Download or read book Managing Type 2 Diabetes For the Dummies Sugar Smarts Mastering Type 2 Diabetes Made Easy written by Prof Don Newton and published by Prof Don Newton. This book was released on with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the ultimate guide to managing Type 2 Diabetes with ease! "Managing Type 2 Diabetes For the Dummies: It's Not as Difficult as You Think" is your essential companion on the journey to a healthier and happier life. Packed with quick and easy recipes specifically designed for diabetes, this book will transform your approach to food and help you regain control of your health. In this comprehensive guide, renowned experts break down the complexities of Type 2 Diabetes into simple, actionable steps. Whether you've just been diagnosed or have been living with diabetes for years, this book provides invaluable insights, empowering you to take charge of your well-being. Are you tired of restrictive diets that leave you feeling deprived? Say goodbye to bland and boring meals! With our collection of delectable recipes, you'll discover a world of flavors that cater to your dietary needs. From mouthwatering breakfast options to satisfying main courses and indulgent desserts, these quick and easy recipes will make healthy eating a joyous experience. Inside "Managing Type 2 Diabetes For the Dummies," you'll find: · A comprehensive overview of Type 2 Diabetes, including its causes, symptoms, and complications. · Practical tips for managing blood sugar levels and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. · Expert advice on creating a personalized meal plan that suits your taste preferences and dietary requirements. · A wide variety of delicious recipes, each carefully crafted to support your diabetes management goals. · Guidance on portion control, carbohydrate counting, and making smart food choices. · Don't let Type 2 Diabetes hold you back from living your best life. With this book, you'll gain the knowledge and confidence to make positive changes that will transform your health. Say goodbye to the confusion and frustration, and embrace a life filled with vitality and well-being. "Managing Type 2 Diabetes For the Dummies: It's Not as Difficult as You Think" is a must-read for anyone seeking practical advice, delicious recipes, and a roadmap to effectively manage Type 2 Diabetes. Take the first step towards a healthier future today!

Download or read book Mastering Diabetes written by Cyrus Khambatta, PhD and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2020-02-18 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The instant New York Times bestseller. A groundbreaking method to master all types of diabetes by reversing insulin resistance. Current medical wisdom advises that anyone suffering from diabetes or prediabetes should eat a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. But in this revolutionary book, Cyrus Khambatta, PhD, and Robby Barbaro, MPH, rely on a century of research to show that advice is misguided. While it may improve short-term blood glucose control, such a diet also increases the long-term risk for chronic diseases like cancer, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, chronic kidney disease, and fatty liver disease. The revolutionary solution is to eat a low-fat plant-based whole-food diet, the most powerful way to reverse insulin resistance in all types of diabetes: type 1, type 1.5, type 2, prediabetes, and gestational diabetes. As the creators of the extraordinary and effective Mastering Diabetes Method, Khambatta and Barbaro lay out a step-by-step plan proven to reverse insulin resistance-the root cause of blood glucose variability- while improving overall health and maximizing life expectancy. Armed with more than 800 scientific references and drawing on more than 36 years of personal experience living with type 1 diabetes themselves, the authors show how to eat large quantities of carbohydrate-rich whole foods like bananas, potatoes, and quinoa while decreasing blood glucose, oral medication, and insulin requirements. They also provide life-changing advice on intermittent fasting and daily exercise and offer tips on eating in tricky situations, such as restaurant meals and family dinners. Perhaps best of all: On the Mastering Diabetes Method, you will never go hungry. With more than 30 delicious, filling, and nutrient-dense recipes and backed by cutting-edge nutritional science, Mastering Diabetes will help you maximize your insulin sensitivity, attain your ideal body weight, improve your digestive health, gain energy, live an active life, and feel the best you've felt in years.

