Download or read book Long term Effect of Subchronic Administration of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA on Sensorimotor Gating in Rats written by Daniela Mohr and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Consequences of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Administration in the Rat written by Megan M. W. Straiko and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a popular drug of abuse that produces long-term decreases in neurochemical markers of 5-HT that are believed to be indicative of selective toxicity to the 5-HT nerve terminal. A potential mechanism underlying this proposed neurotoxicity involves reactive nitrogen species. In vivo microdialysis studies demonstrated that MDMA increases extracellular nitrite/nitrate (NOx), a marker of NO, and that this is iNOS dependent. However, iNOS-dependent MDMA-induced NOx formation is unrelated to long-term 5-HT toxicity, as iNOS inhibition had no effect on long-term MDMA-induced 5-HT depletion. Histological evidence of MDMA-induced 5-HT nerve terminal damage is inconsistent. Antibodies to the cleaved form of the microtubule associated protein tau (C-tau) were used to characterize neurotoxicity produced by psychostimulant drugs. Amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH), both DA-depleting compounds, produced an increase in C-tau immunoreactivity, whereas the 5-HT-depleting drugs MDMA, para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA) and the prototypic 5-HT neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) did not. C-tau was localized to astrocytes, not neurons, suggesting that C-tau is not a direct marker of neuronal damage, but may be an alternative indicator of reactive gliosis. Furthermore, these data are in agreement with previous findings that AMPH and METH produce reactive gliosis, whereas MDMA, PMA and 5,7-DHT do not. Human users of MDMA have reported cognitive/behavioral deficits following chronic use, including impaired sexual function and reduced sexual motivation. In the rat, prior treatment with MDMA may alter the rewarding properties of other drugs of abuse. Given the potential similarities in neural pathways mediating the rewarding properties of drugs and sex, studies were designed to assess the effect of MDMA on the response to a natural reward, i.e., sex, in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Rats treated with a 5-HT-depleting regimen of MDMA exhibited no impairment in sexual function, but failed to form CPP to sex, potentially indicating impairments in the neural circuits mediating sexual reward. These studies indicate that iNOS contributes to MDMA-induced NO formation, but not 5-HT depletion, and that MDMA does not produce an appreciable glial response as indicated by increased C-tau formation. Furthermore, MDMA administration is accompanied by failure to exhibit behavior associated with the rewarding properties of sex.
Download or read book The Acute and Long Term Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy in Rats written by Kirsten Claire Morley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Mechanisms Underlying the Acute and Long term Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA Ecstasy on Social Interaction in the Rat written by Murray Robert Thompson and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma on Cholinergic Neurons in the Rat Brain written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), an amphetamine analog, is a psychomotor stimulant and a popular drug of abuse. The effect of MDMA on the release of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) has been well documented. In contrast, very little is known about the influence of MDMA on other neurotransmitter systems. In view of feelings of heightened awareness and behavioral arousal in human MDMA users, and the role of the cholinergic system in processing environmental cues following novel and arousing stimuli, the influence of MDMA on acetylcholine (ACh) release was examined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. Using in vivo microdialysis, it was determined that MDMA enhances the release of ACh in the PFC and hippocampus, possibly by mechanisms localized to these brain regions. In addition, it was also determined that MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC, but not hippocampus, is mediated by serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms. Further studies examining the role of various 5-HT and DA receptors in the MDMA-induced release of ACh in the PFC indicate that receptors of the 5-HT4 and D1 subtype mediate the release of cortical ACh induced by MDMA. Whereas MDMA use has been associated with behavioral activation and cortical arousal immediately following drug intake, in the long term the drug is known to produce significant cognitive impairments. In view of the cognitive impairments following MDMA use and administration, and the central role of ACh in attentional processing and cognition, studies were designed to assess the influence of a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA, on the subsequent stimulation of ACh release in the PFC. Prior treatment with a 5-HT depleting regimen of MDMA resulted in decreased ACh release in response to subsequent administration of MDMA. In contrast, treatment with a neurotoxic regimen of MDMA did not significantly alter the subsequent stimulation of ACh release induced by application of tail pinch or by the novelty of an intruder rat. Thus, results from the present study indicate that although a 5-HT depleting regimen appears to inhibit subsequent MDMA-induced ACh release in the PFC, it has little impact on subsequent stimulation of ACh release by physiological stressors.
