages), 3-hole punched

Download or read book Partnering With Parents in Elementary School Math written by Hilary Kreisberg and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2021-02-15 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How to build productive relationships in math education I wasn’t taught this way. I can’t help my child! These are common refrains from today’s parents and guardians, who are often overwhelmed, confused, worried, and frustrated about how to best support their children with what they see as the "new math." The problem has been compounded by the shift to more distance learning in response to a global pandemic. Partnering With Parents in Elementary School Math provides educators with long overdue guidance on how to productively partner and communicate with families about their children’s mathematics learning. It includes reproducible surveys, letters, and planning documents that can be used to improve the home-school relationship, which in turn helps students, parents, teachers, and education leaders alike. Readers will find guidance on how to: · Understand and empathize with what fuels parents’ anxieties and concerns · Align as a school and set parents’ expectations about what math instruction their children will experience and how it will help them · Communicate clearly and productively with parents about their students’ progress, strengths, and needs in math · Run informative and fun family events · support homework · Coach parents to portray a productive disposition about math in front of their children Educators, families, and students are best served when proactive, productive, and healthy relationships have been developed with each other and with the realities of today′s math education. This guide shows how these relationships can be built.

Download or read book The Impact of Identity in K 8 Mathematics Learning and Teaching written by Julia Aguirre and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each teacher and student brings many identities to the classroom. What is their impact on the student’s learning and the teacher’s teaching of mathematics? This book invites K–8 teachers to reflect on their own and their students’ multiple identities. Rich possibilities for learning result when teachers draw on these identities to offer high-quality, equity-based teaching to all students. Reflecting on identity and re-envisioning learning and teaching through this lens especially benefits students who have been marginalized by race, class, ethnicity, or gender. The authors encourage teachers to reframe instruction by using five equity-based mathematics teaching practices: Going deep with mathematics; leveraging multiple mathematical competencies; affirming mathematics learners’ identities; challenging spaces of marginality; and drawing on multiple resources of knowledge. Special features of the book: Classroom vignettes, lessons, and assessments showing equity-based practices Tools for teachers’ self-reflection and professional development, including a mathematics learning autobiography and teacher identity activity at nctm.org/more4u Suggestions for partnering with parents and community organisations End-of-chapter discussion questions

Download or read book The Mathematics Teacher Education Partnership written by W. Gary Martin and published by IAP. This book was released on 2020-01-01 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of a body of work conducted over the past seven years related to the preparation of secondary mathematics teachers by the Mathematics Teacher Education Partnership (MTE-Partnership), a national consortium of more than 90 universities and 100 school systems. The MTE-Partnership is organized as a Networked Improvement Community (NIC), which combines the disciplined inquiry of improvement science with the power of networking to accelerate improvement by engaging a broad set of participants. The MTE-Partnership is addressing key challenges in secondary mathematics teacher preparation, including: • Supporting the development of content knowledge relevant to teaching secondary mathematics; • Providing effective clinical experiences to teacher candidates; • Recruiting secondary mathematics teacher candidates, ensuring program completion and their subsequent retention in the field as early career teachers; • Supporting overall transformation of secondary mathematics teacher preparation in alignment with these challenges; • Ensuring a focus on equity and social justice in secondary mathematics teacher recruitment, preparation, and induction. This book outlines existing knowledge related to each of these key challenges, as well as the work of Research Action Clusters (RACs) formed to address the challenges. Each RAC includes participants from multiple institutions who work collaboratively to iteratively develop, test, and refine processes and products that can help programs more effectively prepare secondary mathematics teacher candidates. The book describes promising approaches to improving aspects of secondary mathematics teacher preparation developed by the RACs, including specific products that have been developed, which will inform the work of others involved in secondary mathematics teacher preparation. In addition, reflections on the use of the NIC model provides insights for others considering this research design. Particular references to the Standards for Preparing Teachers of Mathematics (Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators, 2017) are included throughout the book.

Download or read book Developments in Primary Mathematics Teaching written by Ann Sawyer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-03-13 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, originally published in 1993, addresses the issues surrounding the teaching of mathematics in primary school at the time. The author considers the issues that had arisen through the introduction of the National Curriculum, both in terms of the current "state of the art" and new developments.