Download or read book Healthy at Last written by Eric Adams and published by Hay House, Inc. This book was released on 2020-10-13 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York mayor Eric Adams is on a mission to tackle one of the most stubborn health problems in the country: chronic disease in the African American community. African Americans are heavier and sicker than any other group in the U.S., with nearly half of all Black adults suffering from some form of cardiovascular disease. After Adams woke up with severe vision loss one day in 2016, he learned that he was one of the nearly 5 million Black people living with diabetes-and, according to his doctor, he would have it for the rest of his life. A police officer for more than two decades, Adams was a connoisseur of the fast-food dollar menu. Like so many Americans with stressful jobs, the last thing he wanted to think about was eating healthfully. Fast food was easy, cheap, and comfortable. His diet followed him from the squad car to the state senate, and then to Brooklyn Borough Hall, where it finally caught up with him. But Adams was not ready to become a statistic. There was a better option besides medication and shots of insulin: food. Within three months of adopting a plant-based diet, he lost 35 pounds, lowered his cholesterol by 30 points, restored his vision, and reversed his diabetes. Now he is on a mission to revolutionize the health of not just the borough of Brooklyn, but of African Americans across the country. Armed with the hard science and real-life stories of those who have transformed their bodies by changing their diet, Adams shares the key steps for a healthy, active life. With this book, he shows readers how to avoid processed foods, cut down on salt, get more fiber, and substitute beef, chicken, pork, and dairy with delicious plant-based alternatives. In the process he explores the origins of soul food-a cuisine deeply important to the Black community, but also one rooted in the horrors of slavery-and how it can be reimagined with healthy alternatives. Features more than 50 recipes from celebrities and health experts, including Paul McCartney, Queen Afua, Jenné Claiborne, Bryant Jennings, Charity Morgan, Moby, and more! The journey to good health begins in the kitchen-not the hospital bed!

Download or read book Dash Diet Cookbook 250 Slow Cooker Recipes to Improve Your Health written by Marta Getty and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-22 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dash diet is a simple and easy way to lose some extra weight and to become a happier and healthier person. And slow cookers are simply the future in the kitchen not only because it allows you to work less in the kitchen. Slow cookers are so great because they help you cook healthy dishes using fresh and nutritious ingredients. So we gathered 250 best Dash recipes made in Slow Cooker Have a look at some of the recipes you are about to discover: Raspberry Oatmeal Chicken Omelet Spinach Pie Quinoa Curry Broccoli and Cauliflower Soup Potatoes Stew Chicken Breast Stew Mushroom Pilaf Cranberries, Cauliflower, and Mushroom Mix Stuffed White Mushrooms Cajun Peas Spread Pineapple Chicken Wings Apricot Cream Cinnamon Apples Cocoa Cake If you want to reduce the risk of heart disease, cancer, diabetes or even stroke you should consider adopting a healthy diet such as the Dash diet! And if you want to cook the best Dash diet dishes you have to use your Slow Cooker! Get your copy now!

Download or read book Hypoglycemia For Dummies written by Cheryl Chow and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-02-25 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This no-nonsense, plain-English guide lays out the facts you need to maintain a healthy body. Hypoglycemia simply means “low blood-sugar,” but without concrete symptoms it’s very hard to diagnose. It is nevertheless a condition that should be watched over carefully. People react differently to low blood sugar as well as to the treatment they receive. Hypoglycemia for Dummies explores this fickle condition and shows you how to manage your blood sugar to feel better. It offers expert advice on identifying symptoms, changing lifestyles, and also extensive coverage on diet, exercise, alternative treatments, and the link between low blood sugar and diabetes. This expanded 2nd edition provides: A thorough explanation of hypoglycemia and how it affects your body Exercise routines that lead to a healthier lifestyle Diet suggestions on what to eat and how often A basis for choosing a doctor that’s right for you Vitamins and supplements that treat your symptoms Ways to manage hypoglycemia in the workplace An explanation of how hypoglycemia affects family and friends Methods to de-stress yourself Complete with tips on helping other hypoglycemics and myth-debunking facts about the disease, Hypoglycemia for Dummies is the fast and simple way to learn and treat the condition, with the help of the most up-to-date medical information available. Escape the blood sugar blues and starting feeling better in no time!

Download or read book The Type 1 Diabetes Self Care Manual written by Wood Jamie and published by American Diabetes Association. This book was released on 2017-11-08 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care Manual: A Complete Guide to Type 1 Diabetes Across the Lifespan for People with Diabetes, Parents, and Caregivers offers practical, evidence-based and common sense help for people with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers. For the close to 1.5 million people with type 1 diabetes in the United States alone and their family and friends, this book will help them understand the effects of type 1 diabetes, not just when diagnosed, but throughout their lifespan. Dr. Jamie Wood and Dr. Anne Peters, two of the most respected and sought-after endocrinologists, provide an easy-to-follow narrative on all aspects of the disease. The Type 1 Diabetes Self-Care Manual will be the go-to reference for everyone touched by type 1 diabetes.

