Download or read book Liquefaction induced Lateral Displacements from the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence in New Zealand Measured from Remote Sensing Techniques written by Sorin S. Secara and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquefaction is a significant earthquake hazard that can generate large horizontal displacements associated with lateral spreading and these displacements cause considerable damage. To improve our understanding of liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and the models that can be used to predict the associated displacements, the collection of high quality field data on lateral spreading displacements is essential. Remote sensing techniques, in particular optical image correlation using satellite imagery, can be used for this purpose. This thesis investigates optical image correlation of satellite images as a remote sensing technique for this purpose using images from the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand. Optical image correlation uses two optical images – one before and one after the investigated event – to measure displacements that have occurred between the time of the two image acquisitions. The correlation analysis calculates the horizontal displacement at a specified spacing, and the displacements are post-processed and filtered to attain the final displacement field. The displacement results from optical image correlation agreed favorably with qualitative field observations of the severity of liquefaction and lateral spreading, as well as the general crack patterns along the Avon River. A more quantitative comparison was performed using field measured displacements along four linear transects that extended perpendicular from the Avon River. The displacements from optical image correlation also agreed favorably with the field measured displacement profiles, although the optical image correlation displacements somewhat larger than the field measurements. This discrepancy occurs because field measurements are based on discrete measurements of crack width, while the optical image correlation are based on average displacements over larger areas and include displacements associated with ductile movements that may not result in cracking. The results from this research show that optical image correlation of satellite imagery pairs can provide accurate and detailed measurements of horizontal displacements due to liquefaction and lateral spreading. This approach can be used to create more complete and detailed databases of liquefaction-induced movements, which can be used to improve current predictive models for lateral spread displacements. Future post-earthquake investigations and research should make use of optical image correlation to document the displacements associated with liquefaction.

Download or read book Factors Influencing the Lateral Spread Displacement from the 2011 Christchurch New Zealand Earthquake written by Olivia Catherine Deterling and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquefaction induced lateral spreading during earthquakes poses a significant hazard to infrastructure and has severe consequences. It is critical for geotechnical earthquake engineers to be able to accurately predict lateral spread movements. Empirical and semi-empirical models and various liquefaction index parameters are available to help predict the potential for damage and movements associated with liquefaction and lateral spreading. In this thesis, the available models and liquefaction index parameters were investigated using the observed lateral spread displacements from the Christchurch earthquake in New Zealand. The analysis includes investigation of the Youd et al. (2002), Bardet et al. (2002), Rauch and Martin (2000) and Zhang et al. (2004) displacement models; and the liquefaction potential index (LPI), settlement indicator (Sv1d) and liquefaction severity number (LSN) parameters. The results of this study show that both the Youd et al. (2002) and Bardet et al. (2002) models predict lateral spread displacements much smaller than observed in Christchurch, most likely due to the relatively small magnitude of the Christchurch earthquake (M[subscript w] = 6.2) relative to the earthquake magnitudes included in datasets used to develop the Youd et al. (2002) and Bardet et al. (2002) models (i.e., Mw >= 7.5). The Rauch and Martin (2000) and Zhang et al. (2004) models predicted lateral spread displacements more similar to those observed. The Rauch and Martin (2000) model predicts the average lateral spread displacement over an entire slide area, as opposed to predicting lateral spread displacement at a point, which may have contributed to the more favorable comparison.

Download or read book Measuring Liquefaction induced Deformation from Optical Satellite Imagery written by Jonathan Grant Martin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquefaction-induced deformations associated with lateral spreading represent a significant hazard that can cause substantial damage during earthquakes. The ability to accurately predict lateral-spreading displacement is hampered by a lack of field data from previous earthquakes. Remote sensing via optical image correlation can fill this gap and provide data regarding liquefaction-induced lateral spreading displacements. In this thesis, deformations from three earthquakes (2010 Darfield, February 2011 Christchurch, and 2011 Tohoku Earthquakes) are measured using optical image correlation applied to 0.5-m resolution satellite imagery. The resulting deformations from optical image correlation are compared to the geologic conditions, as well as field observations and measurements of liquefaction. Measurements from optical image correlation are found to have a precision within 0.40 m in all three cases, and results agree well with field measurements.

