Download or read book Lithogenic and Pedogenic Features in Weathered Granitic Bedrock and Their Influence on Water Flow and Virus Transport written by Christopher Scott Frazier and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Edaphic Role of Weathered Bedrock in a Seasonally dry Jeffrey Pine Plantation written by Kenneth Raymond Hubbert and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Distribution of Coast Live Oak Woodland Mycorrhizae in a Soil weathered Bedrock Regolith written by Margaret Ann Bornyasz and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agronomy News written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 850 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sept.-Oct. issue includes list of theses and dissertations for U.S. and Canadian graduate degrees granted in crop science, soil science, and agronomic science during the previous academic year.

Download or read book Water holding Characteristics of Weathered Granitic Rock written by Robert C. Graham and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Controls on Critical Zone Thickness and Hydrologic Dynamics at the Hillslope Scale written by Daniella Marie Rempe and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The critical zone is defined as the thin outer veneer of Earth's terrestrial surface, extending from the top of the vegetation canopy to the base of weathered bedrock. Very little is known about how the critical zone is structured and how its structure controls the storage, transport, and chemical evolution of the biosphere's most important resource- water. In hilly or mountainous landscapes, the critical zone often includes tens of meters of weathered rock beneath the surface and this weathered rock hosts a dynamic hydrologic system that is virtually unexplored. Below weathered bedrock, lies an unmapped three dimensional fresh bedrock surface, Zb, that defines the bottom boundary of the critical zone. This dissertation develops novel theory to predict how this fresh bedrock surface is structured across ridge and valley topography and illustrates, through a field study, how that structure influences the routing of water within the landscape. I report, for the first time, how the structure and hydrologic dynamics of the critical zone vary across an entire hillslope, from channel to topographic divide. Current models for development of the critical zone emphasize top-down processes associated with infiltrating waters and gases, as well as fracturing due to the differential stresses generated by topography. I propose a distinctly different theory, which enables a prediction of the thickness of weathered bedrock across a landscape. I hypothesize that as fresh bedrock, saturated with nearly stagnant fluid, is advected upward into the near-surface through uplift and erosion, channel incision produces a lateral head gradient within the fresh bedrock inducing drainage towards the channel. Drainage of the fresh bedrock causes weathering through drying (i.e. repeated cycles of wetting and drying) and permits the introduction of atmospheric and biotically controlled acids and oxidants such that the boundary between weathered and unweathered bedrock is set by the uppermost elevation of undrained fresh bedrock, Zb. At steady-state the rate at which fresh bedrock crosses the Zb boundary is equal to the channel incision rate (which commonly is less than 1 mm/yr). Hence, this slow drainage of fresh bedrock, progressively allowing weathering to proceed, exerts a "bottom up" control on the advance of the weathering front. The thickness of the weathered zone is calculated as the difference between the predicted topographic surface profile (driven by erosion) and the predicted groundwater profile (driven by drainage of fresh bedrock). For the steady state, soil-mantled case, a coupled analytical solution arises in which both profiles are driven by channel incision. Lithology of the fresh bedrock influences the thickness of the weathered zone through the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the bedrock. Measurements of rate processes and topography, as well as depth to fresh bedrock at the divide can be used to estimate the saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity of the fresh bedrock. Two non-dimensional numbers corresponding to the mean hillslope gradient and mean groundwater table gradient emerge and their ratio defines the proportion of the hillslope relief that is unweathered. The model predicts a thickening of the weathered zone upslope and consequently, a progressive upslope increase in the residence time of bedrock in the weathered zone. Despite its simplicity, the model makes testable predictions and is consistent with field data from three sites. To investigate how the critical zone is structured across a hillslope and how water is routed throughout the critical zone, I conducted an intensive field investigation on a steep (average 30 degree), actively eroding (0.2-0.4 mm/yr), 135 m long soil-mantled hillslope within the Northern California Coast Ranges (referred to as Rivendell). The 4000 m2 hillslope is located within the 17 km2 Elder Creek watershed, in the Angelo Coast Range Reserve. The hillslope is forested with up to 60 m tall Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and mixed evergreen hardwoods including live oak (Quercus wislizeni), madrone (Arbutus menziesii), and California bay (Umbellularia californica), and is underlain by vertically dipping argillite with sandstone interbeds. The