Download or read book Local Capillary Trapping and Permeability retarded Accumulation During Geologic Carbon Sequestration written by Bo Ren and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safe storage of CO2 in saline aquifers depends on CO2 migration rate, accumulation, and trapping inside saline aquifers that have intrinsic heterogeneity. This heterogeneity can be in both capillary entry pressure and permeability. The former heterogeneity causes local capillary trapping while the latter results in permeability-retarded accumulation. A main objective of this dissertation is to understand how both local capillary trapping and permeability-retarded accumulation secure CO2 storage. We establish a fast simulation technique to model local capillary trapping during CO2 injection into saline aquifers. In this technique, modeling efforts are decoupled into two parts: identifying trapping in a capillary entry pressure field and simulating CO2 flow in a permeability field. The former fields are correlated with the latter using the Leverett j-function. The first part describes an extended use of a geologic criterion originally proposed by Saadatpoor (2012). This criterion refers to a single value of 'critical capillary entry pressure' that is used to indicate barrier or local traps cells during buoyant flow. Three issues with the criterion are the unknown physical critical value, the massive overestimation of trapping, and boundary barriers. The first two issues are resolved through incorporating viscous flow of CO2. The last issue is resolved through creating periodic boundaries. This creation enables us to study both the amount and clusters of local capillary traps in infinite systems, and meanwhile the effects of reservoir heterogeneity, system size, aspect ratio, and boundary types are examined. In the second part, we adapt a connectivity analysis to assess CO2 plume dynamics. This analysis is then integrated into the geologic criterion to evaluate how injection strategies affect local capillary trapping in reservoirs. We demonstrate that reservoir heterogeneity affects the optimal injection strategies in terms of maximizing this trapping. We conduct analytical and numerical modeling of CO2 accumulations caused by both permeability hindrances and capillary barriers. The analytical model describes CO2 buoyant migration and accumulation at a low permeability region above a high-permeability region. In the limiting case of zero capillary pressure, the model equation is solved using the method of characteristics. The permeability-retarded accumulation is illustrated through CO2 saturation profiles and time-distance diagrams. Capillary trapping is subsequently accounted for by graphically incorporating the capillary pressure curve and capillary threshold effect. The relative importance of these two types of accumulations is examined under various buoyant source fluxes and porous media properties. Results demonstrate that accumulation estimate that account for only capillary trapping understates the amount of CO2 accumulated beneath low permeability structures during significant periods of a sequestration operation.

Download or read book Local Capillary Trapping in Geological Carbon Storage written by Ehsan Saadatpoor and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the injection of CO2 into a subsurface formation, various storage mechanisms help immobilize the CO2. Injection strategies that promote the buoyant movement of CO2 during the post-injection period can increase immobilization by the mechanisms of dissolution and residual phase trapping. In this work, we argue that the heterogeneity intrinsic to sedimentary rocks gives rise to another category of trapping, which we call local capillary trapping. In a heterogeneous storage formation where capillary entry pressure of the rock is correlated with other petrophysical properties, numerous local capillary barriers exist and can trap rising CO2 below them. The size of barriers depends on the correlation length, i.e., the characteristic size of regions having similar values of capillary entry pressure. This dissertation evaluates the dynamics of the local capillary trapping and its effectiveness to add an element of increased capacity and containment security in carbon storage in heterogeneous permeable media. The overall objective is to obtain the rigorous assessment of the amount and extent of local capillary trapping expected to occur in typical storage formations. A series of detailed numerical simulations are used to quantify the amount of local capillary trapping and to study the effect of local capillary barriers on CO2 leakage from the storage formation. Also, a research code is developed for finding clusters of local capillary trapping from capillary entry pressure field based on the assumption that in post-injection period the viscous forces are negligible and the process is governed solely by capillary forces. The code is used to make a quantitative assessment of an upper bound for local capillary trapping capacity in heterogeneous domains using the geologic data, which is especially useful for field projects since it is very fast compared to flow simulation. The results show that capillary heterogeneity decreases the threshold capacity for non-leakable storage of CO2. However, in cases where the injected volume is more than threshold capacity, capillary heterogeneity adds an element of security to the structural seal, regardless of how CO2 is accumulated under the seal, either by injection or by buoyancy. In other words, ignoring heterogeneity gives the worst-case estimate of the risk. Nevertheless, during a potential leakage through failed seals, a range of CO2 leakage amounts may occur depending on heterogeneity and the location of the leak. In geologic CO2 storage in typical saline aquifers, the local capillary trapping can result in large volumes that are sufficiently trapped and immobilized. In fact, this behavior has significant implications for estimates of permanence of storage, for assessments of leakage rates, and for predicting ultimate consequences of leakage.

