Download or read book Lithofacies Attributes Depositional Environments Biostratigraphy and Cyclicity of the Lockhart Limestone Upper Indus Basin Northern Pakistan written by Ahmad Khan and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Indian Subcontinent contained a wide shallow marine continental shelf during most of the Paleocene and Eocene epochs before its collision with Eurasia. The Indus Basin formed the Pakistani portion of the subcontinent where carbonate deposition was prominent. The Lockhart Limestone is among the carbonate-dominated lithologic units developed in the Indus Basin. The latter has been divided into sub-basins due to the tectonic disturbance related to the Indian-Eurasian collision. In the northern part of the Indus Basin, the sub-basins Kohat, Potwar and Hazara constitute the upper Indus Basin. The study area is located in the Potwar and Hazara sub-basins. The Lockhart Limestone overlies early Paleocene Hangu Formation and is overlain by latest Paleocene to early Eocene Patala Formation, both with confirmable contacts. The Lockhart Limestone is 50 meters thick in the Potwar Sub-basin and 85 meters thick in the Hazara Sub-basin. Seven sections, three from Hazara area and four from Potwar area were studied for lithofacies characteristics, depositional environment, biostratigraphy, cyclicity and sequence stratigraphy of the Lockhart Limestone. The different lithofacies occur in different stratigraphic horizons that constitute the formation; they include fossiliferous calcareous shale (Lf1), planktonic-bearing mudstone (Lf2), Discocyclina-Ranikothalia wackestone (Lf3), mixed benthic foraminiferal wackestone-packstone (Lf4), Lockhartia-Miscellanea wackestone-packstone (Lf5) algal-foraminiferal wackestone-packstone (Lf6) and milliolid-bearing mudstone (Lf7). These lithofacies accumulated in subtidal conditions as suggested by their lithologic properties, fossil content and absence of intertidal and supratidal signatures. However, the vertical arrangement of these facies make cyclicity, as each cycle contains different lithofacies that change from deeper to shallower facies ii (A, B, C& D). The depositional setting is a ramp-type platform in which Lf1, Lf2 and Lf3 represent the deepest facies (outer ramp) followed by Lf3, Lf4 and Lf5 accumulated in the middle ramp, and finally by Lf6 and Lf7 of the inner ramp setting. Some of the larger benthic foraminifera are good index fossils that are useful for biostratigraphic age determination. These index fossils include Lockhartia conditi, L. haimei, Miscellanea miscella, Ranikothalia sindensis, and Discocyclina sp, which indicate Thanatian SBZ 3 & 4 (58 -56.5 Ma) age for the formation. Nine meter-scale shallowing-upward (Milankovitch) cycles were recognized from the Lockhart Limestone. In conjunction with the underline Hangu Formation and overlying Patala Formation, two transgressiveregressive cycles (TR-1 and TR-2) divide the HLP cycle in two parts. The Lockhart Limestone with the upper part of underlying Hangu Formation and the lower to middle part of overlying Patala Formation were deposited in a single 3rd order cycle (the HLP cycle).