Download or read book Soil Liquefaction during Recent Large Scale Earthquakes written by Rolando P. Orense and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil Liquefaction during Recent Large-Scale Earthquakes contains selected papers presented at the New Zealand Japan Workshop on Soil Liquefaction during Recent Large-Scale Earthquakes (Auckland, New Zealand, 2-3 December 2013). The 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquakes in New Zealand and the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake in

Download or read book Liquefaction induced Lateral Spreading in the 2010 2011 Canterbury Earthquakes written by Kelly Marie Robinson and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Earthquake induced Ground Deformation Effects on Buried Pipelines written by Dimitra Bouziou and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary subject of this thesis is the evaluation of pipeline performance during earthquakes through analytical and experimental studies, spatial analysis, and probabilistic methodologies. Permanent ground deformations caused by liquefaction are also addressed through spatial and statistical analysis, and are compared to foundation deformations caused by liquefaction effects estimated through building damage surveys. This thesis starts with a comprehensive analytical and experimental assessment of segmented pipeline response to transient ground deformation before and after rehabilitation with in situ lining technologies. The different modes of segmented pipeline deformation caused by seismic wave propagation are investigated through finite element analyses to show that the most prominent form of deformation at weak pipeline joints and circumferential pipe cracks are in the axial direction. They exceed the levels of all other forms of pipeline deformation by several orders of magnitude. Nonaxial deformations have negligible effects on pipeline performance under seismic body wave propagation. Pipeline performance after rehabilitation with in situ linings is studied through large-scale testing and the effectiveness of in situ lining technology for seismic retrofit of critical lifelines is evaluated. Pipeline performance during earthquakes is also investigated through spatial analysis of the Christchurch water distribution system response to transient and permanent ground deformations during the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, New Zealand (NZ). Repair regressions for different pipe types are developed using spatial data sets that are unique in size and complexity, including dense array ground motion records, detailed mapping of areas affected by soil liquefaction, as well as spatial data sets for the water distribution system, geocoded repair records, and high resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) measurements of vertical and horizontal movements. This study expands on previous work in several important ways, and provides a detailed framework of the analytical processes for repair regressions that assists in future investigations with data of similar size and complexity. A probabilistic model is presented in which the expected value of the ground strain in the axial pipeline direction within a strain field is calculated by assuming that pipeline orientation with respect to the strain field is uniformly distributed and by accounting for possible differences in tensile and compressive strains with a weighting factor. The proposed methodology is applied in regression analysis of pipeline damage caused by lateral ground strains during the 22 February 2011 Christchurch earthquake, NZ, and can be used for future investigations to improve the assessment of ground strains affecting segmented pipelines. Permanent ground deformation during the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence, NZ, is evaluated through statistical analysis of vertical and lateral ground displacements, as well as differential vertical displacements and lateral ground strains, calculated from high resolution LiDAR surveys. Ground deformation patterns are identified with respect to topographic characteristics through the use of LiDAR ground displacement measurements. Foundation deformations caused by liquefaction effects are estimated using damage survey data in residential properties in Christchurch and are evaluated with respect to liquefaction-induced ground deformations.