Download or read book Thermodynamic Stability of Residually Trapped Carbon Dioxide in Geological Carbon Sequestration written by Yaxin Li and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological CO2 sequestration is an effective approach to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions by permanently trapping CO2 in the subsurface. In addition to being trapped beneath a seal that prevents upward migration of CO2, a large portion of injected CO2 is trapped by capillary forces in pores and eventually dissolves into the reservoir brine due to convective mixing to achieve permanent entrapment. In regions where convective mixing is slow, nonconvective transport can play an important role in redistributing residually trapped CO2, driven by thermodynamic gradients other than the pressure gradient that causes the bulk flow. However, the mechanisms and time scales for redistribution have yet to be explored thoroughly. In this dissertation, we explore multiple transport mechanisms for nonconvective transport and their impacts on the long-term entrapment for CO2. First, we explore the impact of Ostwald ripening. Ostwald ripening is a pore-scale phenomenon that coarsens a dispersed phase until thermodynamic equilibrium is established. In porous media, past studies using pore-scale modeling of trapped CO2, show that that multibubble equilibrium is possible and likely in complex porous media. Here we develop a new continuum-scale model for Ostwald ripening in heterogeneous porous media. In this model, porous media with two different capillary pressure curves are put into contact, allowing only diffusive flow through the aqueous phase to redistribute a trapped gas phase. Results show that Ostwald ripening can increase the gas saturation in one medium while decreasing the gas saturation in the other, even when the gas phase is trapped in pore spaces by capillary forces. We develop a retardation factor to show that the characteristic time for Ostwald ripening in the CO2-brine system is about 100000 times slower than single-phase diffusion due to the fact that separate-phase gas requires a much larger amount of mass transfer before equilibrium is established. An approximate solution has been developed to predict the timescale for the saturation redistribution between the two media. The model has been validated by numerical simulation over a wide range of physical parameters. Millimeter to centimeter-scale systems come into equilibrium in years, ranging up to 10,000 years and longer for meter-scale systems. These findings are particularly relevant for geological CO2 storage, where residual trapping is an important mechanism for immobilizing CO2. Our work demonstrates that Ostwald ripening due to heterogeneity in porous media is slow and on a similar time scale compared to other processes that redistribute trapped CO2 such as convective mixing. Furthermore, we show that other natural gradients in geologic formations -- hydrostatic pressure, geothermal gradients and capillary heterogeneity -- can also redistribute CO2 by nonconvective transport. Mechanisms for resulting nonconvective transport include molecular diffusion, the sedimentation effect and potentially the Soret effect. Results show that hydrostatic pressure dominates redistribution such that the separate-phase gas is transported upward through molecular diffusion and accumulates under the seal at the steady state. A typical time scale for gas phase redistribution is 100000 years/m; for a 100 m thick formation, redistribution is complete after about 10000000 years. Although nonconvective transport is an extremely slow process, it causes local accumulation of the gas phase and in some settings may remobilize the trapped gas phase. Finally, we show that in regions where the gas saturation increases due to nonconvective transport, the residual gas saturation can be exceeded, resulting in remobilization of the gas phase. Mobilized gas accumulates in regions with low capillary pressure. The gas phase in regions with high capillary pressure remains immobile but is depleted through nonconvective transport. In reservoirs with top seals or local capillary barriers, these layers confine CO2 within the low capillary pressure layers to prevent upward migration of the gas phase to caprock. However, in a dipping reservoir, the gas phase that accumulates underneath capillary barriers will migrate up dip, driven by buoyancy. The greater the number of layers in the reservoir, the faster the rate of redistribution and mobilization. In reservoirs completely lacking a top seal or sealing fault, eventually the CO2 would migrate upward until it is completely dissolved or discharged into the vadose zone. In highly heterogeneous reservoirs characterized by short spatial correlation lengths in the horizontal direction, redistribution is largely dominated by nonconvection redistribution processes.

