Download or read book Magmatic Processes at Mid ocean Ridges written by Rachel E. Sours-Page and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Magmatic processes control the chemical compositions of all lavas erupted at mid-ocean ridges. In this thesis, I present studies of magmatic processes on three different mid-ocean ridges to determine which processes are in action and to what extent each has affected the chemistry of mid-ocean ridge basalts at each location. On the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, major and trace element data from enriched and depleted lavas and melt inclusions indicate that lavas and melt inclusions are the results of partial melting of a heterogeneous source. Trace element models suggest that depleted lavas are formed from variable degrees of partial melting of a refractory harzburgite source, while enriched lavas result from very small degrees of melting of a clinopyroxenite source. Major and trace element data from axial and seamount lavas and melt inclusions from the northern East Pacific Rise indicate that chemical differences between axial and seamount magmas result from varying exposure to crustal and axial magma chamber processes. Seamount lavas and inclusions are more crystal rich and contain a greater number of inclusions that are generally more primitive and exhibit a larger compositional range in both the incompatible and trace elements. Seamount lavas leave the axial magma chamber before axial lavas, and thereby miss the further fractionation and crystal sorting. Major element data from Southeast Indian Ridge lavas suggest that the dominant control of MORB chemistry is mantle temperature. Lavas from this region range from high Na, low Fe in the east to low Na, high Fe8 in the west, suggestive of higher high Na8, low Fe8 in the east to low Na8, high Fe8 in the west, suggestive of higher pressures and extents of melting in the western part of the study area. Variable degrees and pressures of melting are consistent with a mantle temperature gradient which extends from hot mantle below the Amsterdam-St Paul hotspot to cold mantle below the Australian-Antarctic Discordance.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences written by Jan Harff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-01-14 with total page 1000 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globally growing demand of energy and mineral resources, reliable future projection of climate processes and the protection of coasts to mitigate the threats of disasters and hazards require a comprehensive understanding of the structure, ongoing processes and genesis of the marine geosphere. Beyond the “classical” research fields in marine geology in current time more general concepts have been evolved integrating marine geophysics, hydrography, marine biology, climatology and ecology. As an umbrella the term “marine geosciences” has been broadly accepted for this new complex field of research and the solutions of practical tasks in the marine realm. The “Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences” comprises the current knowledge in marine geosciences whereby not only basic but also applied and technical sciences are covered. Through this concept a broad scale of users in the field of marine sciences and techniques is addressed from students and scholars in academia to engineers and decision makers in industry and politics.
Download or read book Faulting and Magmatism at Mid Ocean Ridges written by W. Roger Buck and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1998-02-04 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book can benefit the nonspecialist who wants to keep up with work on magmatism and tectonics, as well as researchers working on mid-ocean ridges."--BOOK JACKET.
Download or read book Magmatic Processes Beneath Mid ocean Ridges written by Amy E. Lange and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prior to eruption at mid-ocean ridges, melts must travel through>6 km of crust from their origin in the mantle. The final composition of the melts is dependent on both the melting conditions and magmatic processes within the crust. While mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) glasses are commonly used to infer melting conditions, including upper mantle composition, extent of melting and melt aggregation, evidence suggests that the final erupted MORB melt is significantly affected by magma mixing, fractionation, and melt-wallrock interactions, which significantly alter the original composition of the melt. A yet unresolved problem in interpreted erupted basaltic glass is the relative role of mantle processes and crustal processes in their contribution to MORB. The three manuscripts in this dissertation use plagioclase phenocrysts in plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) to attempt to address the nature of the magmatic processes occurring within the oceanic crust prior to eruption. Plagioclase megacrysts and host glasses were analyzed for Sr-isotopic compositions in multiple samples from multiple spreading ridges. The resultant data reveals that the plagioclase megacrysts are often in isotopic disequilibrium with the melt they are erupted in. Some of the samples also display significant inter- and intra-crystalline disequilibria. As Cl concentrations in melt inclusions were low, the observed isotopic heterogeneity cannot be caused by interaction with seawater. Rather, the varied Sr-isotopes in plagioclase are the result of growth from distinct mantle components and some physical process is responsible for entraining the plagioclase into the final melt. To better interpret this isotopic disequilibria recorded in plagioclase, this physical process which is responsible for the eruption of these plagioclase-rich magmas