Download or read book Lithofacies Properties Biostratigraphy Cyclicity and Depositional Environment of the Margala Hill Limestone Hazara Basin Northern Pakistan written by Aman Ullah and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Margala Hill Limestone is a carbonate-dominated unit that occurs in the Kalla-Chitta, Hazara and Potwar basins in north Pakistan. This study addresses the lithofacies attributes, depositional setting, cyclicity, biostratigraphy and, sequence stratigraphy of the Margala Hill Limestone in the Hazara Basin. In the study area, the formation has an average thickness of 80 m; it conformably overlies the Paleocene-Eocene Patala Formation and is conformably overlain by the Early Eocene Chorgali Formation. The Margala Hill Limestone consists of bioclastic limestone lithofacies with subordinate gray to brownish gray, thin marl interbeds. The limestones are commonly grey, weathering pale grey, fine-to medium-grained, nodular, thinly to thickly bedded and rarely massive in nature. Four stratigraphic sections at, Goragali, Bharyan, Nathiagali and Kozagali, were studied in detail. Field data and petrographic analysis were used to create nine lithofacies (Mf1-Mf9) from the studied sections. These lithofacies includes miliolid Mudstone (Mf1), Algal-miliolid wackestone-packstone (Mf2), Bioclastic Packstone (Mf3), Nummulites-Assilina packstone-wackestone (Mf4), Nummulites-Discocyclina wackestone-packstone (Mf5), elongated Benthic Foraminifera wackestone (Mf6), Planktonic Foraminifera mudstone (Mf7), Bioclastic Marl Lithofacies (Mf8) and unfossiliferous Marl Lithofacies (Mf9). The Margala Hill Limestone was deposited in a quiet to moderately agitated ramp setting where lithofacies Mf1, Mf2 & Mf3 represents inner ramp, lithofacies Mf4, Mf5 & Mf8 represents middle ramp and lithofacies Mf6, Mf7 & Mf9 are outer ramp deposits. The vertical arrangements of these lithofacies suggest recurring subtidal shallowing-upward cycles (A, B and-C). Absence of intertidal and supratidal signatures further suggest a subtidal setting. The cycles range from 10-20 meters in thickness. The index fossils Nummulites atacicus, Nummulites globulus and Assilina laminosa indicates a the Middle Ilerdian 2/SBZ8 (54Ma-52.8Ma) age for the formation. Portion of Patala Formation, Margala Hill Limestone and Chorgali Formation were deposited as a single supercycle (the PMC supercycle). The supercycle is comprised of two 3rd-order Transgressive-Regressive depositional sequences (TR-1 & TR-2). The Margala Hill Limestone makes the middle part of the PMC supercycle and is comprised of seven, 4th-5th-order shallowing-upward cycles.

Download or read book Lithofacies and Palynostratigraphy of Some Cretaceous and Paleocene Rocks Surghar and Salt Range Coal Fields Northern Pakistan written by Peter D. Warwick and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report includes discussions on the lithofacies, depositional environments, palynobiostratigraphy, coal quality, and measured sections of Cretaceous and Paleocene strata of northern Pakistan.

Download or read book Sedimentology and Biostratigraphy of the Chorgali Formation Potwar and Hazara Sub Basins Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan written by Muhammad Tufail Khan and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Chorgali Formation is a hydrocarbon-producing lithostratigraphic unit that occurs in different sub-basins of the Indus Basin in northern Pakistan, such as Potwar and Hazara sub- basins. The formation is part of a very thick carbonate succession deposited in the eastern Neo- Tethys Ocean shelf. It conformably overlies on early Eocene Sakesar Formation in southern Potwar sub-basin and lies on Margala Hill Limestone in the northern Potwar sub-basin and Hazara sub-basin. The Chorgali Formation is either covered by Miocene continental