Download or read book Effects of Auditory and Thermal Stimuli on 3 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA induced Neurochemical and Behavioral Responses written by Allison Anne Feduccia and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The amphetamine derivative, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a popular drug often taken by young adults at dance clubs or rave parties. Laser light shows, fast-paced electronic music, and hot crowded dance floors are characteristic of these events, and Ecstasy users report that the acute effects of the drug are potentiated by these stimulatory conditions. However, it remains largely unknown how environmental stimuli impact the neurochemical and physiological effects of MDMA. The aim of the first study presented in this dissertation was to investigate how auditory stimuli (music, white noise, and no additional sound) influence MDMA conditioned place preference (CPP), self-administration, and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) responses. Findings revealed a significant CPP for animals exposed to white noise during MDMA conditioning trials. After self-administration of MDMA (1.5 mg/kg), NAcc DA and 5-HT were highest in rats exposed to music during the test session. The second study aimed to investigate the effects of ambient temperature (23° or 32°C) on long-term MDMA self-administration and neurochemical responses. Results indicated no difference in self-administration or locomotor activity rates for the high versus room temperature groups across sessions. However, MDMA (3.0 mg/kg) administered in high ambient temperature resulted in significantly greater NAcc serotonin release compared to when taken at room temperature, but no differences in dopamine response was determined between the two conditions. Overall, these results indicate that auditory and thermal stimuli can effect MDMA-induced behavioral and neurochemical responses. The last aim tested a novel apparatus and method for use in animal models of drug reinforcement. By combining traditional CPP and self-administration procedures, this approach provided more informative data and circumvented some inherent drawbacks of each method alone. In addition to confirming the ability to produce drug conditioned place preferences after short- and long-term experiments, the long-term version of the procedure revealed a significant positive relationship between lever response rate and CPP magnitude. Therefore, this experimental design can be used to identify subgroups of rats that may vary in sensitivity to drug motivational effects. Further study of these populations may be useful in the development of behavioral and pharmacological therapies for drug addiction.
Download or read book Studies on the 3 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine mdma Induced Dysregulation of Energy Metabolism and Its Neurochemical Consequences written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), an analog of the amphetamine class, is a psychostimulant and a popular drug of abuse. MDMA is considered to be selectively neurotoxic to serotonergic nerve terminals in different brain regions, however the exact mechanisms through which MDMA produces serotonin (5-HT) neurotoxicity remain unknown. Oxidative stress has been reported to play an important role in mediating this process. In addition to the potential role of oxidative stress in MDMA neurotoxicity, there is evidence that bioenergetic stress may play an important role in the toxicity produced by amphetamine analogs. The overall hypothesis, which provides the basis for the current proposal is that MDMA produces dysregulation of brain energy metabolism and this plays an important role in MDMA-induced neurotoxicity. The effect of MDMA on brain energy metabolism was investigated by examining the effect of MDMA on brain glycogen. MDMA produced a time and dose-dependent decrease in brain glycogen. Maintenance of rats at a cool ambient temperature of 17 0C or pretreatment with 5-HT2 antagonists, significantly attenuated the MDMA-induced hyperthermia and glycogenolysis. However, MDMA-induced hyperthermia, as well as glycogenolysis, was found to be neither sufficient nor necessary for the MDMA-induced long-term 5-HT depletion. Administration of substrates of energy metabolism, e.g., nicotinamide, ubiquinone, attenuated the MDMA-induced long-term 5-HT depletion. Nicotinamide also attenuated the long-term DA and 5-HT depletion produced by coperfusion of MDMA and the mitochondrial inhibitor malonate. A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA produced a significant depletion of ATP in the striatum and hippocampus. Dysregulation of energy metabolism and energy depletion results in increased intracellular Ca2+ levels in the mitochondria, which results in activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and generation of nitric oxide (NO). A neurotoxic regimen of MDMA produced an increase in NO in the striatum. The MDMA and malonate-induced long-term DA and 5-HT depletion were attenuated by administration of NOS inhibitors, as well as a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst. The neuronal NOS inhibitor S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline (S-MTC) attenuated the MDMA-induced long-term 5-HT depletion without attenuating the MDMA-induced hyperthermia. These results support the conclusion that MDMA produces dysregulation of energy metabolism and this bioenergetic stress contributes to MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.
