Download or read book Location and Rootstock Effect on Free Amino Acid and Phenolic Composition of Grape Cultivars written by Daniel Mark Person and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It was previously shown that Merlot fruit from the Oakville Experimental Station in Napa Valley grown on 1103P accumulated 1.7 times as much free amino acids (AA) as fruit from 101-14Mgt with no significant effect on tannin, iron-reactive phenolics, or anthocyanin. This work was expanded to include samples of Merlot (ME) and Cabernet Sauvignon (CS) from the Oakville Experimental Station (OK), Pinot noir (PN) from San Luis Obispo (SLO), Sauvignon blanc (SB) and Chardonnay (CH) from Monterey County (MO), as well as Syrah (SH), Chardonnay (CH), and ME from Washington State (WA). Offspring and parents of a hybrid Riesling (RE)xCS F1 population were also included. Berries sampled at commercial maturity were frozen, the skin was removed, and the seeds separated from mesocarp tissue. Berry components were ground in liquid nitrogen and extracted with 80% EtOH for AA analysis or 70% acetone for phenolic analysis. Rachis tissue from some samples was also included for AA analysis. Free AA and ammonium were determined by HPLC. Protein precipitated tannin and iron-reactive phenolics were measured using ferric chloride, and anthocyanins were assayed by pH change. This study confirmed the observation with ME at OK, and showed the rootstock effect on amino acid accumulation in the fruit to be reproducible between years. Samples of PN at SLO and SB at MO showed a similar effect, but CS at OK, SH at WA, and CH at WA showed the opposite effect, i.e. greater accumulation of nitrogen-containing species (NCS) in fruit from 101-14Mgt grafted vines. CH at MO showed no appreciable rootstock effect on NCS content. The effect of rootstock on NCS accumulation in the fruit appears to be variable and perhaps dependent on rootstock-soil interactions. Ripeness appeared to have an effect on NCS content, as samples of ME and CS with greater degree Brix had less disparity between skin and mesocarp concentration of NCS and rachis tissue from samples of CH, PN, and SB with lower °Brix had much higher NCS content. These two parameters may serve as useful diagnostic tools in determining the attenuation of nitrogen accumulation in grape berry. [gamma]-7;-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) was determined to accumulate selectively in mesocarp relative to skin tissue of ripe berries, which may be due to relative stress of mesocarp tissue. Small but consistent increase in phenolic composition (expressed as per gram berry fresh weight) in fruit grown on 101-14Mgt across locations was observed.

Download or read book The Grapevine Nitrogen Economy written by Shaunt Edward Oungoulian and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nitrogen status of grapevines is of critical importance for the wine industry. Many investigations have shown that nitrogen availability in the vineyard can affect vigor, yield and fruit quality, all of which have been implicated in affecting overall wine quality. Additionally, the nitrogen content of the fruit, since nitrogen is utilized by the yeast in fermentation, can affect must fermentation rate and duration and thereby wine quality. Many studies have investigated the nitrogen composition in grape berries and musts. Free amino acids have been identified as the primary form of nitrogen in these organs. Additionally, the effects of cultural practices such as fertilization and rootstock choice are known to influence grape berry nitrogen composition. However, there has been relatively little investigation into the nitrogen composition, specifically amino acid (AA) nitrogen, in other grapevine organs. This study investigated the effects of rootstock selection on the organic nitrogen composition of grapevine roots. Twofold differences in total amino acid analyzer (AAA) measured soluble nitrogen species were observed among various rootstock genotypes, with arginine identified as the dominant form of organic nitrogen. Similarly, a twofold variability of AAA measured insoluble, and likely protein, nitrogen species was observed, with arginine also identified as the dominant form of organic nitrogen. Much higher variability in the concentration and profile of AAA measured nitrogen species was observed in the berries themselves. Two amino acid accumulation phenotypes were identified among V. vinifera cultivars: hyper proline accumulators that accumulate high levels of proline relative to the total AAA measured soluble nitrogen species and moderate proline accumulators that accumulate lower levels of proline and higher levels of arginine relative to the total AAA measured soluble nitrogen species. These phenotypes appear to be genetically fixed, as variability in cultural practices, geographic location, or vintage has not been observed to change a given cultivar's AA phenotype, suggesting genetic differences in various biochemical synthesis and accumulation pathways.