Download or read book Geologic Carbon Sequestration written by V. Vishal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-05-11 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This exclusive compilation written by eminent experts from more than ten countries, outlines the processes and methods for geologic sequestration in different sinks. It discusses and highlights the details of individual storage types, including recent advances in the science and technology of carbon storage. The topic is of immense interest to geoscientists, reservoir engineers, environmentalists and researchers from the scientific and industrial communities working on the methodologies for carbon dioxide storage. Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are often held responsible for the rising temperature of the globe. Geologic sequestration prevents atmospheric release of the waste greenhouse gases by storing them underground for geologically significant periods of time. The book addresses the need for an understanding of carbon reservoir characteristics and behavior. Other book volumes on carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) attempt to cover the entire process of CCUS, but the topic of geologic sequestration is not discussed in detail. This book focuses on the recent trends and up-to-date information on different storage rock types, ranging from deep saline aquifers to coal to basaltic formations.

Download or read book Local Capillary Trapping in Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide CO2 written by Ehsan Saadatpoor and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "After the injection of CO2 into a subsurface formation, storage mechanisms help immobilize the CO2. Injection strategies that promote the movement of CO2 during the post-injection period can increase immobilization by mechanisms of dissolution and residual phase trapping. This book argues that the heterogeneity intrinsic to sedimentary rocks gives rise to another category of trapping called "local capillary trapping." The study presented in this book evaluates local capillary trapping, its effectiveness to add an element of increased capacity and containment security in CO2 storage, and assesses the amount and extent of local capillary trapping expected to occur in typical storage formations."--Provided by publisher.

Download or read book A Detailed Study of CO2 brine Capillary Trapping Mechanisms as Applied to Geologic Carbon Storage Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The proposed research focuses on improved fundamental understanding of the efficiency of physical trapping mechanisms, and as such will provide the basis for subsequent upscaling efforts. The overarching hypothesis of the proposed research is that capillary pressure plays a significant role in capillary trapping of CO2, especially during the water imbibition stage of the sequestration process. We posit that the relevant physics of the sequestration process is more complex than is currently captured in relative permeability models, which are often based on so-called trapping models to represent relative permeability hysteresis. Our 4 main questions, guiding the 4 main tasks of the proposed research, are as follows: (1) What is the morphology of capillary trapped CO2 at the pore scale as a function of temperature, pressure, brine concentration, interfacial tension, and pore-space morphology under injection and subsequent imbibition? (2) Is it possible to describe the capillary trapping process using formation-dependent, but otherwise unique continuum-scale functions in permeability-capillary pressure, interfacial area and saturation space, rather than hysteretic functions in permeability-saturation or capillary pressure-saturation space? (3) How do continuum-scale relationships between kr-Pc-S-Anw developed based on pore-scale observations compare with traditional models incorporating relative permeability hysteresis (such as Land's and other models,) and with observations at the core (5-10cm) scale? (4) How can trapped CO2 volume be optimized via engineered injection and sweep strategies, and as a function of formation type (incl. heterogeneity)?