climate is seasonally dry, and characterized by warm, dry summers (May- Sept) and cool, wet winters within which all of the precipitation (1800 mm mean annual precipitation) falls. A network of 12 wells, as deep as 30 m, were drilled across the hillslope into fresh bedrock and an extensive sensor network of over 750 sensors records soil moisture and rock moisture, and meteorological and groundwater conditions across the site. Streamflow at the base of the hillslope is recorded at a United States Geologic Survey station a short distance upstream. To document the spatial and temporal dynamics of rock moisture, I performed periodic neutron probe surveys within deep wells. Drilling revealed a 4-25 m thick zone of variably weathered, fractured bedrock underlying, thin (50 cm) soils. Intensely fractured argillite forms a saprolite in the upper 4 m, below which fracture density, porosity, and mechanical strength decreases with depth. Fresh bedrock at the base of the profile (revealed through large increases in standard penetration resistance and an absence of signs of oxidative weathering) bounds the weathered zone from below. The boundary between unweathered and weathered rock, Zb, is progressively deeper upslope, forming an upslope thickening wedge of fractured, weathered bedrock that is increasingly weathered upslope. The seasonal addition of rainfall to this structured weathering profile, leads to the development of three distinct hydrologic zones: a near surface 4-18 m thick zone that remains unsaturated year round, a 4-15 m thick seasonally saturated zone that fluctuates largely within the same elevations year after year, and a zone which remains chronically saturated below an annually repeatable minimum water table position. A significant consequence of the development of the weathering front into bedrock is that infiltrating rainfall travels through and is stored within weathered rock as rock moisture. Rock moisture is the exchangeable water within unsaturated weathered and fractured bedrock. It has been identified as an important source of moisture to vegetation, but is poorly documented due to its inaccessibility and therefore remains an unaccounted for, but important, component of the hydrologic cycle. Here, for the first time, I directly document the spatial and temporal dynamics of rock moisture throughout the critical zone. Periodic surveys in deep wells reveal a seasonal cycle of rock moisture addition and depletion across the hillslope. This cycle begins with the first rains that mark the end of the dry season, which advance moisture into the soil and often up to 1 m into the weathered bedrock. Subsequent rains advance a wetting front through the upper 5-12 m of the profile, where increases in rock moisture storage are proportional to the addition of rainfall. In some instances, these early wet season storms generate a small, rapid but short-lived response of the water table. Once cumulative rainfall has caused the local rock moisture storage to reach a capacity beyond which rock moisture no longer increases, groundwater responds to rainfall. Further incoming water is passed rapidly, via fracture flow, to the groundwater table. This rock moisture storage capacity, which is observed to be approximately the same each year, increases upslope from 85 to 615 mm, corresponding to the upslope increase in weathering of the bedrock. The average rock moisture storage in the chronically unsaturated zone across the hillslope is about 280 mm. The upslope increase in rock moisture storage needed to initiate the seasonal groundwater response leads to the condition where, early in the wet season, runoff is generated from the lower part of the hillslope while the upper part of the hillslope is still gaining moisture. Once rock moisture is seasonally elevated, all infiltrating precipitation travels vertically through soil, saprolite, and weathered rock (we observe no overland flow or saturated flow within the soil). The timing of the rapid response of the groundwater system (~ hours) is highly variable for a given depth and does not appear to depend on travel distance to the water table. Additional storms throughout the wet season do not alter the structure or magnitude of rock moisture storage within the hillslope. Rock moisture storage is most significant in the upper 5-12 m and diminishes with depth to a zone where no detectable changes in rock moisture are observed despite the rise and fall of the water table within this zone. Rock moisture may occur as water along fracture surfaces or as water that penetrates the matrix blocks bounding fractures. At depth, the constant saturation of matrix blocks leads to the dominance of fracture flow, which drives the rapid (10-5 to 10-3 m/s) and significant (up to 11 m in a single storm) rise of the water table. On average, rock moisture changes of only 5% are needed to achieve saturation in the seasonally saturated zone. The dynamic and responsive, fracture dominated groundwater system leads to 97-99% of runoff in Elder Creek occurring during the wet season. The final storm of the wet season marks the initiation of the slow decline of rock moisture and groundwater within the hillslope throughout the long (120 days) dry season. The 30-130 mm of seasonal soil moisture storage is rapidly depleted within the first sev- eral weeks following the final storm. Approximately 12 weeks into a typically 18-week dry season, less than 15 mm of soil moisture remains, while up to 120 mm (53 mm average across the.

