Download or read book Low Salinity Water Flooding of Heavy Oil Reservoirs written by Dayo Afekare and published by . This book was released on 2016-08-12 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding written by Kun Sang Lee and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2019-04-03 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Smart Waterflooding explains the latest technologies used in the integration of low-salinity and smart waterflooding in other EOR processes to reduce risks attributed to numerous difficulties in existing technologies, also introducing the synergetic effects. Covering both lab and field work and the challenges ahead, the book delivers a cutting-edge product for today’s reservoir engineers. Explains how smart waterflooding is beneficial to each EOR process, such as miscible, chemical and thermal technologies Discusses the mechanics and modeling involved using geochemistry Provides extensive tools, such as reservoir simulations through experiments and field tests, establishing a bridge between theory and practice

Download or read book Core Analysis written by Colin McPhee and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-12-10 with total page 853 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Core Analysis: A Best Practice Guide is a practical guide to the design of core analysis programs. Written to address the need for an updated set of recommended practices covering special core analysis and geomechanics tests, the book also provides unique insights into data quality control diagnosis and data utilization in reservoir models. The book's best practices and procedures benefit petrophysicists, geoscientists, reservoir engineers, and production engineers, who will find useful information on core data in reservoir static and dynamic models. It provides a solid understanding of the core analysis procedures and methods used by commercial laboratories, the details of lab data reporting required to create quality control tests, and the diagnostic plots and protocols that can be used to identify suspect or erroneous data. Provides a practical overview of core analysis, from coring at the well site to laboratory data acquisition and interpretation Defines current best practice in core analysis preparation and test procedures, and the diagnostic tools used to quality control core data Provides essential information on design of core analysis programs and to judge the quality and reliability of core analysis data ultimately used in reservoir evaluation Of specific interest to those working in core analysis, porosity, relative permeability, and geomechanics

Download or read book Experimental Investigation of Low Salinity Water Flooding to Improve Viscous Oil Recovery from the Schrader Bluff Reservoir on Alaska North Slope written by 程耀泽 and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Alaska's North Slope (ANS) contains vast resources of viscous oil that have not been developed efficiently using conventional water flooding. Although thermal methods are most commonly applied to recover viscous oil, they are impractical on ANS because of the concern of thawing the permafrost, which could cause disastrous environmental damage. Recently, low salinity water flooding (LSWF) has been considered to enhance oil recovery by reducing residual oil saturation in the Schrader Bluff viscous oil reservoir. In this study, lab experiments have been conducted to investigate the potential of LSWF to improve heavy oil recovery from the Schrader Bluff sand. Fresh-state core plugs cut from preserved core samples with original oil saturations have been flooded sequentially with high salinity water, low salinity water, and softened low salinity water. The cumulative oil production and pressure drops have been recorded, and the oil recovery factors and residual oil saturation after each flooding have been determined based on material balance. In addition, restored-state core plugs saturated with viscous oil have been employed to conduct unsteady-state displacement experiments to measure the oil-water relative permeabilities using high salinity water and low salinity water, respectively. The emulsification of provided viscous oil and low salinity water has also been investigated. Furthermore, the contact angles between the crude oil and reservoir rock have been measured. It has been found that the core plugs are very unconsolidated, with porosity and absolute permeability in the range of 33% to 36% and 155 mD to 330 mD, respectively. A produced crude oil sample having a viscosity of 63 cP at ambient conditions was used in the experiments. The total dissolved solids (TDS) of the high salinity water and the low salinity water are 28,000 mg/L and 2,940 mg/L, respectively. Softening had little effect on the TDS of the low salinity water, but the concentration of Ca2+ was reduced significantly. The residual oil saturations were reduced gradually by applying LSWF and softened LSWF successively after high salinity water flooding. On average, LSWF can improve viscous oil recovery by 6.3% OOIP over high salinity water flooding, while the softened LSWF further enhances the oil recovery by 1.3% OOIP. The pressure drops observed in the LSWF and softened LSWF demonstrate more fluctuation than that in the high salinity water flooding, which indicates potential clay migration in LSWF and softened LSWF. Furthermore, it was found that, regardless of the salinities, the calculated water relative permeabilities are much lower than the typical values in conventional systems, implying more complex reactions between the reservoir rock, viscous oil, and injected water. Mixing the provided viscous oil and low salinity water generates stable water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. The viscosities of the W/O emulsions made from water-oil ratios of 20:80 and 50:50 are higher than that of the provided viscous oil. Moreover, the contact angle between the crude oil and reservoir rock in the presence of low salinity water is larger than that in the presence of high salinity water, which may result from the wettability change of the reservoir rock by contact with the low salinity water.