Download or read book Geological Carbon Storage written by Stéphanie Vialle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-11-12 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geological Carbon Storage Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity Seals and caprocks are an essential component of subsurface hydrogeological systems, guiding the movement and entrapment of hydrocarbon and other fluids. Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity offers a survey of the wealth of recent scientific work on caprock integrity with a focus on the geological controls of permanent and safe carbon dioxide storage, and the commercial deployment of geological carbon storage. Volume highlights include: Low-permeability rock characterization from the pore scale to the core scale Flow and transport properties of low-permeability rocks Fundamentals of fracture generation, self-healing, and permeability Coupled geochemical, transport and geomechanical processes in caprock Analysis of caprock behavior from natural analogues Geochemical and geophysical monitoring techniques of caprock failure and integrity Potential environmental impacts of carbon dioxide migration on groundwater resources Carbon dioxide leakage mitigation and remediation techniques Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock Integrity is an invaluable resource for geoscientists from academic and research institutions with interests in energy and environment-related problems, as well as professionals in the field.

Download or read book On Leakage and Seepage from Geological Carbon Sequestration Sites written by and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic carbon sequestration is one strategy for reducing the rate of increase of global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (IEA, 1997; Reichle, 2000). As used here, the term geologic carbon sequestration refers to the direct injection of supercritical CO2 deep into subsurface target formations. These target formations will typically be either depleted oil and gas reservoirs, or brine-filled permeable formations referred to here as brine formations. Injected CO2 will tend to be trapped by one or more of the following mechanisms: (1) permeability trapping, for example when buoyant supercritical CO2 rises until trapped by a confining caprock; (2) solubility trapping, for example when CO2 dissolves into the aqueous phase in water-saturated formations, or (3) mineralogic trapping, such as occurs when CO2 reacts to produce stable carbonate minerals. When CO2 is trapped in the subsurface by any of these mechanisms, it is effectively sequestered away from the atmosphere where it would otherwise act as a greenhouse gas. The purpose of this report is to summarize our work aimed at quantifying potential CO2 seepage due to leakage from geologic carbon sequestration sites. The approach we take is to present first the relevant properties of CO2 over the range of conditions from the deep subsurface to the vadose zone (Section 2), and then discuss conceptual models for how leakage might occur (Section 3). The discussion includes consideration of gas reservoir and natural gas storage analogs, along with some simple estimates of seepage based on assumed leakage rates. The conceptual model discussion provides the background for the modeling approach wherein we focus on simulating transport in the vadose zone, the last potential barrier to CO2 seepage (Section 4). Because of the potentially wide range of possible properties of actual future geologic sequestration sites, we carry out sensitivity analyses by means of numerical simulation and derive the trends in seepage flux and near-surface CO2 concentrations that will arise from variations in fundamental hydrogeological properties.

Download or read book An Investigation Into the Pore scale Mechanisms of Capillary Trapping written by Anna L. Herring and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologic CO2 sequestration is a climate change mitigation strategy that prevents CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by capturing CO2 gasses from large point source emissions streams and then pressurizing and pumping the supercritical-state CO2 into underground geologic storage reservoirs. Once underground, CO2 is prevented from buoyant migration to the surface by various trapping mechanisms, one of which is capillary trapping. Capillary trapping is a secure trapping mechanism that immobilizes CO2 on relatively short timescales; accurate prediction and optimization of capillary trapping of CO2 is crucial to ensure the safety and success of a sequestration operation. The research comprising this dissertation utilizes x-ray computed microtomography (x-ray CMT) to allow for three-dimensional (3D) investigation of the main factors influencing nonwetting phase capillary trapping from a pore-scale in-situ perspective. Results from ambient- and supercritical-condition experiments are presented that provide insight as to the controls on capillary trapping during multiphase flow in porous media. The presented findings may be used to help design injection strategies that optimize capillary trapping of CO2 during sequestration operations and to help develop more accurate predictive transport models.

