Download or read book Marine Fog Challenges and Advancements in Observations Modeling and Forecasting written by Darko Koračin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-01-28 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents the history of marine fog research and applications, and discusses the physical processes leading to fog's formation, evolution, and dissipation. A special emphasis is on the challenges and advancements of fog observation and modeling as well as on efforts toward operational fog forecasting and linkages and feedbacks between marine fog and the environment.

Download or read book Advances in observations and modeling of physical processes in the marine environment written by Guihua Wang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-02-08 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book An Open ocean Marine Fog Development and Forecast Model for Ocean Weather Station Papa written by Robert Louis Clark and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine fog forecasts during the summer period in the North Pacific are not made presently with any acceptable degree of accuracy. Objective fog development models exist and are used with some success for localized coastal regions of the western U.S.; scarcity of accurate data has hindered creation of a reliable open-ocean model. The Eulerian single-station approach, utilizing a segment of the complete accurate data of Ocean Weather Station Papa (50N, 145W) is applied in this study to an objective marine fog forecasting model. The time-series study of significant atmospheric variables at OWS Papa, when coupled with a chronological synoptic overview, delineates accurately fog/no fog sequences in the summer months of 1973 and 1977. Actual observed fog situations are evaluated by the general model and presented in relation to open-ocean fog indices, NOAA 5 satellite coverage and synoptic history. The open-ocean forecast model is tested on an independent data set for the month of July 1975 at OWS Papa, with favorable results. The research delineates four required indices that must all be positive to forecast fog. These indices, when plotted daily in the region of OWS Papa allow a single station to predict, with some confidence out to twenty-four hours, the occurrence of advection fog. (Author).

Download or read book Santa Ana Associated Offshore Fog written by Douglas Allen Backes and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aircraft measurements made offshore during a coastal fog sequence by R.A. Markson are analyzed. Fog occurrence and areal extent are determined using aircraft, ship and shore station observations obtained during the Cooperative Experiment in West Coast Oceanography and Meteorology--1976 along with analyzed satellite visual and infra-red imagery. The offshore conditions are compared with those at the shore stations using selected fog indices. Photographs of special features observed are included. The offshore conditions are classified into phases by assigning limits within the specified fog indices used in the modified Leipper fog model. The sequence of observed fog events is compared to the ideal sequence. The trends in the sequence are analyzed and a general relationship between the phase sequence and the local offshore flow is indicated. The Leipper indices, the San Diego raob and the sequential fog model appear to be useful in fog prediction for the nearshore oceanic region from San Diego the Point Conception. (Author).

Download or read book Plant Regeneration from Seeds written by Carol C. Baskin and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plant Regeneration from Seeds: A Global Warming Perspective comprehensively reviews the effects caused by climate change on global plant regeneration, growth and seed germination. Initial chapters discuss specific geographical regions such as steppes, the artic, boreal and alpine zones, dry and tropical forests and deserts. Subsequent chapters explore special seed-related topics like fire, soil seed banks, crops, weed emergence, and invasive species Written by leaders in the field of seed germination and plant growth, this is an essential read for researchers and academics interested in plant growth, plant regeneration, seed germination and the effects of these in relation to climate change. Guides readers through the global effects of climate change on plant growth and seed germination, including chapters on special seed-related topics Provides fundamental research on plant regeneration Includes detailed coverage on specific geographic regions

Download or read book Numerical Prediction of Marine Fog Using the Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System COAMPS written by John L. Dumas and published by . This book was released on 2001-03-01 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Navy's requirement for a computer prediction system for marine fog and stratus dates back to the 1970s when meteorological models were being introduced to the fleet. The Naval Research Laboratory's Coupled Ocean/ Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) is a leap forward in the Navy's numerical modeling ability but it still does not show great skill in fog forecasting. COAMPS has been 'tuned', or adjusted for certain constants and parameterizations, so that it has the minimum error for the maximum area. This tuning is a common practice for all numerical models. The objective of this thesis is to determine if changes can be made to the existing COAMPS code based on reasonable physical experiments for a specific location to help solve the numerical fog forecasting problem. The effectiveness of these experiments was first measured by comparing a modeled cloud edge to satellite imagery of Monterey, California taken during a week in August 2000 under a variety of foggy conditions. Comparisons were also made with observations taken from an aircraft, land stations and a vertical profiler. The experiments, specifically those regarding changes to the autoconversion and turbulent kinetic energy schemes, showed that while a perfect solution has not been found, it is possible to modify the model physics codes and optimize its performance in a specific region.

Download or read book Forecasting Marine Fog on the West Coast of the United States Using a Linear Discriminant Analysis Approach written by Michael Charles McConnell and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Statistical Diagnostic Modeling of Marine Fog Using Model Output Parameters written by Brian Lee Van Orman and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diagnostic model output parameters, provided by the Fleet Numerical Weather Central, Monterey, Calif. (FNWC), and the marine fog frequency climatology developed at the Naval Postgraduate School, are statistically processed in context with marine surface synoptic ship reports in order to develop a linear regression scheme to model distribution of marine fog. The study area includes a large section of the North Pacific Ocean (from 30-60N) at 0000 GMT, 1-30 July 1976. The diagnostic capabilities of the regression equations are analyzed through the use of three verification scoring systems. Improvement over climatology and FNWC's operational fog probability program (FTER), is demonstrated. Selective mappings of the regression equation outputs and categorized observations are intercompared with the sea-level pressure analysis; FTER; and the evaporative heat flux--the most significant predictor parameter.

Download or read book Oceanobs 19 An Ocean of Opportunity Volume II written by Tong Lee and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-12-31 with total page 629 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Marine Fog Development Along the West Coast During 1973 Using Transient Ship and Coastal Station Observations written by George Stephen Evermann and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using transient ship observations, a hypothetical five phase Marine Fog Development (MFD) Model was applied to four actual cases of summer marine fog during 1973 along the central California coast. The MFD Model incorporates a phase zero or synoptic phase and a proposed Coastal Convergence Zone (CCZ) concept into previous West Coast fog models. Phase zero describes the synoptic conditions that establish the marine layer over the coastal regions and explains the presence of low stratus over cast which normally exists prior to fog development cases. The CCZ concept defines a transition zone in which warm dry continental air converges with cool moist marine air and denotes the seaward extent of coastal influence. The location of the transitory CCZ is dependent upon the strength of offshore flow of continental air from the coastal region. The location where this flow meets the prevailing northwesterlies becomes the most likely site of marine fog formation. Selected synoptic scale meteorological parameters were examined and incorporated with transient ship and coastal station observations. This appeared to be an effective technique for tracking the CCZ and identifying fog phase development. (Author).

Download or read book An Operational Marine Fog Prediction Model written by Jordan C. Alpert and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major concern to the National Weather Service marine operations is the problem of forecasting advection fogs at sea. Currently fog forecasts are issued using statistical methods only over the open ocean domain but no such system is available for coastal and offshore areas. We propose to use a partially diagnostic model, designed specifically for this problem, which relies on output fields from the global operational Medium Range Forecast (MRF) model. The boundary and initial conditions of moisture and temperature, as well as the MRF's horizontal wind predictions are interpolated to the fog model grid over an arbitrarily selected coastal and offshore ocean region. The moisture fields are used to prescribe a droplet size distribution and compute liquid water content, neither of which is accounted for in the global model. Fog development is governed by the droplet size distribution and advection and exchange of heat and moisture. A simple parameterization is used to describe the coefficients of evaporation and sensible heat exchange at the surface. Depletion of the fog is based on droplet fallout of the three categories of assumed droplet size. Comparison of three months of model results over the Atlantic seaboard with ship data show realistic forecasts of fogbound areas. The MRF initial conditions are used to update the fog model boundaries, thus supplying "perfect forecasts" for the fog model boundary conditions. Liquid water droplet concentrations are used to infer the relative intensity of fog and compare well with visibility reports from ship locations. It should be noted, however, that the verification of fog at sea is hampered by the limited amount of routinely available ship observations. The model also successfully predicted situations in which no fog was present when similarly verified with ship data. These results show that diagnostic models can be developed for specific regional applications based on numerical weather forecasts made with large scale global models.

Download or read book Real time Coastal Observing Systems for Marine Ecosystem Dynamics and Harmful Algal Blooms written by Babin, Marcel and published by UNESCO. This book was released on 2008-06-05 with total page 880 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proliferation of harmful phytoplankton in marine ecosystems can cause massive fish kills, contaminate seafood with toxins, impact local and regional economies and dramatically affect ecological balance. Real-time observations are essential for effective short-term operational forecasting, but observation and modelling systems are still being developed. This volume provides guidance for developing real-time and near real-time sensing systems for observing and predicting plankton dynamics, including harmful algal blooms, in coastal waters. The underlying theory is explained and current trends in research and monitoring are discussed.Topics covered include: coastal ecosystems and dynamics of harmful algal blooms; theory and practical applications of in situ and remotely sensed optical detection of microalgal distributions and composition; theory and practical applications of in situ biological and chemical sensors for targeted species and toxin detection; integrated observing systems and platforms for detection; diagnostic and predictive modelling of ecosystems and harmful algal blooms, including data assimilation techniques; observational needs for the public and government; and future directions for research and operations.

Download or read book Opportunities to Improve Marine Forecasting written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1989-02-01 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Commerce and the general publicâ€"especially those living in increasingly crowded, highly developed low-lying coastal communitiesâ€"rely heavily on accurate forecasts of marine conditions and weather over the oceans to ensure the safe and productive use of the sea and coastal zone. This book examines the opportunities to improve our ocean forecasting systems made possible by new observational techniques and high-speed computers. Significant benefits from these potential improvements are possible for transportation, ocean energy and resources development, fisheries and recreation, and coastal management.

Download or read book An Evaluation of Marine Fog Forecast Concepts and a Preliminary Design for a Marine Obscuration Forecast System written by E. J. Mack and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calspan's studies produced phenomenological descriptions of at least five new fog types, provided realistic verification on which to base new numerical modeling techniques, and developed synoptic and statistical relationships which could be used in operational forecasting. Under the current contract, Calspan conducted an objective evaluation of these predictive approaches, along with a select group of numerical models, by testing against data sets derived from at-sea observational studies. The results of this evaluation demonstrated that, with high-quality data, certain models can provide operationally useful forecasts for marine obscuration. It is also concluded that new knowledge of the physics of marine fog occurrence can help optimize the application of various forecast techniques and also serve as a back-up forecast tool. As a chief objective of this investigation, we outlined a preliminary version of an obscuration forecast system which, when fully developed, would incorporate this new knowledge and delineate the application of specific numeric and/or synoptic and statistical approaches; i.e., the system would specify a forecast tool tailored to the attendant meteorological scenario and functional within operational constraints. This report summarizes the research effort and results which led to the conceptual design of this forecast system.

Download or read book Open ocean Marine Fog Development and Forecast Model for Ocean Weather Station Papa written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Forecasting Marine Fog on the West Coast of the United States Using a Linear Discriminant Analysis Approach written by Michael Charles McConnell (Sr) and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study is to develop classification equations to forecast the daily probability of occurrence of marine fog at selected locations on the west coast of the United States, using parameters easily obtainable from upper-air soundings and surface observations. In order to achieve this objective a computerized stepwise linear discriminant analysis program is extensively employed. Data input consists of surface and radiosonde observations for the five-year period 1 July 1968 to 30 June 1973 at three U.S. west coast stations, namely San Diego and Oakland, California and Quillayute, Washington. Tables showing the number of fog and no-fog cases, the classification functions, and the percentages of correct fog and no-fog discrimination are presented for each station. The most capable fog/no-fog discrimination parameters are discussed for each set of classification equations. Test results for the San Diego equations using a three-year independent data set are also shown. (Author).

Download or read book Mountain Weather Research and Forecasting written by Fotini K. Chow and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-30 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with a broad understanding of the fundamental principles driving atmospheric flow over complex terrain and provides historical context for recent developments and future direction for researchers and forecasters. The topics in this book are expanded from those presented at the Mountain Weather Workshop, which took place in Whistler, British Columbia, Canada, August 5-8, 2008. The inspiration for the workshop came from the American Meteorological Society (AMS) Mountain Meteorology Committee and was designed to bridge the gap between the research and forecasting communities by providing a forum for extended discussion and joint education. For academic researchers, this book provides some insight into issues important to the forecasting community. For the forecasting community, this book provides training on fundamentals of atmospheric processes over mountainous regions, which are notoriously difficult to predict. The book also helps to provide a better understanding of current research and forecast challenges, including the latest contributions and advancements to the field. The book begins with an overview of mountain weather and forecasting chal- lenges specific to complex terrain, followed by chapters that focus on diurnal mountain/valley flows that develop under calm conditions and dynamically-driven winds under strong forcing. The focus then shifts to other phenomena specific to mountain regions: Alpine foehn, boundary layer and air quality issues, orographic precipitation processes, and microphysics parameterizations. Having covered the major physical processes, the book shifts to observation and modelling techniques used in mountain regions, including model configuration and parameterizations such as turbulence, and model applications in operational forecasting. The book concludes with a discussion of the current state of research and forecasting in complex terrain, including a vision of how to bridge the gap in the future.