Download or read book Processes and Phenomena on the Boundary Between Biogenic and Abiogenic Nature written by Olga V. Frank-Kamenetskaya and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-08-29 with total page 900 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book represents a collection of papers presented at VI International Symposium "Biogenic - abiogenic interactions in natural and anthropogenic systems" that was held on 24-27 September 2018 in Saint Petersburg (Russia). Papers in this book cover a wide range of topics connecting with interactions between biogenic and abiogenic components in lithosphere, biosphere and technosphere. The main regarding topics are following: methods for studying the interactions between biogenic and abiogenic components; geochemistry of biogenic-abiogenic systems; biomineralization and nature-like materials and technologies; medical geology; biomineralogy and organic mineralogy; biomineral interactions in soil; biodeterioration of natural and artificial materials; biomineral interactions in extreme environment.

Download or read book Soil Pollution An Emerging Threat to Agriculture written by Jayanta K. Saha and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides reader with a comprehensive up-to-date overview of various aspects of soil pollutants manifestation of toxicity. The book highlights their interactions with soil constituents, their toxicity to agro-ecosystem & human health, methodologies of toxicity assessment along with remediation technologies for the polluted land by citing case studies. It gives special emphasis on scenario of soil pollution threats in developing countries and ways to counteract these in low cost ways which have so far been ignored. It also explicitly highlights the need for soil protection policy and identifies its key considerations after analyzing basic functions of soil and the types of threats perceived. This book will be a useful resource for graduate students and researchers in the field of environmental and agricultural sciences, as well as for personnel involved in environmental impact assessment and policy making.

Download or read book Heavy Metals in Soils written by Brian J. Alloway and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-18 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This third edition of the book has been completely re-written, providing a wider scope and enhanced coverage. It covers the general principles of the natural occurrence, pollution sources, chemical analysis, soil chemical behaviour and soil-plant-animal relationships of heavy metals and metalloids, followed by a detailed coverage of 21 individual elements, including: antimony, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, gold, lead, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, tin, tungsten, uranium, vanadium and zinc. The book is highly relevant for those involved in environmental science, soil science, geochemistry, agronomy, environmental health, and environmental engineering, including specialists responsible for the management and clean-up of contaminated land.

Download or read book The Soils of Antarctica written by James G. Bockheim and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-22 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book divides Antarctica into eight ice-free regions and provides information on the soils of each region. Soils have been studied in Antarctica for nearly 100 years. Although only 0.35% (45,000 km2) of Antarctica is ice-free, its weathered, unconsolidated material qualify as “soils”. Soils of Antarctica is richly illustrated with nearly 150 images and provisional maps are provided for several key ice-free areas.

Download or read book The Indian Rivers written by Dhruv Sen Singh and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-12-30 with total page 551 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents geomorphological studies of the major river basins – the Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries. Besides major basins, the book explores peninsular rivers and other rivers state-by-state. All types of rivers, i.e. snow-fed, rain-fed and groundwater-fed rivers are explained together in geological framework. Rivers are lifeline and understanding of the rivers, their dynamics, science and socio-economic aspect is very important. However, different sources provide different data base for rivers. But a book which explains all major rivers of a country at a single place was not yet available. This book is the first book of its kind in the world which provides expert opinion on all major rivers of a country like India. This book complements works in these areas for the last two to three decades on major rivers of India by eminent professors and scientists from different universities, IITs and Indian research institutions. The information presented in the book would appeal to a wider readership from students, teachers to researchers and planners engaged in developmental work and also to common people of the society concerned with awareness about rivers.