Download or read book Investigation of Buoyant Plumes in a Quasi 2D Domain written by Yuhao Sun and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leakage of stored bulk phase CO2 is one risk for sequestration in deep saline aquifers. As the less dense CO2 migrates upward within a storage formation or in layers above the formation, the security of its storage depends upon the trapping mechanisms that counteract the migration. The trapping mechanism motivating this research is local capillary trapping (LCT), which occurs during buoyancy-driven migration of bulk phase CO2 within a saline aquifer with spatially heterogeneous petrophysical properties. When a CO2 plume rising by buoyancy encounters a region where capillary entry pressure is locally larger than average, CO2 accumulates beneath the region. One benefit of LCT, applied specifically to CO2 sequestration and storage, is that saturation of stored CO2 phase is larger than the saturation for other permanent trapping mechanisms. Another potential benefit is security: CO2 that occupies local capillary traps remains there, even if the overlying formation that provides primary containment were to be compromised and allow leakage. Most work on LCT has involved numerical simulation (Saadatpoor 2010, Ganesh 2012); the research work presented here is a step toward understanding local capillary trapping at the bench scale. An apparatus and set of fluids are described which allow examining the extent of local capillary trapping, i.e. buoyant nonwetting phase immobilization beneath small-scale capillary barriers, which can be expected in typical heterogeneous storage formation. The bench scale environment analogous to CO2 and brine in a saline aquifer is created in a quasi-two dimensional experimental apparatus with dimension of 63 cm by 63 cm by 5 cm, which allows for observation of plume migration with physically representative properties but at experimentally convenient ambient conditions. A surrogate fluid pair is developed to mimic the density, viscosity and interfacial tension relationship found at pressure and temperature typical of storage aquifers. Porous media heterogeneity, pressure boundary conditions, migration modes of uprising nonwetting phase, and presence of fracture/breach in the capillary barrier are studied in series of experiments for their influences on LCT. A variety of heterogeneous porous media made of a range of sizes of loosely packed silica beads are used to validate and test the persistence of local capillary trapping mechanism. By adjusting the boundary conditions (fluid levels in reservoirs attached to top and to bottom ports of the apparatus), the capillary pressure gradient across the domain was manipulated. Experiments were conducted with and without the presence of fracture/potential leakage pathway in the capillary seal. The trapped buoyant phase remained secure beneath the local capillary barriers, as long as the effective capillary pressure exerted by the trapped phase (proportional to column height of the phase) is smaller than the capillary entry pressure of the barrier. The local capillary trapping mechanism remained persistent even under forced imbibition, in which a significantly higher hydraulic potential gradient, and therefore a larger gradient in capillary pressure, was applied to the system. The column height of buoyant fluid that remained beneath the local capillary barrier was smaller by a factor corresponding to the increase in capillary pressure gradient. Mimicking a breach of the caprock by opening valves at the top of the apparatus allowed buoyant mobile phase held beneath the valves to escape, but buoyant phase held in local traps at saturations above residual, and therefore potentially mobile, was undisturbed. This work provides systematic validation of a novel concept, namely the long-term security of CO2 that fills local (small-scale) capillary traps in heterogeneous storage formations. Results from this work reveal the first ever unequivocal experimental evidence on persistence of local capillary trapping mechanism. Attempts to quantify the nonwetting phase saturation and extent of LCT persistence serve as the initial steps to potentially reduce the risks associated with long-term storage security.

Download or read book PVT and Phase Behaviour Of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids written by Ali Danesh and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-05-07 with total page 401 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on PVT and Phase Behaviour Of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids is volume 47 in the Developments in Petroleum Science series. The chapters in the book are: Phase Behaviour Fundamentals, PVT Tests and Correlations, Phase Equilibria, Equations of State, Phase Behaviour Calculations, Fluid Characterisation, Gas Injection, Interfacial Tension, and Application in Reservoir Simulation.

Download or read book An Introduction to Reservoir Simulation Using MATLAB GNU Octave written by Knut-Andreas Lie and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-08-08 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents numerical methods for reservoir simulation, with efficient implementation and examples using widely-used online open-source code, for researchers, professionals and advanced students. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Download or read book Multiphase Flow in Permeable Media written by Martin J. Blunt and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-16 with total page 503 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a fundamental description of multiphase fluid flow through porous rock, based on understanding movement at the pore, or microscopic, scale.

Download or read book Geology of Carbonate Reservoirs written by Wayne M. Ahr and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An accessible resource, covering the fundamentals of carbonate reservoir engineering Includes discussions on how, where and why carbonate are formed, plus reviews of basic sedimentological and stratigraphic principles to explain carbonate platform characteristics and stratigraphic relationships Offers a new, genetic classification of carbonate porosity that is especially useful in predicting spatial distribution of pore networks.