Download or read book DASH Diet For Dummies written by Sarah Samaan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-08-07 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lower your blood pressure in just two weeks with the #1 rated diet When high blood pressure becomes chronic, it's called hypertension—a condition that affects 970 million people worldwide, and is classified by the World Health Organization as a leading cause of premature death. While medications can help, nothing beats dietary and lifestyle modifications in the fight against high blood pressure, and the DASH diet is a powerful tool in your arsenal. Focusing on lowering sodium intake and increasing fiber, vitamins, and minerals can help lower your blood pressure in as little as two weeks. It's no wonder that the DASH Diet is ranked as the number 1 diet for three years in a row and is endorsed by the American Heart Association, The National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, and The Mayo Clinic. DASH Diet for Dummies is your ultimate guide to taking control of your body once and for all. Originally conceived to alleviate hypertension, the DASH Diet has been proven effective against a number of conditions including Type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, weight loss, and more. DASH Diet for Dummies contains all the information you need to put the diet into practice, including: Over 40 DASH-approved recipes, including meals, snacks, and desserts 100+ DASH-approved foods, including meats, seafood, sweets, and more Tips for navigating the grocery store and choosing healthier fare A 14-day Menu Planner to help you get started today The DASH Diet is built upon the principles of healthy eating and getting the most nutritional bang for your buck. Doctors even recommend DASH to their healthy patients as an easy, stress-free way to adopt the food habits that will serve them for life. DASH Diet for Dummies is your roadmap on the journey to good health, so get ready to start feeling better every day.

Download or read book The American Diabetes Association JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook written by Anne L. Peters and published by American Diabetes Association. This book was released on 2013-03-29 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The American Diabetes Association/JDRF Type 1 Diabetes Sourcebook serves as both an evidence-based reference work and consensus report outlining the most critical components of care for individuals with type 1 diabetes throughout their lifespan. The volume serves not only as a comprehensive guide for clinicians, but also reviews the evidence supporting these components of care and provides a perspective on the critical areas of research that are needed to improve our understanding of type 1 diabetes diagnosis and treatment. The volume focuses specifically on the needs of patients with type 1 diabetes and provides clear and detailed guidance on the current standards for the optimal treatment of type 1 diabetes from early childhood to later life. To accomplish the book’s editorial goals, Editors-in-Chief, Drs. Anne Peters and Lori Laffel, assembled an editorial steering committee of prominent research physicians, clinicians, and educators to develop the topical coverage. In addition, a Managing Editor was brought on to help the authors write and focus their chapters.

Download or read book Raising Goats For Dummies written by Cheryl K. Smith and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-01-28 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn to raise goats and start reaping the benefits of owning these fun and useful animals Raising goats is a major part of human life (and survival) around the world. The movement has increased in popularity in recent years as consumers embrace a more sustainable lifestyle, reject commercialism, move to organic food options, and raise concerns about industrial agriculture practices. Raising Goats For Dummies provides you with an introduction to all aspects of owning, caring for, and the day-to-day benefits of raising goats. Breaks down the complicated process of choosing and purchasing the right goat breed to meet your needs and getting facilities for your goat set up. Provides in-depth information on proper grooming, handling, feeding, and milking Covers the basics of goat health and nutrition Offers tips and advice for using your goat to produce milk, meat, fiber, and more You'll quickly understand what makes these useful and delightful creatures so popular and gain the knowledge and skills to properly care for and utilize their many offerings with help from Raising Goats For Dummies.

Download or read book The Complete Diabetes Cookbook written by America's Test Kitchen and published by America's Test Kitchen. This book was released on 2018-11-06 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2019 IACP Award Winner in the Health & Special Diet Category 2019 James Beard Award Finalist Take control of managing diabetes with a one-stop cookbook of 400-plus creative diabetes-friendly recipes. Meticulously tested recipes deliver exceptional flavor and maximum nutrition and provide a healthy way to cook and eat that truly benefits everyone but especially those battling diabetes. Complete nutritional information is provided with every recipe for easy reference. Diabetes is a health crisis. America's Test Kitchen's urgent mission is to provide a path to healthier eating for anyone cooking for diabetes and encourage home cooks to get into the kitchen with a complete collection of great-tasting recipes. Vetted by a dietician and a doctor, all of the more than 400 inspired recipes maximize healthy ingredients and flavor while adhering to specific nutritional guidelines. Enjoy every meal with fresh and creative recipes for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, including options for entertaining, snacks, and occasional sweet treats.

