Download or read book Maternal Influence on the Calf Rumen Microbiome and Subsequent Host Performance written by Hannah C. Cunningham and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efficiency of livestock production is critically important due to the growing demand for high quality animal products paralleled by shrinking available resources. Rumen fermentation accounts for 70% of dietary energy for the host ruminant, and the microbes responsible for that fermentation, collectively referred to as the rumen microbiome, likely play an important role in feed conversion efficiency. Non-ruminant research suggests maternal factors have a large impact on microbial colonization of the gut with implications for long-term health. In beef cattle, factors that influence the initial microbial colonization of the rumen are relatively unexplored but have potential to impact host performance later in life. We hypothesized that the rumen microbiome is affected by maternal influences and may have implications for calf performance later in life. Our goal was to determine the effects of gestational nutrition, maternal breed, mode of delivery, and rearing type on the calf rumen microbiome. Three separate studies were conducted; the first two studies utilized 24 mature, late-gestating Angus cows. Two objectives were investigated using the same negative control group for each objective; 1) determine if nutrient restriction during late gestation alters the calf rumen microbiome, and 2) determine if ruminal microbiome composition differs in calves born vaginally versus caesarean. For objective 1, control (CON; n= 8) cows were fed to meet NRC requirements while nutrient restriction (NR; n = 8) were restricted to reduce BCS by 1.5-2 pts over the last trimester compared to CON. Cows calved naturally and rumen fluid was collected on calves at d 7. For the second objective, the same CON cows were used and the caesarean section (CS; n = 6) cows were fed the same as CON but calves were delivered via caesarean section instead of vaginally. Rumen fluid was collected at d 7 from the calves. Metagenomic shotgun sequencing on DNA extracted from rumen fluid was completed and analyzed using QIIME to determine alpha- and beta-diversity differences. Results indicated an increased species richness (P

Download or read book Exploration of Factors Contributing to Colonization and the Programming Potential of the Early Gut Microbiome in Cattle written by Kelly L. Woodruff and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing worldwide population creates a demand for improved efficiency of livestock. End products of microbial fermentation within the rumen of cattle accounts for up to 70% of the total dietary energy for the animal. These microbes also play a role in feed efficiency of ruminants. Thus, these microbial populations are crucial to production and understanding their development is critical. Research suggests that there are maternal factors that can impact development of the gut microbiome and these changes can persist through life, yet these data are sparse in ruminants. Another key area to consider that is also limited in available research is comparing the maternal rumen microbiome to the developing calf rumen microbiome. We hypothesized that maternal factors influence development of the calf rumen microbiome and that these changes persist through life. Two separate studies were conducted. The first study involved a survey to characterize the similarities between the cow rumen microbiome and the calf meconium microbiome and rumen fluid microbiome from birth through weaning. The objective of this study was to determine if there were shared microbial properties between the cow rumen fluid, calf meconium, and calf rumen fluid from birth through weaning. Rumen fluid was collected from the cows (n = 10) roughly 10 to 12 days prior to expected calving date. Cows calved naturally and meconium and rumen fluid were collected immediately following birth. Rumen fluid was collected from the calves again on d 2, d 28, and at weaning. DNA was extracted and analyzed in QIIME2 to determine alpha and beta diversity differences in addition to taxonomy assignment. Results indicate successive development of the calf rumen microbiome and that there are shared microbiomes between the cow and calf. In the second study cows (n = 60) were exposed to different planes of nutrition and mineral supplementation during late gestation. Those in the control group (CON) were feed to 100% NRC requirements where those in the nutrient restricted group (NR) were fed to 70% NRC requirements. Cows receiving supplementation were provided ad-libitum access to Purina Wind & Rain Storm All Season 7.5 Complete Availa 4 via a SmartFeed Pro (C-Lock, inc.) beginning approximately 30 d prior to expected calving date. Treatments included: CON with supplementation (CON+, n = 15), CON without supplementation (CON-, n = 15), NR with supplementation (NR+, n = 15), and NR without supplementation (NR-, n = 15). From each treatment group, 8 cows and their respective calves were sampled (n = 32 for those sampled). Rumen fluid was collected from the cows ~60 days, ~30 days, and ~14 days prior to expected calving. Cows calved naturally and immediately following birth meconium and rumen fluid were collected from the calf. Rumen fluid was collected again from the calf on d 7 and d 28. DNA extraction and analysis were the same as mentioned previously. Results from this study indicate that maternal nutrition influenced development of the calf rumen microbiome and these changes became more pronounced at one month of age. Overall, these data suggest that there are shared microbial properties between the cow rumen fluid, calf meconium, and calf rumen fluid. Additionally, results indicate that the maternal gestational plane of nutrition impacts the calf microbiome and may have implications for host performance long term.