Download or read book Low Salinity and Engineered Water Injection for Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs written by Emad Walid Al Shalabi and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2017-06-14 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low Salinity and Engineered Water Injection for Sandstone and Carbonate Reservoirs provides a first of its kind review of the low salinity and engineered water injection (LSWI/EWI) techniques for today’s more complex enhanced oil recovery methods. Reservoir engineers today are challenged in the design and physical mechanisms behind low salinity injection projects, and to date, the research is currently only located in numerous journal locations. This reference helps readers overcome these challenging issues with explanations on models, experiments, mechanism analysis, and field applications involved in low salinity and engineered water. Covering significant laboratory, numerical, and field studies, lessons learned are also highlighted along with key areas for future research in this fast-growing area of the oil and gas industry. After an introduction to its techniques, the initial chapters review the main experimental findings and explore the mechanisms behind the impact of LSWI/EWI on oil recovery. The book then moves on to the critical area of modeling and simulation, discusses the geochemistry of LSWI/EWI processes, and applications of LSWI/EWI techniques in the field, including the authors’ own recommendations based on their extensive experience. It is an essential reference for professional reservoir and field engineers, researchers and students working on LSWI/EWI and seeking to apply these methods for increased oil recovery. Teaches users how to understand the various mechanisms contributing to incremental oil recovery using low salinity and engineering water injection (LSWI/EWI) in sandstones and carbonates Balances guidance between designing laboratory experiments, to applying the LSWI/EWI techniques at both pilot-scale and full-field-scale for real-world operations Presents state-of-the-art approaches to simulation and modeling of LSWI/EWI

Download or read book Numerical Study of Low Salinity Water Flooding in Naturally Fractured Oil Reservoirs written by Reda Abdel Azim and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the increase of the activities in the oil industries, higher interest has been given to enhance the recover the trapped oil and produce more oil from the matured reservoirs. Worldwide, enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is implemented in most reservoirs to recover additional amounts of oil that are not recovered during secondary recovery by water flood or gas injection. Recently, a numerous techniques such as thermal, miscible, immiscible and chemical has proposed to enhanced oil recovery and to increase the producible oil from oil reservoirs. The suitability and the success of a specific EOR process are highly sensitive to reservoir and fluid characteristics, recovery efficiency, availability of injected fluids, and costs. One of the common techniques which have been proposed recently is low salinity water flooding where the sea water with a controlled salinity and salt content is used to alter the rock wettability or enhance the fine migration and resulted in higher oil production. This study aims to investigate the possibility of using low salinity water flooding in naturally fractured reservoirs. The wettability changes are taking into account in terms of oil/water relative, saturation and capillary pressure as these parameters play a key role during the simulation of brine injection. The results show that the oil recovery significantly increases specially for water wet reservoirs as the reason behind is the decreasing water production after the breakthrough of the low saline brines.

Download or read book Waterflooding written by G. Paul Willhite and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Waterflooding begins with understanding the basic principles of immiscible displacement, then presents a systematic procedure for designing a waterflood.

Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes written by Ariffin Samsuri and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-12-18 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concerned with production decline, shortages of new oil reserves, and increasing world energy demand, the oil sector continues to search for economic and efficient techniques to enhance their oil recovery from the existing oil field using several enhanced oil recovery techniques (EOR)methods. Despite its highefficiency, widely acclaimed potentials, and limitations, the Low Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF), hybrid, and nanotechnology applications have gained vast interest with promising future to increase ultimate oil recovery, tackle operational challenges, reduce environmental damage, and allow the highest feasible recoveries with lower production costs. This synergistic combination has opened new routes for novel materials with fascinating properties. This book aims to provide an overview of EOR technology such as LSWF, hybrid, and nanotechnology applications in EOR processes.

Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies written by Tor Austad and published by Elsevier Inc. Chapters. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water flooding of oil reservoirs has been performed for a century in order to improve oil recovery for two reasons: (1) give pressure support to the reservoir to prevent gas production and (2) displace the oil by viscous forces. During the last 30 years, it was discovered that the wetting properties of the reservoir played a very important role for the efficiency of the water flood. Even though much work have been published on crude oil–brine–rock (CBR) interaction related to wetting properties, Professor N.R. Morrow, University of Wyoming, asked the audience the following question at the European enhanced oil-recovery (EOR) meeting in Cambridge, April 2011: Do we understand water flooding of oil reservoirs? If we are not able to explain why injection fluids of different ionic composition can have a great impact on displacement efficiency and oil recovery, the answer to Morrow’s question is NO. Researchers have to admit that we do not know the phenomena of water flooding well enough. The key to improve our understanding is to obtain fundamental chemical understanding of the CBR interaction by controlled laboratory studies, and then propose chemical mechanisms, which should be validated also from field experience. In this chapter, I have tried to sum up our experience and chemical understanding on water-based EOR in carbonates and sandstones during the last 20 years with a specific focus on initial wetting properties and possibilities for wettability modification to optimize oil recovery. Chemically, the CBR interaction is completely different in carbonates and sandstones. The proposed chemical mechanisms for wettability modification are used to explain field observations.

Download or read book Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by Patrizio Raffa and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book aims at presenting, describing, and summarizing the latest advances in polymer flooding regarding the chemical synthesis of the EOR agents and the numerical simulation of compositional models in porous media, including a description of the possible applications of nanotechnology acting as a booster of traditional chemical EOR processes. A large part of the world economy depends nowadays on non-renewable energy sources, most of them of fossil origin. Though the search for and the development of newer, greener, and more sustainable sources have been going on for the last decades, humanity is still fossil-fuel dependent. Primary and secondary oil recovery techniques merely produce up to a half of the Original Oil In Place. Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes are aimed at further increasing this value. Among these, chemical EOR techniques (including polymer flooding) present a great potential in low- and medium-viscosity oilfields. • Describes recent advances in chemical enhanced oil recovery. • Contains detailed description of polymer flooding and nanotechnology as promising boosting tools for EOR. • Includes both experimental and theoretical studies. About the Authors Patrizio Raffa is Assistant Professor at the University of Groningen. He focuses on design and synthesis of new polymeric materials optimized for industrial applications such as EOR, coatings and smart materials. He (co)authored about 40 articles in peer reviewed journals. Pablo Druetta works as lecturer at the University of Groningen (RUG) and as engineering consultant. He received his Ph.D. from RUG in 2018 and has been teaching at a graduate level for 15 years. His research focus lies on computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Download or read book Recovery of Crude Oil from Outcrop and Reservoir Sandstone by Low Salinity Waterflooding written by Hui Pu and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The importance of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) technologies cannot be overemphasized, especially in the context of the surge in energy demand driven by rapid economic growth in developing countries as people strive to improve their living standards. Getting higher oil recovery from existing fields will be a key part of meeting the world's growing demand for energy. In the past decade, injection of brines of low salinity content and selected ionic composition in sandstone reservoirs has been developed into an emerging EOR technology. The advantage of low salinity waterflooding is that it is operationally comparable to conventional waterflooding and does not require expensive chemicals or carbon dioxide and nitrogen. The complexity of the crude oil/brine/rock interactions is well recognized and the mechanisms behind the low salinity EOR process have been debated in the literature for the last decade. The objective of this work is to explore by experimental study the effect of low salinity waterflooding on different outcrop and reservoir cores. Investigation of increased oil recovery by injection of low salinity water such as coalbed methane production water has been extended to reservoir cores from the Tensleep, Minnelusa and Phosphoria formations in Wyoming and outcrop cores (Berea and Bentheim). The Tensleep and Minnelusa formations are eolian sandstones of comparable depositional environment that contain interstitial anhydrite, dolomite and occasional calcite cements. The Phosphoria dolomite has pin-point to coarse vuggy pores lined by sparry dolomite crystals and also features patches of anhydrite. All the cores taken from pay zones showed increased oil recovery ranging from 5 to 8% original oil in place through injection of low salinity water. Increase in sulfate ion content of the effluent brine confirmed the dissolution of anhydrite, for all three reservoir rock types. Proposed mechanisms of recovery by low salinity flooding of sandstones which are tied to the presence of clay cannot apply because none of these rocks have significant clay content. Further evidence of the role of anhydrite dissolution was provided by the recovery behavior of Tensleep cores taken from the water-saturated aquifer zone of an oil reservoir. Anhydrite cement was sparse and only visible in occluded regions of pore space but not in regions that were clearly permeable. For these cores, there was no additional oil recovery when the injected brine was switched to low salinity water. The release of dolomite crystals and other fine embedded minerals which is likely associated with dissolution of anhydrite, may be a factor in the observed response to low salinity waterflooding. The movement of cement components is a possible contributing factor in the wide variety of observed relationships between pressure drop and oil recovery. For example, significant variation of relative permeability to brine at constant saturation is often observed.

