Download or read book Looting or Missioning written by Egil Mikkelsen and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2019-09-15 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now insular and continental material, mostly metal-work, found in pagan Viking Age graves in Norway, has been interpreted as looted material from churches and monasteries on the British Isles and the Continent. The raiding Vikings brought these objects back to their homeland where they were often broken up and used as jewellery or got alternative functions. Looting or Missioning looks at the use and functions of these sacred objects in their original Christian contexts. Based on such an analysis the author proposes an alternative interpretation of these objects: they were brought by Christian missionaries from different parts of the British Isles and the Continent to Norway. The objects were either personal (crosses, croziers, portable reliquaries etc.), objects used for baptism (hanging bowls), equipment to officiate a mass (mountings from books or reading equipment, altars or crosses) or to give the communion (pitchers, glass vessels, chalices, paten). We know from contemporary sources (Ansgar in Birka, Sweden in the ninth century) that missionaries brought this sort of equipment on their mission journeys. We also hear that missionaries were robbed, killed or chased off. Mikkelson interprets the sacred objects found in Viking Age pagan graves as objects that originate from the many unsuccessful mission attempts in Norway throughout the Viking Age. They changed function and were integrated in the pagan tradition. The conversion and Christianisation of Norway can thus be seen as a long-lasting process, at least from about 800 (but probably earlier) to the beginning of the eleventh century. As we must assume that the written sources on the subject are incomplete, the archaeological evidences are the main source. In addition to metal work and written sources, the dating and interpretation of stone crosses, rune stones, manuscript fragments and early Christian graves and churches are discussed. The main part of the manuscript regards the context of all these sources, studied in each part of Norway separately: Where do we find concentrations of objects that could support the interpretation of these being the result of mission attempts, and where can we combine archaeological and written sources to tentatively create more complete stories related to mission? One analysis is of special interest to British and Norwegian scholars and even a broader audience. It refers to the chieftain Ohthere from Northern Norway, who visited King Alfred the Great in Winchester in 890. The author finds a link between Alfred´s court and Ohthere´s farm which, it is argued, for was Borg at Vestvågøy, Lofoten, where the biggest Viking Age house in Northern Europe has been excavated. In the hall of this house were found a rare glass beaker with gold cross decorations, a Continental or British made pitcher, pieces of a bronze bowl and an æstel of gold. This last piece is only found in Northern Norway and in England, with Wessex and Mercia as the core areas. “The Alfred Jewel” (Ashmolean Museum) is also an æstel of the same main type, but much more splendid and with an inscription relating it to King Alfred. Mikkelson argues for a bishop being sent from Wessex and Alfred´s court on Ohthere´s ship back to Northern Norway as a missionary.
Download or read book Looting or Missioning written by Egil Mikkelsen and published by Oxbow Books. This book was released on 2019-09-15 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now insular and continental material, mostly metal-work, found in pagan Viking Age graves in Norway, has been interpreted as looted material from churches and monasteries on the British Isles and the Continent. The raiding Vikings brought these objects back to their homeland where they were often broken up and used as jewellery or got alternative functions. Looting or Missioning looks at the use and functions of these sacred objects in their original Christian contexts. Based on such an analysis the author proposes an alternative interpretation of these objects: they were brought by Christian missionaries from different parts of the British Isles and the Continent to Norway. The objects were either personal (crosses, croziers, portable reliquaries etc.), objects used for baptism (hanging bowls), equipment to officiate a mass (mountings from books or reading equipment, altars or crosses) or to give the communion (pitchers, glass vessels, chalices, paten). We know from contemporary sources (Ansgar in Birka, Sweden in the ninth century) that missionaries brought this sort of equipment on their mission journeys. We also hear that missionaries were robbed, killed or chased off. Mikkelson interprets the sacred objects found in Viking Age pagan graves as objects that originate from the many unsuccessful mission attempts in Norway throughout the Viking Age. They changed function and were integrated in the pagan tradition. The conversion and Christianisation of Norway can thus be seen as a long-lasting process, at least from about 800 (but probably earlier) to the beginning of the eleventh century. As we must assume that the written sources on the subject are incomplete, the archaeological evidences are the main source. In addition to metal work and written sources, the dating and interpretation of stone crosses, rune stones, manuscript fragments and early Christian graves and churches are discussed. The main part of the manuscript regards the context of all these sources, studied in each part of Norway separately: Where do we find concentrations of objects that could support the interpretation of these being the result of mission attempts, and where can we combine archaeological and written sources to tentatively create more complete stories related to mission? One analysis is of special interest to British and Norwegian scholars and even a broader audience. It refers to the chieftain Ohthere from Northern Norway, who visited King Alfred the Great in Winchester in 890. The author finds a link between Alfred´s court and Ohthere´s farm which, it is argued, for was Borg at Vestvågøy, Lofoten, where the biggest Viking Age house in Northern Europe has been excavated. In the hall of this house were found a rare glass beaker with gold cross decorations, a Continental or British made pitcher, pieces of a bronze bowl and an æstel of gold. This last piece is only found in Northern Norway and in England, with Wessex and Mercia as the core areas. “The Alfred Jewel” (Ashmolean Museum) is also an æstel of the same main type, but much more splendid and with an inscription relating it to King Alfred. Mikkelson argues for a bishop being sent from Wessex and Alfred´s court on Ohthere´s ship back to Northern Norway as a missionary.