Download or read book The Development Nutrition and Management of the Young Calf written by Carl L. Davis and published by Iowa State Press. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An indispensable resource for the dairy farmer or veterinarian, the researcher, teacher, or advanced student, this book puts the cutting–edge science of raising dairy calves into an accessible, usable form. Geared to those with a basic understanding of principles of animal nutrition and husbandry, the volume gives a comprehensive account of all aspects of calf rearing, from the rudiments of anatomy and development through the practicalities of feeding and housing. The Development, Nutrition and Management of the Young Calf begins with an overview of how the calf′s digestive system develops, highlighting the period of transition from preruminant to ruminant digestion. Here the authors provide information essential to understanding nutritional needs and restrictions during the liquid–feeding phase in the young calf as well as those factors that govern the development of a functional rumen. Major emphasis is given to the energy and protein requirements of the young calf, with attention to the effects of environmental temperature on energy requirements. The authors also review the adequacy of current National Research Council recommendations on the energy and protein requirements of young calves. They discuss the management, nutrition, and care of the pregnant cow as well as calving management necessary to deliver a healthy calf. Other topics include liquid–feeding systems, formulation and use of milk replacers and starter feeds, the weaning process, housing principles, and the interactions of nutrition and disease

Download or read book The Rumen and Its Microbes written by Robert E. Hungate and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Rumen and Its Microbes is a contribution to the ecology of this important microbial habitat. Relatively few microbial habitats have been subjected to a thorough quantitative ecological analysis. The rumen fermentation is peculiarly suitable because of its relatively constant and continuous nature and because of the very rapid rates of conversion of organic matter. Although analysis of the ruminant-microbe symbiosis is still far from complete, knowledge is sufficient for formulation of principles and for identification and measurement of important parameters. The first eight chapters of the book include a description of the rumen and its microbes, their activities, and the extent of these activities. This basic biology provides a framework in which applications to agriculture can be evaluated. These applications are discussed in the last four chapters: host metabolism, variation in the rumen, possible practical applications, and abnormalities in rumen function.

Download or read book Gut Health The New Paradigm in Food Animal Production written by Ryan J. Arsenault and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-11-02 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gut health and specifically the gut microbiome-host interaction is currently a major research topic across the life sciences. In the case of animal sciences research into animal production and health, the gut has been a continuous area of interest. Production parameters such as growth and feed efficiency are entirely dependent on optimum gut health. In addition, the gut is a major immune organ and one of the first lines of defense in animal disease. Recent changes in animal production management and feed regulations, both regulatory and consumer driven, have placed added emphasis on finding ways to optimize gut health in novel and effective ways. In this volume we bring together original research and review articles covering three major categories of gut health and animal production: the gut microbiome, mucosal immunology, and feed-based interventions. Included within these categories is a broad range of scientific expertise and experimental approaches that span food animal production. Our goal in bringing together the articles on this research topic is to survey the current knowledge on gut health in animal production. The following 15 articles include knowledge and perspectives from researchers from multiple countries and research perspectives, all with the central goal of improving animal health and production.