Download or read book Long term Effects of 3 4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA on Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Functioning written by Jodi Lynn Kohutek and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) popularly known as "Ecstasy" continues to gain popularity as a recreational drug that has been shown to increase serotonin and dopamine levels. The present study has demonstrated that repeated exposure to MDMA produces long-term damage to serotonergic and dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the rat brain.
Download or read book Neurochemical Effects of 3 4 methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA written by Donna Marie Stone and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cumulated Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 1808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 1972 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Download or read book Handbook of Object Novelty Recognition written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-11-16 with total page 602 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Object Novelty Recognition, Volume 26, synthesizes the empirical and theoretical advances in the field of object recognition and memory that have occurred since the development of the spontaneous object recognition task. The book is divided into four sections, covering vision and perception of object features and attributions, definitions of concepts that are associated with object recognition, the influence of brain lesions and drugs on various memory functions and processes, and models of neuropsychiatric disorders based on spontaneous object recognition tasks. A final section covers genetic and developmental studies and gender and hormone studies. Details the brain structures and the neural circuits that underlie memory of objects, including vision and olfaction Provides a thorough description of the object novelty recognition task, variations on the basic task, and methods and techniques to help researchers avoid common pitfalls Assists researchers in understanding all aspects of object memory, conducting object novelty recognition tests, and producing reliable, reproducible results
Download or read book The Pharmacology of LSD written by Annelie Hintzen and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: LSD has a controversial and extraordinary reputation, due to the special effects it can induce on human consciousness.This book is the first ever comprehensive review of the psychological and pharmacological effects of LSD. It draws on data from more than 3000 experimental and clinical studies.
Download or read book Club Drugs and Novel Psychoactive Substances written by Owen Bowden-Jones and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-08 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging illicit drugs pose a significant clinical challenge. This handbook offers an engaging, concise guide to managing these challenges.
Download or read book Behavioral Neurobiology of Psychedelic Drugs written by Adam L. Halberstadt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-03-27 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together the latest basic and clinical research examining the effects and underlying mechanisms of psychedelic drugs. Examples of drugs within this group include LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline. Despite their structural differences, these compounds produce remarkably similar experiences in humans and share a common mechanism of action. Commonalities among the substances in this family are addressed both at the clinical and phenomenological level and at the basic neurobiological mechanism level. To the extent possible, contributions relate the clinical and preclinical findings to one another across species. The volume addresses both the risks associated with the use of these drugs and the potential medical benefits that might be associated with these and related compounds.
Download or read book Secondary Schizophrenia written by Perminder S. Sachdev and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-02-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Schizophrenia may not be a single disease, but the result of a diverse set of related conditions. Modern neuroscience is beginning to reveal some of the genetic and environmental underpinnings of schizophrenia; however, an approach less well travelled is to examine the medical disorders that produce symptoms resembling schizophrenia. This book is the first major attempt to bring together the diseases that produce what has been termed 'secondary schizophrenia'. International experts from diverse backgrounds ask the questions: does this medical disorder, or drug, or condition cause psychosis? If yes, does it resemble schizophrenia? What mechanisms form the basis of this relationship? What implications does this understanding have for aetiology and treatment? The answers are a feast for clinicians and researchers of psychosis and schizophrenia. They mark the next step in trying to meet the most important challenge to modern neuroscience – understanding and conquering this most mysterious of human diseases.
Download or read book Sigma Receptors written by Rae R. Matsumoto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-15 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an update on sigma receptors, and summarizes recent advances in the medicinal chemistry, molecular biology, and cell biology of sigma receptors. It describes the functional effects mediated by these receptors and the potential clinical implications of these actions. The information is put in a historical perspective. This provides a launching point from which future studies and research directions can easily be developed.
