Download or read book Male Circumcision as an HIV Prevention Strategy in Sub Saharan Africa written by Lawrence O. Gostin and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: UNAIDS and WHO recommend safe, voluntary male circumcision as an additional, important strategy for the prevention of heterosexually-acquired HIV in men in areas with high HIV prevalence and low levels of male circumcision. Comprehensive male circumcision services should include HIV testing and counseling, partner reduction, and male and female condom use. Yet, male circumcision can have deep symbolic meaning that could pose barriers to implementation. In some parts of the world, it is a traditional practice with religious or cultural significance, in others it is a common hygiene intervention, and in yet others it is unfamiliar or foreign. Consequently, the proportion of men who are circumcised varies from 5% to 80%, with an estimated 30-40% of adult men circumcised worldwide. Confirming a number of observational studies, three randomized controlled trials in Africa have shown that circumcision reduces the likelihood of female-to-male HIV transmission by 50-60%, leading WHO/UNAIDS to conclude that the evidence is "compelling." Male circumcision is a relatively simple, inexpensive one-time surgical procedure that is cost-effective, but raises a host of ethical, legal, and human rights challenges.
Download or read book Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics written by and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-08-21 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Preventing and Mitigating AIDS in Sub Saharan Africa written by National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Data and Research Priorities for Arresting AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa continues to affect all facets of life throughout the subcontinent. Deaths related to AIDS have driven down the life expectancy rate of residents in Zambia, Kenya, and Uganda with far-reaching implications. This book details the current state of the AIDS epidemic in Africa and what is known about the behaviors that contribute to the transmission of the HIV infection. It lays out what research is needed and what is necessary to design more effective prevention programs.
Download or read book Cutting the Risk written by Aaron Travis Norton and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation traces the science, ethics and politics of male circumcision's emergence as an HIV-risk category and prevention strategy. In 2005 and 2007, three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in sub-Saharan Africa demonstrated male circumcision's potential to reduce female-to-male transmission by 60% in comparison to uncircumcised men. Shortly afterward, the World Health Organization endorsed male circumcision's use as an HIV-risk reduction strategy among heterosexual men in high HIV prevalence areas. Since then, the claim that male circumcision reduces HIV-risk by 60% has proliferated, becoming a site of contestation among a diverse array of actors often far from the context in which the statistic was produced. This dissertation follows the production and circulation of this statistic to examine the consequences of implicating an anatomical structure (i.e., the male foreskin) in the spread of an incurable disease. By attending to a relative risk statistic as a discursive object with ethical implications, I consider its power to structure epidemiological interventions and individual subjectivities. As such, I consider circumcision's emergence as an HIV-risk reduction strategy in relation to broader shifts in health management aimed at identifying and "treating" previously unknown biological vulnerabilities. Drawing on 50 in-depth interviews, ethnographic fieldwork at conferences, and extensive review of scientific documents, I provide analysis of: 1) campaigns encouraging African men to undergo circumcision to slow the spread of HIV; 2) surveys that ask men if they'd be willing to undergo circumcision to reduce their risk; 3) gay men's interpretations of the statistic in San Francisco; and 4) disputes among medical authorities regarding the statistic's implications for neonatal circumcision policy in the United States and Australia. In each case, I consider how the ambiguities inherent in extrapolating a relative risk statistic to individuals, groups, or contexts beyond that of the RCTs enabled multiple and sometimes conflicting interpretations of the statistic's relevance. For example, differing notions about where to locate HIV-risk - in the body, behavior, or context - played a key role in some gay men's interpretations of the statistic for their own lives, as well as in scientific disputes over the statistic's relevance for contexts where the nature of the HIV-epidemic is different from that of the trials. This project builds upon perspectives from science and technology studies, sociology, anthropology, and psychology, which posit that attempts to quantify danger using the science of probabilities cannot fully represent subjective threats to health, nor provide a single path for negotiating them.
Download or read book Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2020-08-31 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 2007 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) have recommended voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) as an important strategy for the prevention of heterosexually acquired HIV in men in settings where the prevalence of heterosexually transmitted HIV is high. Over 25 million men and adolescent boys in East and Southern Africa have been reached with VMMC services. These new guidelines update earlier WHO recommendations to maximize the HIV prevention impact of safe VMMC services and aim to guide the transition to the sustained provision of interventions with a focus on the health and well-being of both adolescent boys and men.