Download or read book The Geology of Somalia written by R. Lee Hadden and published by www.Militarybookshop.CompanyUK. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This bibliography on the geographical, water and geological information ofSomalia was begun to fill a request for current information on that war tornstate. This bibliography brings together selected citations from a variety ofdifferent cartographic, geographical, geological and hydrological resourcesand a number of specialized library collections. Most of the citations havelocation information on where these items can be located and either used onsite, or borrowed through inter-library loan, or where copies of the itemscan be purchased from the originating source, or through commercial documentdelivery services.

Download or read book Scheffer Schachtschabel Soil Science written by Hans-Peter Blume and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The soils are fundamental to our existence, delivering water and nutrients to plants, that feed us. But they are in many ways in danger and their conservation is therefore a most important focus for science, governments and society as a whole. A team of world recognised researchers have prepared this first English edition based on the 16th European edition. • The precursors and the processes of soil development • The physical, biological and chemical properties of soils • Nutrients and Pollutants • The various soil classifications with the main focus on the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) • The most important soils and soil landscapes of the world • Soil Evaluation Techniques • Basic Principles of Soil Conservation Whoever works with soils needs this book.

Download or read book Soils of Georgia written by Tengiz F. Urushadze and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a wide range of soils, from the humid subtropical coast of the Black Sea to the frozen peaks of the High Caucasus with more than 5.000 meters above sea level and from extremely humid areas in the West to dry, semi-desert regions in the East, with an enormous variety of rock parent materials, a very accentuated hydrology and a topography, ranging from large plains, hilly regions to steep and strongly dissected slopes and gorges in the High and Lower Caucasus. There is no other country in the world the size of Georgia with such a variety of soil forming conditions and soils. Therefore, V V Dokuchaev, one of the founders of the genetic soil classification, called Georgia an "Open-Air Museum of Soils". The book is subdivided into 6 chapters. In Chapter 1, the physiography of Georgia and the factors of soil formation such as topography, geology, climate and vegetation are described, followed by Chapter 2, with the detailed description of 21 soil groups, their morphological, physical and chemical characteristics, their many different subtypes and variations, and their ecology, based on 72 tables, 25 figures and 20 photos. Moreover, the location of each soil and its surface in % of the total surface of Georgia are explained, including the history of their discovery and investigation together with the relevant literature. In Chapter 3, the overall ecological conditions, especially problems of soil erosion by water and wind and the soil contamination by heavy metals and radionuclides are described, followed by Chapter 4 with an explanation of the soil use, based on physical and chemical soil characteristics. Two further chapters with references and soil photos conclude the book, which is written by Professor Tengiz F Urushadze from the Agricultural University of Georgia in Tbilisi and Professor Winfried E H Blum from the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) in Vienna, Austria.

Download or read book The Ecology and Physiology of the Fungal Mycelium written by British Mycological Society. Symposium and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1984-09-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This 1984 symposium volume was the first of its kind to deal specifically with the vegetative fungal mycelium.

Download or read book Heavy Metals in Soils written by B. J. Alloway and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1995 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heavy metals in soils continue to receive increasing attention due to the growing scientific and public awareness of environmental issues and the development of analytical techniques to measure their concentrations accurately. Building on the success and acclaim of the first edition, this book continues to provide an up-to-date, balanced and comprehensive review of the subject in two sections: the first providing an introduction to the metals chemistry, sources and methods used for their analysis; and the second containing chapters dealing with individual elements in detail.

Download or read book Soil Security for Ecosystem Management written by Selim Kapur and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-27 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term "Soil Security" is used in the context of maintaining the quality and quantity of soil needed in order to ensure continuous supplies of food and fresh water for our society. Topics in this unique book on the management of soil sustainability in the Mediterranean region include: soil information, land degradation, land desertification, pedoenvironments, and the carbon cycle and sequestration. One main focus of the book is the description of new approaches that have been adapted with regards to interdisciplinary soil ecosystem management to combat and mitigate desertification. The contributing authors are renowned experts in their fields which cover the subjects on traditional as well as innovative land use and management.