Download or read book Wine Science written by Ronald S. Jackson and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-04-04 with total page 1032 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wine Science: Principles and Applications, Fifth Edition, delivers in-depth information and expertise in a single, science-focused volume, including all the complexities and nuances of creating a quality wine product. From variety, to the chemistry that transforms grape to fruit to wine, the book presents sections on the most important information regarding wine laws, authentication, the latest technology used in wine production, and expert-insights into the sensory appreciation of wine and its implications in health. This book is ideal for anyone seeking to understand the science that produces quality wines of every type. Presents thorough explanations of viticulture and winemaking principles from grape to taste bud Addresses historical developments in wine production, notably sparkling wines Provides techniques in grapevine breeding, notably CRISPR Compares production methods in a framework that provides insights into the advantages and disadvantages of each

Download or read book Grapes written by Jose De Sousa Camara and published by . This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 495 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Most cultivated vines belong to the European type (Vitis vinefera), the American bunch type (V. labrusca and its derivatives) or Muscadine type (V. rotundifolia). Grapes contain many of the most valuable elements necessary for life. In addition, it is known to have commendable medicinal qualities/properties, attributed mainly to polyphenols. They are famous as antioxidants, hormones, constituents of essential oils, natural neurotransmitters, and as having many other biological activities. Their antioxidant ability is known to confer many health benefits such as reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. They also provide antimicrobial activity for the plants own defense against invading pathogens. The diversity of structure and activity of phenolic compounds has resulted in a multiplicity of research areas such as chemistry, biotechnology, ecology, physiology, nutrition, medicine, and cosmetics. The understanding of grape and wine phenolics is an increasingly important requirement for managing wine styles efficiently and an important way to enhance their healthy benefit effects. The aim of this book is to describe grape production, its phenolic composition and the potential biomedical effects which are currently being researched. The areas of most interest at present and the subjects in which this interest is likely to continue or to increase in the following years have been selected. The book comprises 19 chapters, each written by authorities in the field with 59 contributing authors in total. Chapters are well referenced with regard to previous work, have appropriate chapter introductory sections accommodating non-specialists, students and experts in the field, and most end with a summary of conclusions and, in some cases, recommendations for future work or new standards, protocols or procedures.

Download or read book The Biochemistry of the Grape Berry written by Hernâni Gerós and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically significant fruit species. Many scientific advances have been achieved in understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. Some of these advances have led to the improvement of"

Download or read book Grape Rootstocks and Related Species written by Alireza Rahemi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-02 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers about 20 grape species that are vitally important in breeding programs and provide information on approximately 150 of the most familiar grape rootstocks in the world. Today, grape rootstocks play a fundamental role in resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and adaptation of grapevine to different environmental conditions, a factor that has opened commercial grape growing up to regions that might otherwise be overlooked. Grape rootstocks can be used for adaptation to a variety of soil conditions, including soil texture, depth, nutrient availability, pH, salinity, lime content, water availability (drought), and water drainage. Rootstocks can also be used to shift scion cultivar; the timing of various key phenological events and indirectly affects vineyard design. There are around 1500 grape rootstocks developed in the world, of which around 50 are commonly used as commercial rootstock. North American species account for around 30 species, and two-third of them have already been used for rootstock breeding at one time or another. However, the most commonly available rootstocks are derived from just three American species (V. berlandieri, V. rupestris, and V. riparia). Therefore, the most common grape rootstocks have a narrow genetic base, and efforts to extend the gene pools for breeding programs by using the other species are of ongoing importance to the industry and scientific community.

Download or read book Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology of Wine written by V. K. Joshi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-07-21 with total page 711 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When asking the question what is wine? there are various ways to answer. Wine is extolled as a food, a social lubricant, an antimicrobial and antioxidant, and a product of immense economic significance. But there is more to it than that. When did humans first start producing wine and what are its different varieties? Are wines nutritious or have any therapeutic values—do they have any role in health or are they simply intoxicating beverages? How are their qualities determined or marketed and how are these associated with tourism? Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology of Wine attempts to answer all these questions and more. This book reveals state-of-the-art technology of winemaking, describing various wine regions of the world and different cultivars used in winemaking. It examines microbiology, biochemistry, and engineering in the context of wine production. The sensory qualities of wine and brandy are explored, and the composition, nutritive and therapeutic values, and toxicity are summarized. Selected references at the end of each chapter provide ample opportunity for additional study. Key Features: Elaborates on the recent trends of control and modeling of wine and the techniques used in the production of different wines and brandies Focuses on the application of biotechnology, especially genetic engineering of yeast, bioreactor technological concepts, enzymology, microbiology, killer yeast, stuck and sluggish fermentation, etc. Illustrates the biochemical basis of wine production including malolactic fermentation Examines marketing, tourism, and the present status of the wine industry Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology of Wine contains the most comprehensive, yet still succinct, collection of information on the science and technology of winemaking. With 45 chapters contributed by leading experts in their fields, it is an indispensable treatise offering extensive details of the processes of winemaking. The book is an incomparable resource for oenologists, food scientists, biotechnologists, postharvest technologists, biochemists, fermentation technologists, nutritionists, chemical engineers, microbiologists, toxicologists, organic chemists, and the undergraduate and postgraduate students of these disciplines.