must be understood. No systematic difference exists between the lavas that erupt abundant plagioclase phenocrysts and those lavas from the same ridge segments that are aphyric. Because these plagioclase crystals are typically high anorthite (>An0), the phenocrysts are typically more dense than the melt they are erupted in. Thus a simple floatation model is not sufficient to explain the eruption of PUBs. PUBs only erupt in locations without currently imaged magma chambers, mainly fast spreading ridges, because prolonged residence in a magma chamber would cause the dense plagioclase to settle out. PUBs may erupt, however, when magmas carrying plagioclase crystals travel through conduits without magma chambers and do not stall in the crust for extended periods of time. Finally, the plagioclase megacrysts in this study were analyzed for trace element concentrations, in addition to melt inclusions, olivine and host glass analyses. Collection of this suite of data allows for a more complete representation of the pre-eruptive history of individual basalts. Using appropriate partition coefficients for anorthitic plagioclase, liquids that were in trace element equilibrium with the megacrysts can be calculated and then compared to the array of lavas that are erupted on the surface. Liquids in equilibrium with plagioclase are more primitive than erupted MORB glasses in the same region and are typically not parental to the host lava in which the megacrysts were erupted. These primitive liquids often appear to be parental to other erupted lavas by fractional crystallization alone. Plagioclase equilibrium liquids that cannot be modeled as parental to the host lava are typically display isotopic disequilibrium as well. For samples that display trace element heterogeneity, many of the liquids in equilibrium with plagioclase can be modeled as resulting from progressive melting of a single mantle source.
Download or read book Hydrothermal Processes at Seafloor Spreading Centers written by Peter A. Rona and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-21 with total page 802 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the past ten years, evidence has developed to indicate that seawater convects through oceanic crust driven by heat derived from creation of lithosphere at the Earth-encircling oceanic ridge-rift system of seafloor spreading centers. This has stimulated multiple lines of research with profound implications for the earth and life sciences. The lines of research comprise the role of hydrothermal convection at seafloor spreading centers in the Earth's thermal regime by cooling of newly formed litho sphere (oceanic crust and upper mantle); in global geochemical cycles and mass balances of certain elements by chemical exchange between circulating seawater and basaltic rocks of oceanic crust; in the concentration of metallic mineral deposits by ore-forming processes; and in adaptation of biological communities based on a previously unrecognized form of chemosynthesis. The first work shop devoted to interdisciplinary consideration of this field was organized by a committee consisting of the co-editors of this volume under the auspices of a NATO Advanced Research Institute (ARI) held 5-8 April 1982 at the Department of Earth Sciences of Cambridge University in England. This volume is a product of that workshop. The papers were written by members of a pioneering research community of marine geologists, geophysicists, geochemists and biologists whose work is at the stage of initial description and interpretation of hydrothermal and associated phenomena at seafloor spreading centers.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Geochemistry written by C.P. Marshall and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1999-07-31 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a complete and authoritative reference text on an evolving field. Over 200 international scientists have written over 340 separate topics on different aspects of geochemistry including organics, trace elements, isotopes, high and low temperature geochemistry, and ore deposits, to name just a few.
Download or read book Processes of Magmatic and Tectonic Accretion of Oceanic Lithosphere at Mid ocean Ridges written by Anke Dannowski and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Geo Platinum 87 written by Hazel Prichard and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-10-19 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Geo-Platinum 87 Symposium, held at the Open University during April 1987, was designed as a forum for presentation of new research results on the occurrence, genesis, geochemistry, mineralogy and analysis of the platinum-group elements (PGE). With the support of the Open University and the Mineral Industry Research Organisation, the symposium was attended by 115 representatives of university departments, research institutions and members of the mining and mineral exploration industries. An introduction to the symposium was provided by two invited papers from C. J. Morrissey (Riofinex North) and C. R. N. Clark (Johnson Matthey) which were designed to give perspective to the goals of PGE research work. The first of these papers gave a provocative insight into the aims and objectives of an exploration manager, examining the influence of supply, demand and perceived world reserves on exploration strategy. The second invited paper gave a valuable view of the industrial uses, market trends and predicted changes in the commercial value of the platinum-group elements from the standpoint of a refining company and supplier. These invited papers are reproduced in this volume and are followed by twenty four full papers and twenty abstracts that reflect the wide range of research topics presented at the symposium.