deposits of Murree Formation (Himalayan molasse deposits) or middle Eocene mixed clastic-carbonate succession of marine to continental beds of the Kuldana Formation. This study addresses the Chorgali Formation of the Potwar and Hazara sub-basins. This study intends to explore the spatial and temporal evolution of the Chorgali Formation as preserved in the Hazara and Potwar sub-basins and analyze it within the regional tectono-eustatic context. Six sections in the Potwar sub-basin and two sections in the Hazara sub-basin were studied; they give an average thickness of 32.5 m for the formation. Field observations and petrographic analyses of the studied sections allowed the recognition of nine lithofacies units (LF1-LF9) for the Chorgali Formation. These lithofacies include Calcareous Sandstone (LF1), Intraclastic Dolomitic Packstone (LF2), Algal-miliolid Mudstone (LF3), Coralline Algae Mudstone (LF4), Assilina-Nummulites Floatstone (LF5), Mixed Benthic-Planktonic Foraminifera Wackestone (LF6), Benthic Foraminifera Rudstone (LF7), Shale Lithofacies (LF8), and Planktonic Mudstone (LF9). The sedimentary features and fossil associations of the formation suggest that deposition of the formation took place in a homoclinal carbonate ramp characterized by low to moderate energy hydrodynamic conditions. The LF1 to LF5 association represents inner ramp, whereas the LF6 to LF9 association represents mid-ramp accumulations. Biostratigraphically important Larger Benthic Foraminifera (LBF) in the formation include, Assilina spinosa, A. sub-spinosa, A. laminosa, A. granulosa, A. placentula, Nummulites atacicus, N. globulus, N. mamillatus, Lockhartia conditi, L. tipperi and Alveolina indicatrix. These LBFs indicate an age range of late Paleocene to middle Eocene. By considering the age ranges of these index fossils and formation's stratigraphic position (i.e., between middle Ilerdian Sakesar Formation/ Margala Hill Limestone, and upper Cuisian Kuldana Formation), the Chorgali Formation can be regarded as late Ilerdian to lower Cuisian (53 - 51.5 Ma) in age. The stratigraphic position and age of the formation indicate that it evolved in a time in which the eastern Neo-Tethys Ocean was getting more restricted as the Indo-Pakistan Plate moved farther to the north and got closer to collide with the Eurasian Plate. The collision event was diachronous (~ 55 Ma to 41 Ma, from east to west). Thus, the deposition of the formation took place at the stage of the initial collision, basin closure and latest stage that heralded the demise of the carbonate platform. Sedimentologic properties that potentially indicate signatures of basin closure and relative sea level drop are present in the uppermost part of the Chorgali Formation. These features include, 1) localized sandy facies (LF1), 2) localized supratidal intraclastic dolomitic packstone (LF2), and 3) localized pedogenic features such as, karstified surface, dolomitized algal mats, evaporite nodules and flat pebble breccia that collectively underscore exposed to restricted marine conditions, were recognized in the uppermost part of the formation in other parts of the Potwar sub-basin by previous researchers. Previous work has also indicated that Oxygen and Carbon isotopic signatures of the dolomitic unit indicate mixed marine-meteoric origin. The Kuldana Formation that conformably overlies the Chorgali Formation, is dominated by shallow marine siliciclastic succession with subordinate carbonate interbeds in its lower part. However, in other places, the Kuldana Formation contains continental clastic lithology with freshwater vertebrate fossils (e.g., crocodilia fossils). These evidences clearly indicate that the Chorgali Formation represents deposition during the latest stage of the closure of the eastern Neo-Tethys Ocean and consequently, the demise of the carbonate platform.