Download or read book Cook Smart Eat Well written by Jennifer A. Welper and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2022-01-04 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mayo Clinic’s Wellness Executive Chef brings you her expert tips, strategies, and more than 100 recipes to make healthy cooking at home more flavorful, less time-consuming, and a routine part of a healthy lifestyle. To improve your health and well-being, go beyond the idea of quick and easy recipes to establish smarter, time-saving habits in the kitchen. With Cook Smart, Eat Well by Jennifer Welper, the Wellness Executive Chef at Mayo Clinic, learn how to take a fresh approach to healthy eating by cooking more efficiently, using simple ingredients with bold flavors, and meal prepping with ease, so you can keep your family eating healthy and nutritious meals all week long. More than 100 original recipes offer something for every meal, including bright salads and soups, filling breakfasts, hearty comfort foods, savory lean meats and burgers, kid-friendly meals, and delicious desserts, as well as a week’s worth of vegetarian-friendly dishes that are completely meat-free. Alongside each recipe are notes from Chef Jen that give ideas for variations and substitutions, as well as tricks for maximizing flavors to make any homemade meal taste gourmet. Cook Smart, Eat Well includes recipes for: · Broccoli and smoked gouda frittata · Tomato, basil, and mozzarella panini · Broccoli cheddar soup · Basil pesto stuffed mushrooms · Savory mashed sweet potatoes · Blackened fish tacos · Black bean burgers · Cranberry apple crisp In addition, this photo-illustrated guide gives cooks of any level solid footing in the kitchen by helping you hone your cooking skills and learn time-saving shortcuts. You’ll find Jen’s best tips for investing in essential basic equipment, finding quality ingredients, mastering preparation methods, familiarizing yourself with a variety of spices and sauces, and safely storing and reheating leftovers. And whether you’re cooking for one or for a large family, you’ll get expert advice on incorporating meal planning into your routine in a way that streamlines your shopping and cooking, while allowing for flexibility and variety throughout the week. With Cook Smart, Eat Well, learn how to plan meals, prep food efficiently, and minimize your cooking time to make eating satisfying, nutritious meals part of your healthy lifestyle.

Download or read book 35 Top Best Diabetic Snacks Recipes written by Karen Berenice Harper and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-12-02 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are responsible for taking care of our bodies. And this quote by Buddha stresses the importance of it for everyone, irrespective of health conditions. And if you have one, making the best effort to manage it will benefit you as you would have fewer obstacles for your physical and mental health. When diagnosed with diabetics, we automatically believe that our life is going to alter drastically. But then, it is a faulty assumption. In a diabetic diet, no food groups or ingredients are off-limit. Instead, a moderate amount of every food item is the point emphasized. The key to control diabetics is the proper management of the menu. This book presents, according to the author, the best snacks for diabetes like diabetic health pack, food glycemic index chart and sugar substitutes. It's also a diabetic cookbook that will help diversify your diet. Author tried to include recipes for people with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes in the book. Diabetic snacks can be included in the diet for diabetes types, as well as pre-diabetic diet. Finding healthy diabetic snacks would be slightly tricky. They are certain conditions you need to consider while choosing diabetic meals. They should be low in calories, sugar, and carb and sodium while being high in fiber, fat, and proteins. When we snack on these nutrients, we should be able to advance our health. So that's why we are here with this cookbook. Through this book, we aim to put back flavor and choice back to this healthy diet. In this book, we have 35 simple and easy to make diabetic snacks recipe for you. Step by step, explanations of recipes in a straightforward manner is given. Furthermore, tips are provided wherein substitutions, if possible, are described. What's more, nutritional information is there so that you have the right understanding. Along with these recipes, we have also explained in detail about diabetics, varieties of diabetics, manifestations of diabetics, and rules of nutrition in diabetics so that you have a complete understanding of the disease that will aid you to manage diabetes effectively without much difficulty. So why are you waiting anymore to buy this book which has a mine of information about diabetes which you can dig in immediately? The recipes are guaranteed to tempt you while contributing to the health and well-being.