Download or read book Magmatic Processes Related to Seafloor Spreading written by Charles Michael Weiland and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mid Ocean Ridges written by Johnson Robin Cann and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1999-07-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covers the most important problems that arise at mid-ocean ridges; for researchers working in the earth sciences.
Download or read book Processes of Magmatic and Tectonic Accretion of Oceanic Litosphere at Mid Ocean Ridges written by Anke Dannowski and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Physical Geology written by Steven Earle and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 628 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a discount Black and white version. Some images may be unclear, please see BCCampus website for the digital version.This book was born out of a 2014 meeting of earth science educators representing most of the universities and colleges in British Columbia, and nurtured by a widely shared frustration that many students are not thriving in courses because textbooks have become too expensive for them to buy. But the real inspiration comes from a fascination for the spectacular geology of western Canada and the many decades that the author spent exploring this region along with colleagues, students, family, and friends. My goal has been to provide an accessible and comprehensive guide to the important topics of geology, richly illustrated with examples from western Canada. Although this text is intended to complement a typical first-year course in physical geology, its contents could be applied to numerous other related courses.
Download or read book Magmatic Rifting and Active Volcanism written by T.J. Wright and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2016-09-06 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A major rifting episode began in the Afar region of northern Ethiopia in September 2005. Over a ten-day period, c. 2.5 km3 of magma were intruded along a 60 km-long dyke separating the Arabian and Nubian plates. Over the next five years, a further 13 dyke intrusions caused continued extension, eruptions and seismicity. This activity led to a renewed international focus on the role of magmatism in rifting, with major international collaborative projects working in Afar and Ethiopia to study the ongoing activity and to place it in a broader context. This book brings together articles that explore the role of magmatism in rifting, from the initiation of continental break-up through to full seafloor spreading. We also explore the hazards related to rifting and the associated volcanism. This work has implications for our understanding of how continents break-up and the associated distribution of resources in rift basins and continental margins.
Download or read book Processes of Magmatic and Tectonic Accretion of Oceanic Lithosphere at Mid ocean Ridges written by Anke Dannowski and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Earthquake and Volcanic Processes at Mid ocean Ridges written by Yen Joe Tan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this thesis, I present results that broadly fall into two themes. The first involves understanding active tectonic and magmatic processes at mid-ocean ridges. The second involves using small stress changes due to the tides to probe earthquake processes at mid-ocean ridges. The four main results of my thesis are as follow: (1) The spatiotemporal evolution of an eruption at a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge, the East Pacific Rise, is now characterized and understood to be mainly controlled by the buildup of tectonic stress to a critical level rather than magma overpressure. (2) Microearthquakes at the East Pacific Rise are found to be strongly modulated by tides in the years before an eruption but not immediately after the eruption, suggesting the potential utility of tidal triggering strength for eruption forecasting. (3) Earthquake size-frequency distribution, often quantified using the b value, is shown to vary systematically with tidal stresses which lends support to the use of earthquake b value as an in-situ stressmeter. (4) The 2015 Axial Seamount eruption is revealed to be preceded by variable rates of melt influx into the shallow reservoir, highlighting the short-timescale variability of magmatic systems as they are primed for an eruption.
Download or read book Timescales of Magmatic Processes written by Anthony Dosseto and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantifying the timescales of current geological processes is critical for constraining the physical mechanisms operating on the Earth today. Since the Earth’s origin 4.55 billion years ago magmatic processes have continued to shape the Earth, producing the major reservoirs that exist today (core, mantle, crust, oceans and atmosphere) and promoting their continued evolution. But key questions remain. When did the core form and how quickly? How are magmas produced in the mantle, and how rapidly do they travel towards the surface? How long do magmas reside in the crust, differentiating and interacting with the host rocks to yield the diverse set of igneous rocks we see today? How fast are volcanic gases such as carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere? This book addresses these and other questions by reviewing the latest advances in a wide range of Earth Science disciplines: from the measurement of short-lived radionuclides to the study of element diffusion in crystals and numerical modelling of magma behaviour. It will be invaluable reading for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as igneous petrologists, mineralogists and geochemists involved in the study of igneous rocks and processes.
Download or read book Volcanotectonics written by Agust Gudmundsson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 601 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains and illustrates volcanic structures, products and processes, with worked examples and exercises, for students and professionals.