Download or read book UNAIDS Legal and Regulatory Self assessment Tool for Male Circumcision in Sub Saharan Africa written by Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This self-assessment tool provides practical guidance on legal, regulatory, and policy considerations associated with implementation and scale-up of male circumcision services for HIV transmission prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. The results of the assessment process will be useful for health program planners and others who are considering the introduction or expansion of male circumcision services in the context of comprehensive HIV prevention programs. It is intended to be used periodically in all countries, regardless of implementation stage, to gauge how well the existing legal and regulatory framework is supporting male circumcision service scale-up for HIV prevention and indicate what changes may be required.
Download or read book Uganda AIDS Indicator Survey 2011 written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Intimate Interventions in Global Health written by Rachel Sullivan Robinson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When addressing the factors shaping HIV prevention programs in sub-Saharan Africa, it is important to consider the role of family planning programs that preceded the epidemic. In this book, Rachel Sullivan Robinson argues that both globally and locally, those working to prevent HIV borrowed and adapted resources, discourses, and strategies used for family planning. By combining statistical analysis of all sub-Saharan African countries with comparative case studies of Malawi, Nigeria, and Senegal, Robinson also shows that the nature of countries' interactions with the international community, the strength and composition of civil society, and the existence of technocratic leaders influenced variation in responses to HIV. Specifically, historical and existing relationships with outside actors, the nature of nongovernmental organizations, and perceptions of previous interventions strongly structured later health interventions through processes of path dependence and policy feedback. This book will be of great use to scholars and practitioners interested in global health, international development, African studies and political science.
Download or read book Is routine circumcision an effective prevention strategy against HIV 1 infection written by Vivianne Barole Nambozo and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Surgical Temptation written by Robert Darby and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2013-09-20 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the eighteenth century, the Western world viewed circumcision as an embarrassing disfigurement peculiar to Jews. A century later, British doctors urged parents to circumcise their sons as a routine precaution against every imaginable sexual dysfunction, from syphilis and phimosis to masturbation and bed-wetting. Thirty years later the procedure again came under hostile scrutiny, culminating in its disappearance during the 1960s. Why Britain adopted a practice it had traditionally abhorred and then abandoned it after only two generations is the subject of A Surgical Temptation. Robert Darby reveals that circumcision has always been related to the question of how to control male sexuality. This study explores the process by which the male genitals, and the foreskin especially, were pathologized, while offering glimpses into the lives of such figures as James Boswell, John Maynard Keynes, and W. H. Auden. Examining the development of knowledge about genital anatomy, concepts of health, sexual morality, the rise of the medical profession, and the nature of disease, Darby shows how these factors transformed attitudes toward the male body and its management and played a vital role in the emergence of modern medicine.
Download or read book Medical Circumcision and HIV AIDS Policy written by James Kityo and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first randomized controlled studies were conducted on medical circumcision to assess their effectiveness on reducing HIV transmission, health systems have made considerable progress in adopting this practice in their HIV/AIDS and sexual reproductive health policies. As such, medical circumcision is being adopted as an additional intervention measure to support previous practices for reducing HIV infections in various countries or settings. James Kityo's pioneering book examines contexts, processes, policy projections, and likely engagements by reviewing sexual reproductive health policies or practices, and literature on medical circumcision, and identifies existing opportunities and challenges. His book also explores the medical, gender, ethical, socio-economic, and human rights dimensions of medical circumcision as an HIV/AIDS prevention method. Following peer-reviewed studies, Kityo found compelling evidence documenting the effectiveness of medical circumcision in reducing HIV transmission, and discusses this evidence in the context of HIV/AIDS in a developing health system in Sub-Saharan Africa. The author concludes that there is a range of opportunities from research and current practice to enable policy makers to adopt medical circumcision and other interventions at their disposal in order to reduce infections from HIV and AIDS-related deaths. The author suggests feasible recommendations for implementing successful HIV/AIDS prevention programs in developing nations' health systems, including medical circumcision's gradual inclusion in health practices; stakeholder support; an elaborate review of this intervention by women, politicians, religious communities, and funding agencies. The author introduces a guided action plan, which can be used as a launch pad to enhance the learning process in the integration of medical circumcision in existing health practices.