Download or read book Agrindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 1064 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Vineyard Winery Management written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 752 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Science of Grapevines written by Markus Keller and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology is an introduction to the physical structure of the grapevine, its various organs, their functions and their interactions with the environment. Beginning with a brief overview of the botanical classification (including an introduction to the concepts of species, cultivars, clones, and rootstocks), plant morphology and anatomy, and growth cycles of grapevines, The Science of Grapevines covers the basic concepts in growth and development, water relations, photosynthesis and respiration, mineral uptake and utilization, and carbon partitioning. These concepts are put to use to understand plant-environment interactions including canopy dynamics, yield formation, and fruit composition, and concludes with an introduction to stress physiology, including water stress (drought and flooding), nutrient deficiency and excess, extreme temperatures (heat and cold), and the impact and response to of other organisms. Based on the author's years of teaching grapevine anatomy as well as his research experience with grapevines and practical experience growing grapes, this book provides an important guide to understanding the entire plant. - Chapter 7 broken into two chapters, now "Environmental Constraints and Stress Physiology and Chapter 8 "Living with Other Organisms" to better reflect specific concepts - Integration of new research results including: - Latest research on implementing drip irrigation to maximize sugar accumulation within grapes - Effect of drought stress on grapevine's hydraulic system and options for optimum plant maintenance in drought conditions - The recently discovered plant hormone – strigolactones – and their contribution of apical dominance that has suddenly outdated dogma on apical dominance control - Chapter summaries added - Key literature references missed in the first edition as well as references to research completed since the 1e publication will be added

Download or read book Technical Review written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 904 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effect of Seasonal Nitrogen Applications on Grapevine N Status Grape Yield and Quality Amino N Composition and Fermentation Dynamics for Merlot Grafted Onto Two Rootstock Cultivars that Differ in Shoot Vigor written by Christine Marie Armstrong-Stockert and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seasonal nitrogen (N) application and two rootstock cultivars that differed in potential growth rate (vigor) were compared for vine biomass, vine N status, fruit yield and quality, must amino-N composition and fermentation dynamics. The rootstock 1103 Paulsen (Vitis berlandieri x V. rupestris cv 1103P) has a root system that tends to provide high shoot growth. The other rootstock was 101-14 Millardet de Gramanet (V. riparia x V. rupestris cv 101-14 Mgt.), a root system associated with lower shoot growth. Vines were given N in the fall (FF) and spring (SF) or no nitrogen (NF) in an established Merlot (Vitis vinifera cv Merlot) experimental block in Oakville, CA. Merlot grown on the 1103P vines had two times the yeast-assimilable nitrogen (YAN) concentration as Merlot grown on the 101-14 Mgt. vines. In essence, the difference in nitrogen metabolite levels between the two rootstocks indicated 1103P roots are much more effective at absorbing and translocating N whether it was from fertilizer or the soil mineral pool. The data also suggest that Merlot vines on 1103P rootstocks in the Napa Valley may require little to no N supplementation while Merlot grown on 101-14 Mgt. may require N supplementation to avoid slow or stuck fermentations. Furthermore, within rootstock treatments, YAN levels alone did not explain observed rates of fermentation, suggesting that other metabolites may play an important role in fermentation dynamics.

Download or read book Effect of Rootstock on Vegetative Growth Yield and Fruit Composition of Norton Grapevines written by Jackie Leigh Harris and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 85 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Norton is an important commercial grape cultivar commonly grown in Missouri and the surrounding region because of its wine quality and disease resistance. However, own-rooted Norton vines typically produce fruit with high pH, malic acid, and potassium, which are known to reduce quality, aging potential, and stability of wine. Additionally, own-rooted Norton vines often produce excessive vegetative growth. Thus, effects of selected rootstocks on Norton fruit composition, yield, and vegetative growth were studied in Phelps County, MO within a commercial vineyard during 2010 and 2011. Rootstocks included 3309C, 101-14, Schwarzmann, 5BB, SO4, 1103P, 110R, 140Ru, 1616C, and 44-53M. Own-rooted Norton vines were also included as a control. Rootstocks did not affect vegetative growth or fruit characteristics (organic acids, glucose, or fructose). However, Norton petiole contents of Ca and P were deficient on some rootstocks in 2010 and 2011. Vines on 101-14, 110R, and 1616C rootstocks produced greater fruit yield than own-rooted vines. Nitrogen, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Mn contents in juice were also affected by rootstock, but all were within acceptable ranges. While fruit yields were enhanced by the rootstocks, it may be necessary to alter fertilization and pruning practices to sustain high cropping.