Download or read book Optimization of Low Salinity Water Flooding in Low Permeability Oil Reservoir written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent decades, the demand of energy is growing sharply. Oil plays a very important role among all of the energy resources. Low permeability oil reservoirs classified as non conventional oil reservoirs and needs special techniques for oil recovery. The primary aim of this study is to select a proper technique for oil recovery of low permeability carbonate oil reservoir. Different carbonated and non-carbonated brines were employed in this project. Formation brine (17500 ppm), carbonate formation brine, sea water, low salinity water, carbonated sea water (50000 ppm), and carbonated low salinity brine (5000 ppm) were used in this work. Core samples were grouped as composite cores with overall average permeability similar to the reservoir permeability. Four sequential low salinity water flooding systems were studied in this project. The following four different sequential water flooding systems were tested: (1) FW-SWLSW- car LSW, (2) car SW-SW-LSW, (3) car FW-FW-SW-LSW, (4) car LSW-LSWSW. In general, the results of the experimental work indicated that Carbonated Water performs better than non-carbonated water. Carbonated Low Salinity water is the optimum brine among all tested brines in terms of oil recovery. A sequential composite core water flooding consists of car LSW- LSW-SW is the optimum sequential flooding system among the studied systems. The interfacial tensions, contact angle, and end point relative permeability results indicated that wettability is the dominant oil recovery mechanism of the studied systems.

Download or read book Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies written by James J.Sheng and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2013-04-10 with total page 710 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies bridges the gap between theory and practice in a range of real-world EOR settings. Areas covered include steam and polymer flooding, use of foam, in situ combustion, microorganisms, "smart water"-based EOR in carbonates and sandstones, and many more. Oil industry professionals know that the key to a successful enhanced oil recovery project lies in anticipating the differences between plans and the realities found in the field. This book aids that effort, providing valuable case studies from more than 250 EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. The case studies cover practical problems, underlying theoretical and modeling methods, operational parameters, solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies, benefitting academicians and oil company practitioners alike. Strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice Focuses on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modeling methods, and operational parameters Designed for technical professionals, covering the fundamental as well as the advanced aspects of EOR

Download or read book Retention of Polar Oil Components in Low Salinity Water Flooding written by Yen Adams Sokama-Neuyam and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2013 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low Salinity Water Flooding (LSWF) is growing as a promising oil recovery technique for the future, especially with the focus of the petroleum industry gradually shifting to finding environmentally safe, cost effective and simple but useful oil recovery techniques. This book presents a comprehensive laboratory investigation into the influence of brine chemistry, salinity and composition on the retention of polar oil components onto reservoir rock mineral surface in relation to LSWF. During water flooding, polar oil components retains on the reservoir rock surface, partially altering the wettability of the rock. In a very simple but flowing language, I presented a comprehensive study into how brine salinity and the acid number of crude oil affects retention of these polar oil components onto the reservoir rock surface. This work is very useful for screening reservoir rocks and crude oil to select good candidates for LSWF. It presents a simple, cheaper but effective technique of selecting the optimum salinity and composition of brine required to give good results in LSWF.