Download or read book The Potential Impact of Male Circumcision on HIV in Sub Saharan Africa written by and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Background: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) has shown that male circumcision (MC) reduces sexual transmission of HIV from women to men by 60% (32%-76%; 95% CI) offering an intervention of proven efficacy for reducing the sexual spread of HIV. We explore the implications of this finding for the promotion of MC as a public health intervention to control HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods and Findings: Using dynamical simulation models we consider the impact of MC on the relative prevalence of HIV in men and women and in circumcised and uncircumcised men. Using country level data on HIV prevalence and MC, we estimate the impact of increasing MC coverage on HIV incidence, HIV prevalence, and HIV-related deaths over the next ten, twenty, and thirty years in sub-Saharan Africa. Assuming that full coverage of MC is achieved over the next ten years, we consider three scenarios in which the reduction in transmission is given by the best estimate and the upper and lower 95% confidence limits of the reduction in transmission observed in the RCT. MC could avert 2.0 (1.1-3.8) million new HIV infections and 0.3 (0.1-0.5) million deaths over the next ten years in sub-Saharan Africa. In the ten years after that, it could avert a further 3.7 (1.9-7.5) million new HIV infections and 2.7 (1.5-5.3) million deaths, with about one quarter of all the incident cases prevented and the deaths averted occurring in South Africa. We show that a) MC will increase the proportion of infected people who are women from about 52% to 58%; b) where there is homogenous mixing but not all men are circumcised, the prevalence of infection in circumcised men is likely to be about 80% of that in uncircumcised men; c) MC is equivalent to an intervention, such as a vaccine or increased condom use, that reduces transmission in both directions by 37%. Conclusions: This analysis is based on the result of just one RCT, but if the results of that trial are confirmed we suggest that MC could substantially reduce the burden of HIV in Africa, especially in southern Africa where the prevalence of MC is low and the prevalence of HIV is high. While the protective benefit to HIV-negative men will be immediate, the full impact of MC on HIV-related illness and death will only be apparent in ten to twenty years.
Download or read book Male Circumcision as Partial HIV AIDS Prevention Strategy in South Africa written by Salathiel Tsimane and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.
Download or read book Assessing and enhancing sustainable voluntary medical male circumcision services for HIV prevention in East and Southern Africa written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-11-03 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Surgical Guide to Circumcision written by David A. Bolnick and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-25 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Surgical Guide to Circumcision is a compendium of the who, what, where, why, and most importantly, the how of circumcision. Given that one third of the world’s males have undergone this most ancient of surgical procedures, a contemporary resource on the subject is in order. Most circumcisions are elective with no acute medical necessity; that is, most are done for cultural reasons. Thus, in addition to being a standard surgical guide for those who perform circumcision, this book is an anthology of circumcision, from its prehistoric roots to its present day admixture of religion, culture, and medicine. Surgical Guide to Circumcision is a fully illustrated, step-by-step guide to the most common techniques of circumcision and addresses aspects such as informed consent, religious and cultural sensitivities, pre-exam, post-care, pain control, and prevention and management of potential complications. Written by experts in the field, Surgical Guide to Circumcision will appeal to family physicians, pediatricians, obstetricians, midwives, nurses, urologist, and anyone with a general interest in circumcision.
Download or read book Safe Voluntary Informed Male Circumcision and Comprehensive HIV Prevention Programming written by Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2009 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the world HIV prevalence is generally lower in populations that practice male circumcision than in populations where most men are uncircumcised. This has been observed over the years of the epidemic and has been confirmed by three randomized controlled trials concluded in 2005-2006. The results have led to the conclusion that male circumcision is an effective risk-reduction measure for men and should be used in addition to other known strategies for the prevention of heterosexually acquired infection. This book provides guidance to decision makers on human rights, ethical and legal considerations that need to be addressed before planning to provide male circumcision services within the response to HIV.