Download or read book Grapes and Wines written by António M. Jordão and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-02-28 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book "Grapes and Wines: Advances in Production, Processing, Analysis, and Valorization" intends to provide to the reader a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art and different perspectives regarding the most recent knowledge related to grape and wine production. Thus, this book is composed of three different general sections: (1) Viticulture and Environmental Conditions, (2) Wine Production and Characterization, and (3) Economic Analysis and Valorization of Wine Products. Inside these 3 general sections, 16 different chapters provide current research on different topics of recent advances on production, processing, analysis, and valorization of grapes and wines. All chapters are written by a group of international researchers, in order to provide up-to-date reviews, overviews, and summaries of current research on the different dimensions of grape and wine production. This book is not only intended for technicians actively engaged in the field but also for students attending technical schools and/or universities and other professionals that might be interested in reading and learning about some fascinating areas of grape and wine research.

Download or read book Bibliography of Agriculture written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 1732 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Rootstock Effect on the Vitis Vinifera Cultivars Chardonnay Merlot Pinot Gris and Pinot Noir During Establishment written by Michael D. McAuley and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winegrape growing is extremely dependent upon site-specific variables. To better understand the effect of rootstock-scion interaction in a cool climate region, an experimental vineyard was planted in 1997 at the Oregon State University Woodhall III property in the southern Willamette Valley. The first experiment consists of Pinot noir (clone FPMS 2A) grafted to 19 rootstocks and an own-rooted control. Two years of growth responses and one year's harvest data were analyzed. Rootstocks affected shoot length and shoot diameter, leaf gas exchange rates, leaf chlorophyll contents, cluster size and yield components, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity. Treatments with long, thick shoots and heavy pruning weights tended to have high chlorophyll contents, with two exceptions. The Pinot noir own-rooted control and Riparia Gloire-Pinot noir vines had elevated chlorophyll levels but shorter shoots and had smaller shoot diameters. Pinot noir grafted to 1103 Paulsen, 99 Richter, 110 Richter and 140 Ruggeri set fewer berries per cluster. 1103 Paulsen, 99 Richter, 110 Richter rootstocks effected scion fruitfulness by lowering cluster weights. 125AA Kober and 1103 Paulsen had the lowest levels of soluble solids but the highest pruning weights, indicating a lack of fruit-to-canopy balance. Establishment rate was highest for ungrafted Pinot noir vines and Pinot noir on 3309 Couderc, 4453 Malegue, 8B Teleki, Selection Oppenheim 4, 161-49 Couderc, and 420A Millardet et de Grasset and the slowest for 110 Richter, 99 Richter, and 1103 Paulsen. The second experiment consists of a 4 x 9 factorial trial. Four V. vinifera scions on 9 rootstocks were planted and, as in the first experiment, physiological responses and harvest data were analyzed. Responses of the interactions of rootstock-scion were analyzed and affinity of scion to rootstock was observed. Pinot noir grafted to 110 Richter showed low leaf chlorophyll contents. Rootstock-scion interactions were observed in shoot length and diameter. V. riparia x V. berlandieri crosses grew longer shoots of larger diameter. 3309 Couderc, Riparia Gloire and 4453 Malegue yielded smaller vines regardless of scion choice. The counts of berries per cluster were different among treatments. Affinity of scion to rootstock effected soluble solid content, pH and TA of musts, although further study into vineyard maturation is needed.

Download or read book Grapevine Viruses Molecular Biology Diagnostics and Management written by Baozhong Meng and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 688 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The domestication of grapes dates back five thousand years ago and has spread to nearly all continents. In recent years, grape acreage has increased dramatically in new regions, including the United States of America, Chile, Asia (China and India), and Turkey. A major limiting factor to the sustained production of premium grapes and wines is infections by viruses. The advent of powerful molecular and metagenomics technologies, such as molecular cloning and next generation sequencing, allowed the discovery of new viruses from grapes. To date, grapevine is susceptible to 64 viruses that belong to highly diverse taxonomic groups. The most damaging diseases include: (1) infectious degeneration; (2) leafroll disease complex; and (3) rugose wood complex. Recently, two new disease syndromes have been recognized: Syrah decline and red blotch. Losses due to fanleaf degeneration are estimated at $1 billion annually in France alone. Other diseases including leafroll, rugose wood, Syrah de cline and red blotch can result in total crop loss several years post-infection. This situation is further exacerbated by mixed infections with multiple viruses and other biotic as well as adverse abiotic environmental conditions, such as drought and winter damage, causing even greater destruction. The book builds upon the last handbook (written over twenty years ago) on the part of diagnostics and extensively expands its scope by inclusion of molecular biology aspects of select viruses that are widespread and economically most important. This includes most current information on the biology, transmission, genome replication, transcription, subcellular localization, as well as virus-host interactions. It also touches on several novel areas of scientific inquiry. It also contains suggested directions for future research in the field of grapevine virology.