Download or read book Three Views of Logic written by Donald W. Loveland and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2014-01-26 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demonstrating the different roles that logic plays in the disciplines of computer science, mathematics, and philosophy, this concise undergraduate textbook covers select topics from three different areas of logic: proof theory, computability theory, and nonclassical logic. The book balances accessibility, breadth, and rigor, and is designed so that its materials will fit into a single semester. Its distinctive presentation of traditional logic material will enhance readers' capabilities and mathematical maturity. The proof theory portion presents classical propositional logic and first-order logic using a computer-oriented (resolution) formal system. Linear resolution and its connection to the programming language Prolog are also treated. The computability component offers a machine model and mathematical model for computation, proves the equivalence of the two approaches, and includes famous decision problems unsolvable by an algorithm. The section on nonclassical logic discusses the shortcomings of classical logic in its treatment of implication and an alternate approach that improves upon it: Anderson and Belnap's relevance logic. Applications are included in each section. The material on a four-valued semantics for relevance logic is presented in textbook form for the first time. Aimed at upper-level undergraduates of moderate analytical background, Three Views of Logic will be useful in a variety of classroom settings. Gives an exceptionally broad view of logic Treats traditional logic in a modern format Presents relevance logic with applications Provides an ideal text for a variety of one-semester upper-level undergraduate courses
Download or read book Logic Safari written by Bonnie L. Risby and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-03 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This safari will send students on an expedition that will result in hours of good thinking and unbridled enthusiasm. As enthusiasm soars, so do the levels of thinking skills engaged. Students love these deductive logic puzzles so much that they beg to do them, little realizing that they are building important reading comprehension and thinking skills. Teachers love these puzzles because of their ease of use in multicurricular parallels and their effortlessness in fitting into pullout programs of limited duration. Each motivating puzzle includes an introduction with student-related topics, clues, a grid, and an illustration. The goal in Logic Safari is to hunt down the clues, sort, analyze, and combine them into the correct solution. Each book represents an ever-increasing challenge to students while scenarios remain fresh, evoking renewed eagerness. The size of the grids is an indication of difficulty. This is the first book in a three-part series of deductive logic puzzles. For more advanced puzzles, see Logic Safari Book 2 and Logic Safari Book 3. Grades 2-3
Download or read book Critical Thinking Logic Mastery 3 Books In 1 written by Thinknetic and published by Critical Thinking & Logic Mastery. This book was released on 2022-01-03 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What skill can be more important than your college degree? According to 93% of CEOs, THIS skill, which also keeps self-doubt, wrong decisions, and beliefs at bay. We're talking about a basic skill that isn't so basic - critical thinking. Everyone thinks they have it, but most people are anxious, unhappy, doubt their decisions, and aren't where they want to be in life. Why do people smoke, drink to excess, and eat things they know are bad for them? How come intelligent people wind up believing fake news stories? Why do employers judge candidates on the first impression they make, even though they know it's wrong and often misleading? Poor reasoning, inability to tell facts from fiction, and flawed decision-making cause these kinds of fallacies. A Nature.com study in 2015, "First results from psychology's largest reproducibility test," examined over 100 psychology studies to see if they could be reproduced. Researchers found that only a third of the studies could be replicated. The other two-thirds had been skewed by errors or unconscious biases and couldn't be trusted. One of the reasons most of us fall short in thinking critically is that our educational system doesn't teach critical thinking. They're the reason most people never live up to their potential. So, if you feel like you don't have the right diploma or the right skill set to succeed at what you do, don't worry. You might be stunned by how many false biases you're already carrying around. They bleed into your professional and personal life. That's why we've put together the needed resources to introduce you to what critical thinking is about, to build the habit of thinking critically, and to discern fact from fiction easily. This book bundle includes: Critical Thinking In A Nutshell: How To Become An Independent Thinker And Make Intelligent Decisions Conquer Logical Fallacies: 28 Nuggets Of Knowledge To Nurture Your Reasoning Skills The Habit Of Critical Thinking: Powerful Routines To Change Your Mind And Sharpen Your Thinking Here's just a fraction of what you'll discover inside: The critical thinking framework developed by two of the most experienced critical thinking scientists of all time and how to make it your own The 8 critical thinking characteristics you already have, but you're not using at their full potential How to identify fake news and misinformation - learn this, and you'll have a MASSIVE leg up on almost everyone around you right now Why you should be skeptical of anyone quoting an authority figure How to make yourself "dumb" because smarter people are HARDER to teach 6 rules to turn your current routines into wholesome habits How to think like a scientist and make your decisions successful experiments Actionable, easy exercises to drill home every point covered. You won't "read and forget" this book ...and much, much more! This bundle isn't a dry, theoretical textbook. It is a practical, easy to read and implement book dedicated to helping you build stronger arguments, make more confident decisions, and spot logical errors. Critical thinking will elevate your personal and professional life. You'll be better at assimilating information, noticing trends, and deciding on a plan of action. This one will be the last book you need to buy on thinking logically and building habits. It's time to stop second-guessing yourself - scroll up and click "Add to Cart" now.