Download or read book Characterization Modeling Monitoring and Remediation of Fractured Rock written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2021-01-29 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fractured rock is the host or foundation for innumerable engineered structures related to energy, water, waste, and transportation. Characterizing, modeling, and monitoring fractured rock sites is critical to the functioning of those infrastructure, as well as to optimizing resource recovery and contaminant management. Characterization, Modeling, Monitoring, and Remediation of Fractured Rock examines the state of practice and state of art in the characterization of fractured rock and the chemical and biological processes related to subsurface contaminant fate and transport. This report examines new developments, knowledge, and approaches to engineering at fractured rock sites since the publication of the 1996 National Research Council report Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow: Contemporary Understanding and Fluid Flow. Fundamental understanding of the physical nature of fractured rock has changed little since 1996, but many new characterization tools have been developed, and there is now greater appreciation for the importance of chemical and biological processes that can occur in the fractured rock environment. The findings of Characterization, Modeling, Monitoring, and Remediation of Fractured Rock can be applied to all types of engineered infrastructure, but especially to engineered repositories for buried or stored waste and to fractured rock sites that have been contaminated as a result of past disposal or other practices. The recommendations of this report are intended to help the practitioner, researcher, and decision maker take a more interdisciplinary approach to engineering in the fractured rock environment. This report describes how existing tools-some only recently developed-can be used to increase the accuracy and reliability of engineering design and management given the interacting forces of nature. With an interdisciplinary approach, it is possible to conceptualize and model the fractured rock environment with acceptable levels of uncertainty and reliability, and to design systems that maximize remediation and long-term performance. Better scientific understanding could inform regulations, policies, and implementation guidelines related to infrastructure development and operations. The recommendations for research and applications to enhance practice of this book make it a valuable resource for students and practitioners in this field.

Download or read book The Conservation of Cave 85 at the Mogao Grottoes Dunhuang written by Neville Agnew and published by Getty Publications. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mogao Grottoes, a World Heritage Site in northwestern China, are located along the ancient caravan routes—collectively known as the Silk Road—that once linked China with the West. Founded by a Buddhist monk in the late fourth century, Mogao flourished over the following millennium, as monks, local rulers, and travelers commissioned hundreds of cave temples cut into a mile-long rock cliff and adorned them with vibrant murals. More than 490 decorated grottoes remain, containing thousands of sculptures and some 45,000 square meters of wall paintings, making Mogao one of the world’s most significant sites of Buddhist art. In 1997 the Getty Conservation Institute, which had been working with the Dunhuang Academy since 1989, began a case study using the Late–Tang dynasty Cave 85 to develop a methodology that would stabilize the deteriorating wall paintings. This abundantly illustrated volume is the definitive report on the project, which was completed in 2010.

Download or read book Reservoir Model Design written by Philip Ringrose and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-03 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book gives practical advice and ready to use tips on the design and construction of subsurface reservoir models. The design elements cover rock architecture, petrophysical property modelling, multi-scale data integration, upscaling and uncertainty analysis. Philip Ringrose and Mark Bentley share their experience, gained from over a hundred reservoir modelling studies in 25 countries covering clastic, carbonate and fractured reservoir types. The intimate relationship between geology and fluid flow is explored throughout, showing how the impact of fluid type, production mechanism and the subtleties of single- and multi-phase flow combine to influence reservoir model design. Audience: The main audience for this book is the community of applied geoscientists and engineers involved in the development and use of subsurface fluid resources. The book is suitable for a range of Master’s level courses in reservoir characterisation, modelling and engineering. · Provides practical advice and guidelines for users of 3D reservoir modelling packages · Gives advice on reservoir model design for the growing world-wide activity in subsurface reservoir modelling · Covers rock modelling, property modelling, upscaling and uncertainty handling · Encompasses clastic, carbonate and fractured reservoirs