Download or read book Improving Rumen Function written by Chris McSweeney and published by Burleigh Dodds Agricultural Sc. This book was released on 2020-04-28 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Part 1 summarises advances in analysing the rumen microbiome. Part 2 reviews recent research on different types of rumen microbiota. Part 3 discusses the way the rumen processes nutrients whilst Part 4 explores nutritional strategies to optimise rumen function.

Download or read book Periparturient Diseases of Dairy Cows written by Burim N. Ametaj and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes the results achieved so far by application of various biological systems (including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) involved in the pathomechanisms and early diagnosis of periparturient diseases as specific biomarkers of disease in cattle. These emerging technologies help to extensively enhance our understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of periparturient diseases of transition dairy cows. The book includes a chapter dedicated to ‘omics’ sciences and one that discusses the myths established in animal and veterinary sciences in recent decades and emerging, new paradigms. The diseases discussed include metritis, mastitis, laminitis, ketosis, rumen acidosis, periparturient immunosuppression, gastrointestinal microbiota and their involvement in disease, infertility, fatty liver, milk fever, and retained placenta. This book is intended for academics, veterinarians, animal nutritionists, researchers, and graduate students working in the field of ‘omics sciences’ with a special interest in dairy cattle health.

Download or read book Animal Welfare in Animal Agriculture written by Wilson G. Pond and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-11-23 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What constitutes animal welfare? With animals being used for companionship, service, research, food, fiber, and by-products, animal welfare is a topic of great interest and importance to society. As the world's population continues to increase, a major challenge for society is the maintenance of a strong and viable food system, which is linked to t

Download or read book Dairy 2007 written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Prebiotics and Probiotics Science and Technology written by Dimitris Charalampopoulos and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-08-12 with total page 1273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive overview on the advances in the field, this volume presents the science underpinning the probiotic and prebiotic effects, the latest in vivo studies, the technological issues in the development and manufacture of these types of products, and the regulatory issues involved. It will be a useful reference for both scientists and technologists working in academic and governmental institutes, and the industry.

Download or read book Ruminant Physiology written by Pierre Cronjé and published by CABI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP) is the premier forum for presentation and discussion of advances in knowledge of the physiology of ruminant animals. This book brings together edited versions of the keynote review papers presented at the symposium.

Download or read book Rumen Microbiology From Evolution to Revolution written by Anil Kumar Puniya and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-11 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers an in-depth description of different groups of microbes (i.e. bacteria, protozoa, fungi and viruses) that exist in the rumen microbial community, and offers an overview of rumen microbiology, the rumen microbial ecosystem of domesticated ruminants, and rumen microbial diversity. It provides the latest concepts on rumen microbiology for scholars, researchers and teachers of animal and veterinary sciences. With this goal in mind, throughout the text we focus on specific areas related to the biology and complex interactions of the microbes in rumen, integrating significant key issues in each respective area. We also discuss rumen manipulation with plant secondary metabolites, microbial feed additives, utilization of organic acids, selective inhibition of harmful rumen microbes, and ‘omics’ approaches to manipulating rumen microbial functions. A section on the exploration and exploitation of rumen microbes addresses topics including the current state of knowledge on rumen metagenomics, rumen: an underutilized niche for industrially important enzymes and ruminal fermentations to produce fuels. We next turn our attention to commercial applications of rumen microbial enzymes and to the molecular characterization of euryarcheal communities within an anaerobic digester. A section on intestinal disorders and rumen microbes covers acidosis in cattle, urea/ ammonia metabolism in the rumen and nitrate/ nitrite toxicity in ruminant diets. Last, the future prospects of rumen microbiology are examined, based on the latest developments in this area. In summary, the book offers a highly systematic collection of essential content on rumen microbiology.