Download or read book Managing Type 2 Diabetes For Dummies written by American Diabetes Association and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-13 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover how to manage diabetes for a healthier and happier life! Written for anyone diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (and for anyone who loves someone with diabetes), Managing Type 2 Diabetes For Dummies is an essential guide to understanding the effects of diabetes and knowing what steps to take to successfully manage this chronic illness. Diabetes can lead to serious complications but people with diabetes can control the condition and lower the risk of its many complications. This is your easy-to-understand guide that shows you how. Under the direction of The American Diabetes Association, Managing Type 2 Diabetes For Dummies gives hope to the one in 11 people in the United States who are affected by the disease. Written in simple-to-understand terms, Managing Type 2 Diabetes For Dummies is filled with a wealth of expert advice and includes the most current information on recent medical advances for treatment. Improperly managed diabetes and consistently high blood glucose levels can lead to serious diseases affecting the heart and blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and teeth. With the authorities at the American Diabetes Association on your side, you will have a practical handbook for preventing complications and managing diabetes with confidence! Prevent and manage the complications of the disease Combat diabetes-related anxiety and depression Lead a healthy life with type 2 diabetes Tap into the better living “rules of the road” with Managing Type 2 Diabetes For Dummies. By modifying your diet, consulting with your doctors, staying active, and understanding what medications are right for you, you will be on the path to a happier and healthier lifestyle.

Download or read book The Ayurveda Solution to Type 2 Diabetes written by Jackie Christensen and published by Humanix Books. This book was released on 2021-06-15 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: AYURVEDA: A 12-WEEK SOLUTION TO PREVENT, REVERSE & TREAT TYPE 2 DIABETES AND LIVE A LONGER, HEALTHER LIFE! Dr Christensen has developed the perfect guidebook to help people navigate and understand the implications of Type 2 Diabetes from the Ayurvedic perspective with 48 delicious recipes. The Ayurveda Solution for Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinically Proven Program to Balance Blood Sugar in 12 Weeks will be the first book to: Trace the roots of Type 2 Diabetes through the Ayurvedic perspective Bring to life natural therapies that originated in Ayurveda, but are clinically proven and used in Western medicine Provide recent clinical research to support the most effective use of the diet, lifestyle, and herbal therapies Allow readers to discover their true nature and apply a constitution-specific program Include easy-to-follow bullet-point instructions Provide a 12-week program to balance blood sugar, including an 8-week elimination diet, a one-week detox, and a 3-week reintroduction of foods Incorporate an exercise journal, relaxation journal, food and blood-sugar journal to increase compliance Include delicious, easy-to-prepare recipes for each constitution Modern medicine emphasizes the structure of the body; Ayurveda, on the other hand, focuses on the energies behind that structure--the doshas. Each chapter is full of extraordinary facts, clinical research, useful tips, and instructions for therapeutic self-application. Each therapy includes a brief yet compelling overview of how Ayurveda made these astonishing discoveries thousands of years ago, which are now clinically proven and implemented in Western medicine. Following the 12-step program, which features an 8-week elimination diet, herbal therapies, dietary guidelines, lifestyle adjustments and fabulous recipes by award-winning culinary herbalist Pat Crocker, the reader will be on the road to getting her blood sugar under control and feeling better than she has in months or even years – knowing she is likely to be extending her life. Whether the reader is an Ayurveda novice or a serious student, the book – filled with practical advice, solid science and compassion – will be a valuable guide. Ayurveda can fully thrive in today's world, as its therapeutic approaches are proven through randomized controlled studies and adapted to a modern lifestyle. Ayurveda is supported through evidence-based scientific methods for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and has shown to get highly significant results. It is essential to integrate Ayurveda and modern medicine in treatment of Type 2 Diabetes, and The Ayurveda Solution for Type 2 Diabetes can help. Whether the reader is an Ayurveda novice or a serious student, the book – filled with practical advice, solid science and compassion – will be a valuable guide. START AYURVEDA THERAPY & START FEELING BETTER TODAY!

Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.

Download or read book American Heart Association Low Fat Low Cholesterol Cookbook written by and published by Clarkson Potter Publishers. This book was released on 2005-09-13 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A third edition of the popular healthy recipe primer features fifty new dishes, including Smoked Salmon Dip with Cucumber and Herbs and Key Lime Tart with Tropical Fruit, in a guide that shares the most recent scientific guidelines for promoting heart health through diet. Reprint. 30,000 first printing.

Download or read book Mastering the Life Plan written by Jeffry S Life and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2014-06-24 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A companion to 'The life plan' distills the author's fitness program into a simple, customizable format that incorporates additional exercises, new meal plans, an expanded food guide, and the latest information on hormone optimization.