Download or read book Lithofacies and Palynostratigraphy of Some Cretaceous and Paleocene Rocks Surghar and Salt Range Coal Fields Northern Pakistan written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lithologic Characteristics and Depositional Environments of the Non marine Benwood Limestone Upper Pennsylvanian in the Dunkard Basin Ohio Pennsylvania and West Virginia written by Thomas O. Marrs and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Cyclic Lithofacies Sequence Stratigraphy and Depositional Basin Evolution of the Tonoloway Limestone written by Stephen Craig Bell and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lithofacies Depositional Environments and Diagenesis of the Mural Limestone Lower Cretaceous Lee Siding Area Cochise County Arizona written by Rogelio Monreal and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Relation of Biofacies to Lithofacies in Interpreting Depositional Environments in the Pitkin Limestone Mississippian in Northeastern Oklahoma written by Robert S. Fabian and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lithofacies and Environmental Interpretation of the Jeffersonville Limestone Middle Devonian in Jefferson County Kentucky written by Raymond L. Bronner and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field observations, together with the study of 127 thin sections and 25 polished slabs are the basis for interpretation of depositional environments and the history of sedimentation. Characteristic faunal components and carbonate rock types warrant subdivision of the unit into four lithofacies which reflect their respective environments of deposition.

Download or read book Lithofacies Depositional Environments and Regional Stratigraphy of the written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lithofacies and Depositional Environments of a Portion of the Stones River Formation in Etowah and Dekalb Counties Northeast Alabama written by Wendi I. Ward and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Orbitally Driven Lacustrine palustrine Deposition in Upper Pennsylvanian Nonmarine Cyclothems written by Rawan Alasad and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of study of Permo-Carboniferous cyclic successions indicate that 'classic' mixed marine and terrestrial siliciclastic--carbonate cyclothems archive eccentricity driven glacioeustasy during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, analogous to the late Pleistocene. Our understanding of their terrestrial equivalents, however, is far less well developed with several unresolved issues including the depositional environments in which the nonmarine limestones formed and the relative roles that tectonics, autocyclic depositional processes, and climate played in their formation. This integrated sedimentologic, mineralogical, petrographic and geochemical study of the Late Pennsylvanian Benwood cyclothem of the northern Appalachian Basin was carried out to: (1) develop a depositional model for the Benwood Limestone, (2) delineate the multiple scales of stratigraphic and geochemical cyclicity, (3) evaluate the role that climate played in deposition, and (4) quantitatively constrain the hydrochemistry of the depositional waters. The Benwood cyclothem, defined from the base of the Sewickley Coal to the base of the Fulton Green Shale, consists of sublittoral, littoral, palustrine and fluvial and swamp facies assemblages that define a hierarchy of stratigraphic cyclicity. The overall dominance of littoral and palustrine facies records deposition in a low-gradient low-energy lacustrine environment. Results of a fluid mixing model reveal that the Benwood lake(s), if sourced dominantly by freshwater surface runoff, could have accommodated between 5 to 30% seawater, while a purely continental system is permitted if evolved saline groundwater was the primary source. Small-scale cycles in the Benwood exhibit decimeter-scale alteration of siliciclastic and carbonate facies capped by exposure and pedogenic features. The estimated average frequency for these cycles falls within the range of astronomical (Milankovitch) spectra for Permo-Carboniferous precessional cycles. Small-scale cycles bundle into three large-scale (multi-meter) packages, which along with corresponding carbonate delta O-18 and delta C-13 compositions, record the hydrologic evolution of the Benwood lake(s) throughout one long-eccentricity (405 kyr) cycle. The inferred changes in the net water balance throughout Benwood deposition are in excellent agreement with modeled Pangaean continental climate in response to eccentricity modulation of precessional forcing of low-latitude insolation, indicating that climate was the dominant driver of environmental and depositional conditions during Benwood deposition.

Download or read book Sedimentary Facies of the Cottonwood Limestone Permian Northern Midcontinent written by Léo F. Laporte and published by . This book was released on 1962 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Lithofacies Depositional Environments and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Pennsylvanian Morrowan Atokan Marble Falls Formation Central Texas written by Stephanie Grace Wood and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pennsylvanian Marble Falls Formation in the Llano Uplift region of the southern Fort Worth Basin (Central Texas) is a Morrowan-Atokan mixed carbonate-siliciclastic unit whose deposition was influenced by icehouse glacioeustatic sea-level fluctuations and foreland basin tectonics. Previous interpretations of the Marble Falls Formation focused on outcrop data at the fringes of the Llano Uplift. This study uses a series of 21 cores to create a facies architectural model, depositional environmental interpretation, and regional sequence stratigraphic framework. On the basis of core data, the study area is interpreted to have been deposited in a ramp setting with a shallower water upper ramp area to the south and a deeper water basin setting to the north. Analysis of cores and thin sections identified 14 inner ramp to basin facies. Dominant facies are: (1) burrowed sponge spicule packstone, (2) algal grain-dominated packstone to grainstone, (3) skeletal foraminiferal wackestone, and (4) argillaceous mudstone to clay shale. Facies stacking patterns were correlated and combined with chemostratigraphic data to improve interpretations of the unit's depositional history and form an integrated regional model. The Marble Falls section was deposited during Pennsylvanian icehouse times in a part of the Fort Worth Basin with active horst and graben structures developing in response to the Ouachita Orogeny. The resulting depositional cycles reflect high-frequency sea-level fluctuations and are divided into 3 sequences. Sequence 1 represents aggradational ramp deposition truncated by a major glacioeustatic sea-level fall near the Morrowan-Atokan boundary (SB1). This fall shifted accommodation basinward and previously distal areas were sites of carbonate HST in Sequence 2 deposition following a short TST phase. Sequence 3 represents the final phase of carbonate accumulation that was diachronously drowned by Smithwick siliciclastics enhanced by horst and graben faulting. These findings contribute to our understanding of the depositional response to glacioeustatic sea-level changes during the Pennsylvanian and can also form the basis for constructing a sedimentological and facies analog for Morrowan to Atokan shallow- to deepwater carbonates in the Permian Basin and the northern Fort Worth Basin.

Download or read book Lithofacies Depositional Environment Burial History and Calculation of Organic Richness from the Wireline Logs written by Walaa Awaad Ali and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Stratigraphy and Depositional Environments of the Crouse Limestone Permian in North central Kansas written by Ronald R. West and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: