Download or read book Mandated Benefits Employment and Inequality in a Dual Economy written by Rita Almeida and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the effect of enforcing labor regulation in an economy with a dual labor market. The analysis uses data from Brazil, a country with a large informal sector and strict labor law, where enforcement affects mainly the degree of compliance with mandated benefits (severance pay and health and safety conditions) in the formal sector, and the registration of informal workers. The authors find that stricter enforcement leads to higher unemployment but lower income inequality. They also show that, at the top of the formal wage distribution, workers bear the cost of mandated benefits by receiving lower wages. Wage rigidity (due, say, to the minimum wage) prevents this downward adjustment at the bottom of the income distribution. As a result, formal sector jobs at the bottom of the wage distribution become more attractive, inducing the low-skilled self-employed to search for formal jobs.
Download or read book Mandated Benefits Employment and Inequality in a Dual Economy written by Rita Almeida and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mandated Benefits Employment and Inequality in a Dual Economy written by Rita Almeida and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper studies the effect of enforcing labor regulation in an economy with a dual labor market. The analysis uses data from Brazil, a country with a large informal sector and strict labor law, where enforcement affects mainly the degree of compliance with mandated benefits (severance pay and health and safety conditions) in the formal sector, and the registration of informal workers. The authors find that stricter enforcement leads to higher unemployment but lower income inequality. They also show that, at the top of the formal wage distribution, workers bear the cost of mandated benefits by receiving lower wages. Wage rigidity (due, say, to the minimum wage) prevents this downward adjustment at the bottom of the income distribution. As a result, formal sector jobs at the bottom of the wage distribution become more attractive, inducing the low-skilled self-employed to search for formal jobs.
Download or read book Inequality and Employment in a Dual Economy written by Rita K. Almeida and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Economic Dignity written by Gene Sperling and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2021-10-12 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Timely and important . . . It should be our North Star for the recovery and beyond.” —Hillary Clinton “Sperling makes a forceful case that only by speaking to matters of the spirit can liberals root their belief in economic justice in people’s deepest aspirations—in their sense of purpose and self-worth.” —The New York Times When Gene Sperling was in charge of coordinating economic policy in the Obama White House, he found himself surprised when serious people in Washington told him that the Obama focus on health care was a distraction because it was “not focused on the economy.” How, he asked, was the fear felt by millions of Americans of being one serious illness away from financial ruin not considered an economic issue? Too often, Sperling found that we measured economic success by metrics like GDP instead of whether the economy was succeeding in lifting up the sense of meaning, purpose, fulfillment, and security of people. In Economic Dignity, Sperling frames the way forward in a time of wrenching change and offers a vision of an economy whose guiding light is the promotion of dignity for all Americans.
Download or read book The Employment and Distributional Effects of Mandated Benefits written by June O'Neill and published by A E I Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free health benefits like free lunches are wishful thinking. There is no way to extend health insurance coverage to millions of people without paying for it. The employer mandate put forth in the Clinton health plan seems a poor way to pay the health bill. True, it would guarantee insurance to 18 million workers who now lack it. But this insurance will not be a gift, as the workers themselves will be compelled to pay for it through lower wages, and where wage rollbacks are infeasible, through reductions in employment. The employer subsidies added to the Clinton mandate would reduce the share of the bill paid through the employer, and therefore they would ameliorate job loss and wage rollbacks. But the subsidies are not enough to eliminate job loss and wage rollbacks, which remain significant. The subsidies also come at a price. In addition to increasing budget expenditures by $40 billion, the subsidy scheme generates inefficient reorganization of business, creating peculiar incentives to form small firms and to segregate high-skill and low-skill workers. These market distortions would not be present if increased health coverage were provided to low-income families through direct subsidies rather than through an employer mandate.
Download or read book The State of Working America 2006 2007 written by Lawrence R. Mishel and published by Comstock Publishing Associates. This book was released on 2007 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for previous editions of The State of Working America: "The State of Working America remains unrivaled as the most-trusted source for a comprehensive understanding of how working Americans and their families are faring in today's economy."--Robert B. Reich"It is the inequality of wealth, argue the authors, rather than new technology (as some would have it), that is responsible for the failure of America's workplace to keep pace with the country's economic growth. The State of Working America is a well-written, soundly argued, and important reference book."--Library Journal "If you want to know what happened to the economic well-being of the average American in the past decade or so, this is the book for you. It should be required reading for Americans of all political persuasions."--Richard Freeman, Harvard University "A truly comprehensive and useful book that provides a reality check on loose statements about U.S. labor markets. It should be cheered by all Americans who earn their living from work."--William Wolman, former chief economist, CNBC's Business Week "The State of Working America provides very valuable factual and analytic material on the economic conditions of American workers. It is the very best source of information on this important subject."--Ray Marshall, University of Texas, former U.S. Secretary of Labor"An indispensable work . . . on family income, wages, taxes, employment, and the distribution of wealth."--Simon Head, The New York Review of Books "No matter what political camp you're in, this is the single most valuable book I know of about the state of America, period. It is the most referenced, most influential resource book of its kind."--Jeff Madrick, author, The End of Affluence "This book is the single best yardstick for measuring whether or not our economic policies are doing enough to ensure that our economy can, once again, grow for everybody."--Richard A. Gephardt "The best place to review the latest developments in changes in the distribution of income and wealth."--Lester ThurowThe State of Working America, prepared biennially since 1988 by the Economic Policy Institute, includes a wide variety of data on family incomes, wages, taxes, unemployment, wealth, and poverty-data that enable the authors to closely examine the effect of the economy on the living standards of the American people.
Download or read book African Economic Outlook 2012 Promoting Youth Employment written by African Development Bank and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2012-05-28 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 11th edition of the African Economic Outlook provides coverage of all African countries except Somalia. This edition's focus concerns the promotion of youth employment in Africa.
Download or read book Income Inequality in the Course of Development of the Dual Economy written by Jens Lehrmann Rasmussen and published by . This book was released on 1993* with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality written by Ms.Era Dabla-Norris and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-06-15 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Download or read book Wage Inequality in a Dual Economy written by Jonathan Temple and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book The World Bank Research Program 2008 2009 written by World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2009 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The World Bank Research Program 2008-2009: Abstracts of Current Studies' is a compendium of research projects initiated, ongoing, or completed in fiscal years 2008 to 2009 by World Bank staff and consultants.
Download or read book Key Policies for Addressing the Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequities written by Centers of Disease Control and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2017-09-27 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Evidence indicates that actions within four main themes (early child development fair employment and decent work social protection and the living environment) are likely to have the greatest impact on the social determinants of health and health inequities. A systematic search and analysis of recommendations and policy guidelines from intergovernmental organizations and international bodies identified practical policy options for action on social determinants within these four themes. Policy options focused on early childhood education and care; child poverty; investment strategies for an inclusive economy; active labour market programmes; working conditions; social cash transfers; affordable housing; and planning and regulatory mechanisms to improve air quality and mitigate climate change. Applying combinations of these policy options alongside effective governance for health equity should enable WHO European Region Member States to reduce health inequities and synergize efforts to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Download or read book The Economics of Mandating Benefits for H 2B Workers written by Patrick A. McLaughlin and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper contains the written testimony of Patrick A. McLaughlin submitted in conjunction with oral testimony given before the Domestic Policy Subcommittee of the U.S. House Oversight and Government Reform Committee on April 23, 2009. Dr. McLaughlin stated that mandating benefits for H-2B guest workers, while well-intended, may have unintended consequences. If the goal of policymakers is to help H-2B workers avoid exploitation, then they should explore the option of adopting a "free agent" model for H-2B workers - that is, allow H-2B workers to change employers. A mandate that employers pay benefits for employees would mean that each employee becomes more expensive to employ, which may lead employers to find substitutes or to simply cut back on operations. In effect, mandating benefits for H-2B workers would lead to decreased demand for their services and increased demand for the services of substitutes. As a group, H-2B workers may not be better off because there would be less H-2B workers employed. Also, those H-2B workers who manage to get jobs with mandated benefits may be better off only if their employers do not pass the costs of the mandated benefits along to the workers in the form of lower wages. Most importantly, mandating benefits does not necessarily fix the fundamental problem, which is that an employee still cannot quit his job and find a new one if the employee dislikes the working conditions or if the employer violates the terms of the contract. Adopting a "free agent" model, on the other hand, directly addresses this problem while avoiding some of the unintended consequences. If H-2B workers are free to switch employers, then employers would have incentive not only to honor the terms of contracts but also to offer better wages and benefits in order to attract the best workers. This would empower H-2B workers with the freedom to move to the job where they are most valuable to the economy and also where they are best paid.
Download or read book Education Inequality and Development in a Dual Economy written by Kazuhiro Yuki and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops a dynamic dual-economy model and examines how the long-run outcome of an economy depends on the initial distribution of wealth and sectoral productivity.It is shown that, for fast transformation into a developed economy, the initial distribution must be such that extreme poverty is not prevalent so that most people can take education to acquire basic skills and the size of “middle class” is enough so that an adequate number of people can access education to acquire advanced skills. Both conditions seem to have held in successful East Asian nations, where, as in the model economy undergoing such transformation, the fraction of workers with advanced skills rose greatly and inequalities between these workers and others fell over time. In contrast, if the former condition holds but the latter does not, which would be the case for many nations falling into “middle income trap”, consistent with facts, the fraction of workers with basic skills and the share of the modern sector rise, but inequality between workers with advanced skills and with basic skills worsens and the traditional sector remains for long periods. If the former condition does not hold, which would be true for poorest economies, the dual structure and large inequality between workers without basic skills and others persist for very long periods. Consistently, Hanushek and Woessmann (2009) find that both the share of students with basic skills and that of top performance have significant effects on economic growth that are complementary each other.
Download or read book Growth and Wage Inequality in a Dual Economy written by Jonathan R.W Temple and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who benefits from economic growth? This paper analyses the distributional impact of different types of growth within a two-sector model. The paper first presents necessary and sufficient conditions for unambiguous changes in wage inequality in a dual economy, based on analysis of the entire Lorenz curve. These conditions are then applied to the Harris-Todaro model with an urban non-agricultural sector and rural agriculture. It is shown that capital accumulation or technical progress in agriculture can shift the Lorenz curve inwards and reduce wage inequality, while the effects of development in non-agriculture are typically ambiguous.