Download or read book Probiotics and Prebiotics in Animal Health and Food Safety written by Diana Di Gioia and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-27 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the role of probiotics and prebiotics in maintaining the health status of a broad range of animal groups used for food production. It also highlights the use of beneficial microorganisms as protective agents in animal derived foods. The book provides essential information on the characterization and definition of probiotics on the basis of recently released guidelines and reflecting the latest trends in bacterial taxonomy. Last but not least, it discusses the concept of “dead” probiotics and their benefits to animal health in detail. The book will benefit all professors, students, researchers and practitioners in academia and industry whose work involves biotechnology, veterinary sciences or food production.

Download or read book The Effects on Human Health of Subtherapeutic Use of Antimicrobials in Animal Feeds written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1980-02-01 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Energy Nutrition in Ruminants written by E.R. Orskov and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is intended to be a companion volume to 'Protein Nutrition in Ruminants' (1982, Academic Press), which emphasized both the role of proteins and new systems for their evaluation. Here the focus is on energy-yielding nutrients and problems involved in evaluating them. Nonetheless in both volumes there is explicit recognition of the interdependence of energy and protein nutrition. I have not attempted to review comprehensively all the literature relating to ruminant energy nutrition and must apologize to colleagues whose work is not fully reported. Where possible tables and figures are taken from the studies of our group at the Rowett Research Institute since, if for no other reason, I am most familiar with these data. I have first considered the nutrition of the newborn and have stressed the role of behaviour 'in determining whether nutrients enter or bypass the rumen. The development of the rumen, the of anaerobic fermentation and the roles of various principles . species of rumen bacteria, protozoa and fungi in relation to different substrates, are summarized. This is followed by accounts of the factors affecting the utilization of different substrates and the v vi Preface absorption and metabolism of the end-products of fermentation and digestion, together with estimates of digestive capacity in various segments of the gut. The ruminant's requirements for energy-yielding nutrients is considered in relation to the per formance of various activities and to environmental conditions, particular attention being paid to the requirement for glucose precursors.

Download or read book Rearing Young Ruminants on Milk Replacers and Starter Feeds written by Uppoor Krishnamoorthy and published by Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). This book was released on 2011 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual presents comprehensive information on the preparation and feeding of milk replacers and starter feeds for pre-ruminants. Although the substitutes for dam's milk can be prepared from by-products of milk and feed ingredients that are not preferred for human consumption, awareness about such alternatives is limited in many developing countries. Therefore, popularization of preparation and feeding of milk replacers and starter feeds using locally available ingredients is useful in promoting survivability and growth of young stock. The target audiences for this manual are livestock extension workers engaged in developing countries. The manual is also useful for students and teachers of ruminant production and for small scale industries and researchers that wish to produce milk replacers and starter feeds.

Download or read book Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-03-31 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By 2050 the world's population is projected to grow by one-third, reaching between 9 and 10 billion. With globalization and expected growth in global affluence, a substantial increase in per capita meat, dairy, and fish consumption is also anticipated. The demand for calories from animal products will nearly double, highlighting the critical importance of the world's animal agriculture system. Meeting the nutritional needs of this population and its demand for animal products will require a significant investment of resources as well as policy changes that are supportive of agricultural production. Ensuring sustainable agricultural growth will be essential to addressing this global challenge to food security. Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability identifies areas of research and development, technology, and resource needs for research in the field of animal agriculture, both nationally and internationally. This report assesses the global demand for products of animal origin in 2050 within the framework of ensuring global food security; evaluates how climate change and natural resource constraints may impact the ability to meet future global demand for animal products in sustainable production systems; and identifies factors that may impact the ability of the United States to meet demand for animal products, including the need for trained human capital, product safety and quality, and effective communication and adoption of new knowledge, information, and technologies. The agricultural sector worldwide faces numerous daunting challenges that will require innovations, new technologies, and new ways of approaching agriculture if the food, feed, and fiber needs of the global population are to be met. The recommendations of Critical Role of Animal Science Research in Food Security and Sustainability will inform a new roadmap for animal science research to meet the challenges of sustainable animal production in the 21st century.