Download or read book Forever Undecided written by Raymond M. Smullyan and published by Knopf. This book was released on 2012-07-04 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forever Undecided is the most challenging yet of Raymond Smullyan’s puzzle collections. It is, at the same time, an introduction—ingenious, instructive, entertaining—to Gödel’s famous theorems. With all the wit and charm that have delighted readers of his previous books, Smullyan transports us once again to that magical island where knights always tell the truth and knaves always lie. Here we meet a new and amazing array of characters, visitors to the island, seeking to determine the natives’ identities. Among them: the census-taker McGregor; a philosophical-logician in search of his flighty bird-wife, Oona; and a regiment of Reasoners (timid ones, normal ones, conceited, modest, and peculiar ones) armed with the rules of propositional logic (if X is true, then so is Y). By following the Reasoners through brain-tingling exercises and adventures—including journeys into the “other possible worlds” of Kripke semantics—even the most illogical of us come to understand Gödel’s two great theorems on incompleteness and undecidability, some of their philosophical and mathematical implications, and why we, like Gödel himself, must remain Forever Undecided!
Download or read book Logic Made Easy How to Know When Language Deceives You written by Deborah J. Bennett and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2005-07-17 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The best introduction to logic you will find."—Martin Gardner "Professor Bennett entertains as she instructs," writes Publishers Weekly about the penetrating yet practical Logic Made Easy. This brilliantly clear and gratifyingly concise treatment of the ancient Greek discipline identifies the illogical in everything from street signs to tax forms. Complete with puzzles you can try yourself, Logic Made Easy invites readers to identify and ultimately remedy logical slips in everyday life. Designed with dozens of visual examples, the book guides you through those hair-raising times when logic is at odds with our language and common sense. Logic Made Easy is indeed one of those rare books that will actually make you a more logical human being.
Download or read book The Rise of Modern Logic from Leibniz to Frege written by Dov M. Gabbay and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-03-08 with total page 781 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the publication of the present volume, the Handbook of the History of Logic turns its attention to the rise of modern logic. The period covered is 1685-1900, with this volume carving out the territory from Leibniz to Frege. What is striking about this period is the earliness and persistence of what could be called 'the mathematical turn in logic'. Virtually every working logician is aware that, after a centuries-long run, the logic that originated in antiquity came to be displaced by a new approach with a dominantly mathematical character. It is, however, a substantial error to suppose that the mathematization of logic was, in all essentials, Frege's accomplishment or, if not his alone, a development ensuing from the second half of the nineteenth century. The mathematical turn in logic, although given considerable torque by events of the nineteenth century, can with assurance be dated from the final quarter of the seventeenth century in the impressively prescient work of Leibniz. It is true that, in the three hundred year run-up to the Begriffsschrift, one does not see a smoothly continuous evolution of the mathematical turn, but the idea that logic is mathematics, albeit perhaps only the most general part of mathematics, is one that attracted some degree of support throughout the entire period in question. Still, as Alfred North Whitehead once noted, the relationship between mathematics and symbolic logic has been an "uneasy" one, as is the present-day association of mathematics with computing. Some of this unease has a philosophical texture. For example, those who equate mathematics and logic sometimes disagree about the directionality of the purported identity. Frege and Russell made themselves famous by insisting (though for different reasons) that logic was the senior partner. Indeed logicism is the view that mathematics can be re-expressed without relevant loss in a suitably framed symbolic logic. But for a number of thinkers who took an algebraic approach to logic, the dependency relation was reversed, with mathematics in some form emerging as the senior partner. This was the precursor of the modern view that, in its four main precincts (set theory, proof theory, model theory and recursion theory), logic is indeed a branch of pure mathematics. It would be a mistake to leave the impression that the mathematization of logic (or the logicization of mathematics) was the sole concern of the history of logic between 1665 and 1900. There are, in this long interval, aspects of the modern unfolding of logic that bear no stamp of the imperial designs of mathematicians, as the chapters on Kant and Hegcl make clear. Of the two, Hcgel's influence on logic is arguably the greater, serving as a spur to the unfolding of an idealist tradition in logic - a development that will be covered in a further volume, British Logic in the Nineteenth Century.
Download or read book Logic Logic and Logic written by George Boolos and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: George Boolos was one of the most prominent and influential logician-philosophers of recent times. This collection, nearly all chosen by Boolos himself shortly before his death, includes thirty papers on set theory, second-order logic, and plural quantifiers; on Frege, Dedekind, Cantor, and Russell; and on miscellaneous topics in logic and proof theory, including three papers on various aspects of the Gödel theorems. Boolos is universally recognized as the leader in the renewed interest in studies of Frege's work on logic and the philosophy of mathematics. John Burgess has provided introductions to each of the three parts of the volume, and also an afterword on Boolos's technical work in provability logic, which is beyond the scope of this volume.
Download or read book Conquer Logical Fallacies written by Thinknetic and published by . This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If you don't know who to trust, keep making stupid mistakes, and question your own judgment...Then keep reading Why do employers judge candidates on the first impression they make, even though they know it's wrong and often misleading? Why do people smoke, drink to excess, and eat things they know are bad for them? How do normally intelligent people wind up believing fake news stories? To find out, let's take a trip back in time to Victorian England. A famous story from the Victorian days is that women had to wear corsets. It's debated how commonplace corsets actually were, but they squeezed a woman's body like a snake - making the waist look smaller. Corsets worked but they were so tight, they caused internal damage to women. They also caused a woman's lower back to atrophy. In fact, corsets were so restricting that women often fainted wearing them! But here's the kicker... Fainting from wearing a corset was actually considered to be a good thing! It was thought to be a sign of good breeding. Or so the story goes. Historians debate how often corsets were actually used. But they're a testament to the power of a cognitive fallacy. Poor reasoning, inability to tell facts from fiction and flawed decision-making cause these kinds of fallacies. They're the reason most people never live up to their potential. Even the smartest people in the world are prone to unconscious bias. A Nature.com study in 2015 ("First results from psychology's largest reproducibility test") examined over 100 psychology studies to see if they could be reproduced. Only around a third of the studies could be replicated! Researchers found a full two-thirds of the studies had been skewed by errors or unconscious biases. They couldn't be trusted. It's not that most people are stupid; they just don't know how to see biases and fallacies. That's why we wrote this book. Inside, you'll find: The false beliefs that led to Aztec human sacrifice, and how they're STILL common today The ultra common fallacy you've probably already been exposed to in your DARE class The easy-to-follow five basics steps of critical thinking. Apply them and you'll make every decision with confidence! Rats spread pestilence and plague - but in India, a "Temple of Rats" was constructed because of this false belief How to make yourself "dumb" because smarter people are HARDER to teach Why you should be skeptical of anyone quoting an authority figure Historic Islamic banking projects, and what they can teach you about false logic Why the supersonic Concorde jet flew so long - even though it was a MASSIVE money loser! Conquer Logical Fallacies explains the major cognitive biases and fallacies people encounter. It goes over arguments and how to tell facts from fiction. You might be thinking "Do I really need this?" If you want to build stronger arguments, make more confident decisions, and spot logical errors - then yes. If you have to work with a wide range of other people or analyze information, you'll find this book INVALUABLE. And you might be stunned by how many false biases you're already carrying around. They bleed into your professional and personal life. Do you want to have confidence in your decisions? Then grab this book and upgrade your brain. Scroll up and click "Add to Cart."
Download or read book Professionalism written by Eliot Freidson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-07-10 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Eliot Freidson has written the first systematic account of professionalism as a method of organizing work. In ideal-typical professionalism, specialized workers control their own work, while in the free market consumers are in command, and in bureaucracy managers dominate. Freidson shows how each method has its own logic requiring different kinds of knowledge, organization, career, education and ideology. He also discusses how historic and national variations in state policy, professional organization, and forms of practice influence the strength of professionalism. In appraising the embattled position of professions today, Freidson concludes that ideologically inspired attacks pose less danger to professionals' institutional privileges than to their ethical independence to resist use of their specialized knowledge to maximize profit and efficiency without also providing its benefits to all in need. This timely and original analysis will be of great interest to those in sociology, political science, history, business studies and the various professions.
Download or read book A Logic Named Joe written by Murray Leinster and published by Baen Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Three complete novels, one of them a Hugo Award finalist, with a number of short stories.
Download or read book Mathematical Logic written by Ian Chiswell and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2007-05-18 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Assuming no previous study in logic, this informal yet rigorous text covers the material of a standard undergraduate first course in mathematical logic, using natural deduction and leading up to the completeness theorem for first-order logic. At each stage of the text, the reader is given an intuition based on standard mathematical practice, which is subsequently developed with clean formal mathematics. Alongside the practical examples, readers learn what can and can't be calculated; for example the correctness of a derivation proving a given sequent can be tested mechanically, but there is no general mechanical test for the existence of a derivation proving the given sequent. The undecidability results are proved rigorously in an optional final chapter, assuming Matiyasevich's theorem characterising the computably enumerable relations. Rigorous proofs of the adequacy and completeness proofs of the relevant logics are provided, with careful attention to the languages involved. Optional sections discuss the classification of mathematical structures by first-order theories; the required theory of cardinality is developed from scratch. Throughout the book there are notes on historical aspects of the material, and connections with linguistics and computer science, and the discussion of syntax and semantics is influenced by modern linguistic approaches. Two basic themes in recent cognitive science studies of actual human reasoning are also introduced. Including extensive exercises and selected solutions, this text is ideal for students in Logic, Mathematics, Philosophy, and Computer Science.
Download or read book LSAT Logic Games written by and published by Learning Express (NY). This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This guide offers students the practice they need to become familiar with the Logic Games section, while covering the best methodology to approaching this section. There are a total of 50 practice games, each accompanied by five to seven practice questions"--
Download or read book Introduction to Logic written by Harry J Gensler and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-08-06 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Logic combines likely the broadest scope of any logic textbook available with clear, concise writing and interesting examples and arguments. Its key features, all retained in the Second Edition, include: • simpler ways to test arguments than those available in competing textbooks, including the star test for syllogisms • a wide scope of materials, making it suitable for introductory logic courses (as the primary text) or intermediate classes (as the primary or supplementary book) • engaging and easy-to-understand examples and arguments, drawn from everyday life as well as from the great philosophers • a suitability for self-study and for preparation for standardized tests, like the LSAT • a reasonable price (a third of the cost of many competitors) • exercises that correspond to the LogiCola program, which may be downloaded for free from the web. This Second Edition also: • arranges chapters in a more useful way for students, starting with the easiest material and then gradually increasing in difficulty • provides an even broader scope with new chapters on the history of logic, deviant logic, and the philosophy of logic • expands the section on informal fallacies • includes a more exhaustive index and a new appendix on suggested further readings • updates the LogiCola instructional program, which is now more visually attractive as well as easier to download, install, update, and use.
Download or read book An Introduction to Mathematical Logic written by Richard E. Hodel and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-01-01 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive overview ofmathematical logic is designedprimarily for advanced undergraduatesand graduate studentsof mathematics. The treatmentalso contains much of interest toadvanced students in computerscience and philosophy. Topics include propositional logic;first-order languages and logic; incompleteness, undecidability,and indefinability; recursive functions; computability;and Hilbert’s Tenth Problem.Reprint of the PWS Publishing Company, Boston, 1995edition.
Download or read book If A Then B written by Michael Shenefelt and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2013-06-11 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While logical principles seem timeless, placeless, and eternal, their discovery is a story of personal accidents, political tragedies, and broad social change. If A, Then B begins with logic's emergence twenty-three centuries ago and tracks its expansion as a discipline ever since. It explores where our sense of logic comes from and what it really is a sense of. It also explains what drove human beings to start studying logic in the first place. Logic is more than the work of logicians alone. Its discoveries have survived only because logicians have also been able to find a willing audience, and audiences are a consequence of social forces affecting large numbers of people, quite apart from individual will. This study therefore treats politics, economics, technology, and geography as fundamental factors in generating an audience for logic--grounding the discipline's abstract principles in a compelling material narrative. The authors explain the turbulent times of the enigmatic Aristotle, the ancient Stoic Chrysippus, the medieval theologian Peter Abelard, and the modern thinkers René Descartes, David Hume, Jeremy Bentham, George Boole, Augustus De Morgan, John Stuart Mill, Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, and Alan Turing. Examining a variety of mysteries, such as why so many branches of logic (syllogistic, Stoic, inductive, and symbolic) have arisen only in particular places and periods, If A, Then B is the first book to situate the history of logic within the movements of a larger social world. If A, Then B is the 2013 Gold Medal winner of Foreword Reviews' IndieFab Book of the Year Award for Philosophy.
Download or read book Logic Primer third edition written by Colin Allen and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2022-02-15 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The new edition of a comprehensive and rigorous but concise introduction to symbolic logic. Logic Primer offers a comprehensive and rigorous introduction to symbolic logic, providing concise definitions of key concepts, illustrative examples, and exercises. After presenting the definitions of validity and soundness, the book goes on to introduce a formal language, proof theory, and formal semantics for sentential logic (chapters 1–3) and for first-order predicate logic (chapters 4–6) with identity (chapter 7). For this third edition, the material has been reorganized from four chapters into seven, increasing the modularity of the text and enabling teachers to choose alternative paths through the book. New exercises have been added, and all exercises are now arranged to support students moving from easier to harder problems. Its spare and elegant treatment makes Logic Primer unique among textbooks. It presents the material with minimal chattiness, allowing students to proceed more directly from topic to topic and leaving instructors free to cover the subject matter in the way that best suits their students. The book includes more than thirty exercise sets, with answers to many of them provided in an appendix. The book’s website allows students to enter and check proofs, truth tables, and other exercises interactively.