Download or read book Missions written by Howard Benjamin Grose and published by . This book was released on 1918 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Mission under Duress written by Suping Lu and published by University Press of America. This book was released on 2012-07-10 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immediately after capturing the Chinese capital, Nanjing, on December 13, 1937, Japanese soldiers committed atrocities such as mass executions, rampant rapes, arson, and looting in and around the city. The carnage went on for weeks. On January 6, 1938, after the worst of the massacre atrocities was over, three American diplomats arrived in Nanjing. Upon their arrival, Third Secretary John Moore Allison, Vice Consul James Espy, and Code Clerk Archibald Alexander McFardyen, Jr. cabled dispatches about the atrocities and other conditions in the city to the Department of State and other U.S. diplomatic posts in China. Often, they dispatched several reports within a day. These atrocity reports, which were largely based on interviews with American missionaries and their own investigations, gave detailed descriptions of Japanese atrocities, property damage, social conditions, relief efforts, diplomatic wrestling, and many other aspects of life in the city during and after the massacre period. The value of these diplomatic dispatches and reports, which were retrieved from the national archives, rests on that they extensively document the American diplomats' role, their observations and attitude toward the situation there, their efforts to help the Chinese and protect the Americans, and their struggles with the Japanese.
Download or read book The Church of Scotland Home and Foreign Mission Record written by Church of Scotland and published by . This book was released on 1888 with total page 812 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The China Mission Year Book written by and published by . This book was released on 1914 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mission Field written by and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Loot written by Barnaby Phillips and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2021-04-01 with total page 527 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Prospect Best Book of 2021 ‘A fascinating and timely book.’ William Boyd ‘Gripping…a must read.’ FT ‘Compelling…humane, reasonable, and ultimately optimistic.’ Evening Standard ‘[A] valuable guide to a complex narrative.’ The Times In 1897, Britain sent a punitive expedition to the Kingdom of Benin, in what is today Nigeria, in retaliation for the killing of seven British officials and traders. British soldiers and sailors captured Benin, exiled its king and annexed the territory. They also made off with some of Africa’s greatest works of art. The ‘Benin Bronzes’ are now amongst the most admired and valuable artworks in the world. But seeing them in the British Museum today is, in the words of one Benin City artist, like ‘visiting relatives behind bars’. In a time of huge controversy about the legacy of empire, racial justice and the future of museums, what does the future hold for the Bronzes?
Download or read book Foreign Relations of the United States written by United States. Department of State and published by . This book was released on 1938 with total page 652 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Report of a Visitation of the China Missions written by Arthur Judson Brown and published by . This book was released on 1902 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book San Juan Capistrano mission written by Zephyrin Engelhardt and published by . This book was released on 1922 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Martyred Missionaries of the China Inland Mission written by Marshall Broomhall and published by . This book was released on 1901 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Spirit of Missions written by and published by . This book was released on 1891 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes the proceedings of the annual meeting of the Society.
Download or read book Santa Barbara Mission written by Zephyrin Engelhardt and published by . This book was released on 1923 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Missions and Missionaries of California written by Zephyrin Engelhardt and published by . This book was released on 1916 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The missions and missionaries of California index to vols II IV written by Zephyrin Engelhardt and published by Dalcassian Publishing Company. This book was released on 1916-01-01 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