Download or read book Mechanistic Studies for Improved Understanding of Low Salinity Waterflooding Based Enhanced Oil Recovery and Potential Application to the Alaskan North Slope Reservoirs written by Mukul N. Chavan and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improvement in the recovery of oil by low or reduced salinity water has been reported by many researchers. However, a consistent mechanistic explanation behind low salinity waterflood has not yet emerged. A thorough literature review was conducted that pertains to low salinity water based enhanced oil recovery and preliminary screening criteria were proposed which may help in narrowing down the responsible mechanisms and identifying suitable candidates for low salinity waterflood. Altogether nine different variables, such as clays, oil characteristics, salinity ranges etc. were considered in developing the screening criteria. With the exception of some tests on standard Berea sandstone cores, all other experimental studies were carried out on representative Alaska North Slope (ANS) reservoir core samples and oil and brine samples. Experimental studies involved a direct visualization of the release of crude oil from the clay surface with low salinity waterflood as observed through a simple substrate type test. Amott type spontaneous displacement tests were performed to quantitatively determine the effect of low salinity water using core materials containing different types of clays. Two sets of low salinity water coreflooding experiments were conducted in the tertiary recovery mode; first using dead oil and the second using recombined oil at pseudo reservoir conditions to examine the potential in improving oil recovery. Oil recoveries were also compared with continuous injection vs slug-wise injection of low salinity water. Finally, surface level investigation was performed using an optical microscope to visually analyze the impact of low salinity water on core samples. All the experiments performed with low salinity water on Alaska North Slope (ANS) reservoir core samples consistently showed anywhere between a 3-30 % increase in oil production with the use of low salinity brine. The literature review identified wettability alteration, cation exchange capacity, clay type and clay content as some of the dominant mechanisms influencing low salinity waterflooding.

Download or read book Novel Insights Into Low Salinity Water Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone Reservoirs written by Hasan N. Al-Saedi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Ever growing global energy demand and the natural decline in oil production from mature oil fields have been the main incentives to search for methods to increase recovery efficiency for several decades. Water flooding is extensively applied worldwide to improve oil recovery. The recent drop in oil prices has turned the oil industry to the cheapest improved oil recovery (IOR) techniques, such as low salinity (LS) waterflooding. Also, the reduction in reservoir energy and the friendly environmental aspects of low salinity water flooding (LSWF) provide additional incentives for its use. That LS water requires decreasing only the active divalent cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+ and water salinity makes LS water flooding a relatively simple and low expense IOR technique. The water chemistry significantly impacts the oil recovery factor. Wettability is one of the major parameters that control the efficiency of water flooding. The primary mechanism for increased oil recovery during LSWF in both sandstone and carbonate reservoirs is wettability alteration of the rock surface from oil-wet to water-wet. LS water imbibed into the low water-wet zones, the water wetness of the rock increased after injecting LS water, and in turn, microscopic sweep efficiency enhanced too. The mechanism behind LS water flooding has been extensively investigated in the literature but it still a topic of debate. The objective of this research is to solve the controversy and show the following: (1) Water chemistry weather partially or strongly determines the dominant wettability alteration mode. (2) The role of divalent cations in the formation water and in the injected water. (3) Clay's role for incremental recovery. This research work seeks to quantify the effects of mineral composition and water chemistry on water-rock interactions and wettability alteration"--Abstract, page

Download or read book Modern Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery written by James J.Sheng and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2010-11-25 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crude oil development and production in U.S. oil reservoirs can include up to three distinct phases: primary, secondary, and tertiary (or enhanced) recovery. During primary recovery, the natural pressure of the reservoir or gravity drive oil into the wellbore, combined with artificial lift techniques (such as pumps) which bring the oil to the surface. But only about 10 percent of a reservoir's original oil in place is typically produced during primary recovery. Secondary recovery techniques to the field's productive life generally by injecting water or gas to displace oil and drive it to a production wellbore, resulting in the recovery of 20 to 40 percent of the original oil in place. In the past two decades, major oil companies and research organizations have conducted extensive theoretical and laboratory EOR (enhanced oil recovery) researches, to include validating pilot and field trials relevant to much needed domestic commercial application, while western countries had terminated such endeavours almost completely due to low oil prices. In recent years, oil demand has soared and now these operations have become more desirable. This book is about the recent developments in the area as well as the technology for enhancing oil recovery. The book provides important case studies related to over one hundred EOR pilot and field applications in a variety of oil fields. These case studies focus on practical problems, underlying theoretical and modelling methods, operational parameters (e.g., injected chemical concentration, slug sizes, flooding schemes and well spacing), solutions and sensitivity studies, and performance optimization strategies. The book strikes an ideal balance between theory and practice, and would be invaluable to academicians and oil company practitioners alike. Updated chemical EOR fundamentals providing clear picture of fundamental concepts Practical cases with problems and solutions providing practical analogues and experiences Actual data regarding ranges of operation parameters providing initial design parameters Step-by-step calculation examples providing practical engineers with convenient procedures