Download or read book Developing Maths Lesson Planning and Frameworks Mastery Logic and Reasoning in the Classroom written by Linda (Yuqian) Wang and published by McGraw-Hill Education (UK). This book was released on 2023-11-24 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “This book highlights the essential relationship between lesson planning and key mathematical elements such as mastery and reasoning. The exemplification of ideas through useful classroom strategies gives the book a practical basis, as well as theoretical. I have no doubt that even experienced teachers will find this book enlightening and encourage them to re-evaluate elements of their practice.” Hayley Hands, Secondary PGCE Mathematics Lead, Newcastle University, UK “Developing Maths Lesson Planning and Frameworks provides much food for thought and includes many immediate ‘take aways’ to reflect on or try out. This book will help enhance any maths teacher's lesson planning, from the trainee teacher to the experienced practitioner.” Rose-Marie Rochester, Archimedes NE Maths Hub Lead/BHCET Director of Maths, UK Addressing the maths skills gap, Wang et al. propose a new method for maths lesson planning that harnesses the power of reasoning in mathematics teaching. Using a pedagogical approach called the Causal Connectivity Framework (CCF), this book helps teachers to support students in actively discovering the logical foundations upon which classroom activities are linked together. The authors have diverse expertise and experiences as maths teachers, teacher educators and researchers, and this alternative approach is the result of long-term collaboration aimed at building up successful maths lessons from the very first steps – lesson planning. Developing Maths Lesson Planning and Frameworks: •Offers practical advice within a theoretical framework •Ties in with UK National Curriculum requirements •Contains detailed practical examples and visual aids throughout Reasoning is a critical component of maths learning, making this essential reading for maths teachers and teacher trainees as they help students to achieve maths mastery. Linda Wang is Assistant Professor and PGCE secondary maths Lead at Durham University, UK. She is particularly interested in curriculum design at both secondary and lower primary level mathematics, and developing the educational impact partnership model to deliver Continuing Professional Development (CPD) to future-orientate Mathematics education. Chris Brown is Professor of Education at the University of Southampton, UK. His research interests include using Professional Learning Networks (PLNs) to promote the collaborative learning of teachers, as well as how research evidence can and should, but often doesn’t, aid the development of education policy and practice. Jeremy Dawson is Area Co-ordinator for the Advanced Maths Support Programme at Durham University, UK. He has worked in a variety of diverse school settings around North East England and has extensive experience of teaching mathematics from KS2-KS5, as well as contributing and assisting on gifted and talented programs for prospective university entrants.

Download or read book The Inspirational Untold Stories of Secondary Mathematics Teachers written by Alice F. Artzt and published by IAP. This book was released on 2020-08-01 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personal story telling is a powerful and interesting medium through which one can share experiences, insights, successes, and difficulties in meaningful contexts. Teaching in general, and mathematics teaching in particular, is much more than what meets the eye. Most people have only experienced teaching from the vantage point of a student and have impressions of teachers and teaching that are simplistic and usually totally incorrect. The lives of mathematics teachers are varied and contrary to what one might think they are. The journeys of exemplary in-service teachers are not linear; there are many bends, potholes, and detours through which they have navigated. The "road conditions" of teaching are fodder for the 12 untold stories collected in this volume, whose authors graduated from a special four-year undergraduate mathematics teacher preparation program, containing innovative components, many of which are revealed through the experiences described in their stories. The range of narratives vary in every possible way, from the reasons they became mathematics teachers, to the number of years teaching, to the experiences encountered while teaching, to the different roles they have assumed throughout their careers. Nevertheless, one strand permeates all of the stories: their passion for what they do and their ability to reflect on early college experiences that contribute to their performance. These inspiring narratives will shed light on the developmental processes of mathematics teachers, what it means to teach mathematics, and the components of a secondary mathematics teacher preparation program that can contribute to their expertise. Praise for The Inspirational Untold Stories of Secondary Mathematics Teachers: This lovely book contains personal stories about the process of becoming a mathematics teacher and the challenges and rewards of the early years of teaching. These stories highlight that the path to teaching is often indirect, rocky, and filled with doubts. But these poignant stories are powerful because they are so honest. I wish I’d read these stories before I experienced some of the joys and challenges of my early years of teaching because they would have prepared me for the roller coaster of emotion associated with entering this complex but beautiful profession. I think these stories will be helpful when working with prospective and early career teachers. Randolph Philipp Professor of Mathematics Education School of Teacher Education, San Diego State University Immediate Past President, Association of Mathematics Teacher Educators (AMTE) This is a book about real people and true stories; the narratives are really insightful and truly inspirational. It is not only a book that those involved in teacher preparation programs may find useful and informative to read, but also a book that could provide insights and inspiration to those who are exploring what it is like to be a teacher. The journey of each of these success stories, despite the diverse starting point of each, speaks volumes of the importance of an effective teacher preparation program that not only nurtures but also provides support for the growth of the preservice teachers. The narratives in this book are certainly a testimonial to what we often hear–Teachers are more often made than born. Ngan Hoe Lee Associate Professor, Mathematics & Mathematics Education National Institute of Education, Singapore