Download or read book Response of Liquefiable Sites in the Central Business District of Christchurch New Zealand written by Christopher Stephen Markham and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The strong shaking of the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence caused widespread liquefaction in much of the city of Christchurch, NZ, including large parts of the central business district (CBD). The most intense event of the earthquake sequence with regards to shaking in the CBD was the 22 FEB 2011 Mw6.2 Christchurch event. A reported 185 casualties were caused by the destruction from this event. The financial damage was immense as many of the structures, especially in the CBD, had to be demolished due to damage sustained from the Christchurch earthquake as well as some of the other less intense events. The performance of structures during these events was often related to liquefaction of foundation soils. Understanding the effects of liquefaction on soil and building response is an area of earthquake engineering that continues to challenge practitioners and researchers. This challenging topic makes the study of case histories, such as those provided by the Canterbury earthquakes, an essential component to characterizing and understanding the effects of soil liquefaction on building performance. This thesis focuses on providing insights regarding the seismic response of liquefiable soils through the use of information and data collected in Christchurch, NZ following the Canterbury earthquake sequence. Nonlinear effective stress site response analyses are often used by engineers to model the dynamic response of potentially liquefiable soils during strong shaking. For the presented research, a widely used one-dimensional nonlinear effective stress site response analysis program is used to perform this modelling. Ground motions recorded during six events of the 2010-11 Canterbury earthquake sequence are used in conjunction with the extensive site investigation data that has been obtained in Christchurch to complete site response analyses at several strong motion station sites in the greater Christchurch area. Deconvolved Riccarton Gravel input motions were generated, because representative, recorded rock or firm layer base-motions were not available in the Christchurch area. Nonlinear effective stress seismic site response analyses are shown to capture key aspects of the observed soil response through the comparison of acceleration response spectra of calculated surface motions to those of recorded surface motions; however, equivalent-linear and total stress nonlinear analyses are shown to capture these aspects as well. Biases in the computed motions compared to recorded motions were realized for some cases, but they can be attributed primarily to the uncertainty in the development of the input motions used in the analyses. The study of the consequences of liquefaction on building performance is a complex soil-structure interaction problem that requires the use of well-documented case histories for validation purposes. An extensive site investigation and advanced laboratory testing program was carried out in Christchurch, NZ from April to October of 2014. The aim of this work was to provide characterization of the liquefaction resistance of foundation soils from building sites affected by liquefaction during the Canterbury earthquakes. In-situ penetration tests, such as CPT, are valuable methods for gaining an initial understanding of a site's characteristics and the expected performance of critical soil layers. However, to understand fully the complex response of soil at the element level, laboratory testing of relatively undisturbed soil specimens provide unique insights. To accomplish these goals, "undisturbed" sampling and triaxial testing (monotonic and cyclic) were performed on soils from key building sites in Christchurch's CBD. High quality sampling and testing could be achieved for most of the predominantly silty and sandy soils in the CBD. Test results indicate, though, that loose clean sand specimens were densified significantly during the sampling with the Dames & Moore hydraulic fixed-piston sampler (an Osterberg-type thin-walled sampler). The cyclic resistances measured in the tests on "undisturbed" specimens were generally consistent with those estimated using empirical simplified liquefaction triggering procedures. Important insights regarding the cyclic response of the shallow CBD soils were obtained through the laboratory testing carried out as a part of the research presented in this thesis. Triaxial testing of "undisturbed" soil specimens proved important in understanding not only the stress-strain response of the studied soils, but also allowed for further knowledge regarding the pore water pressure response of the tested soils during both cyclic and monotonic loading. Importantly, insights into how various soil types of the CBD responded to cyclic loading were gained through comparisons of cyclic triaxial (CTX) tests performed on a variety of sand and silty sand soils. It was seen through CTX results comparisons that silty sands (soils classified as SM) and clean sands (SP and SP-SM) responded similarly in cyclic loading, even when the fines content of the tested specimens differed. Monotonic triaxial testing was also performed on reconstituted specimens to characterize the steady state response of several soil units in the CBD. The extensive insight garnered from laboratory testing is critical for informing researchers and engineers studying the case histories provided by the Canterbury earthquakes of buildings founded on liquefiable soils, especially those using numerical-based soil-structure interaction analyses. The results of the monotonic and cyclic tests performed as part of this study provide useful data for calibrating advanced numerical models. Appendices are included as a part of this dissertation to provide supporting information and data not included in the main body of the thesis. A majority of these appendices are included at the end of this thesis; however, there are several additional appendices included as electronic attachments to this dissertation, which provide supplementary information regarding the work presented in Chapters 2 through 4 of this dissertation. Electronic appendices that support the work presented in Chapter 2 include: rotated (fault normal and fault parallel) seismic records for events studied at the strong motion station sites of interest (zip file that contains text files), deconvolved Riccarton Gravel motions for all events studied (zip file that contains text files), and selected results for completed site response analyses (PDF file). Electronic appendices that support the work presented in Chapters 3 and 4 include triaxial test data and results for "undisturbed" soil specimens (zip file that contains text, data, and PDF files).

Download or read book Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering for Protection and Development of Environment and Constructions written by Francesco Silvestri and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-07-19 with total page 8083 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering for Protection and Development of Environment and Constructions contains invited, keynote and theme lectures and regular papers presented at the 7th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering (Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019. The contributions deal with recent developments and advancements as well as case histories, field monitoring, experimental characterization, physical and analytical modelling, and applications related to the variety of environmental phenomena induced by earthquakes in soils and their effects on engineered systems interacting with them. The book is divided in the sections below: Invited papers Keynote papers Theme lectures Special Session on Large Scale Testing Special Session on Liquefact Projects Special Session on Lessons learned from recent earthquakes Special Session on the Central Italy earthquake Regular papers Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering for Protection and Development of Environment and Constructions provides a significant up-to-date collection of recent experiences and developments, and aims at engineers, geologists and seismologists, consultants, public and private contractors, local national and international authorities, and to all those involved in research and practice related to Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering.

Download or read book Prediction of Displacements Due to Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading written by Matthew A. Mabey and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2019-01-30 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (liquefaction) is a leading cause of earthquake damage worldwide. Liquefaction is often described in the literature as the phenomena of seismic generation of excess porewater pressures and consequent softening of granular soils. Many regions in the United States have been witness to liquefaction and its consequences, not just those in the west that people associate with earthquake hazards. Past damage and destruction caused by liquefaction underline the importance of accurate assessments of where liquefaction is likely and of what the consequences of liquefaction may be. Such assessments are needed to protect life and safety and to mitigate economic, environmental, and societal impacts of liquefaction in a cost-effective manner. Assessment methods exist, but methods to assess the potential for liquefaction triggering are more mature than are those to predict liquefaction consequences, and the earthquake engineering community wrestles with the differences among the various assessment methods for both liquefaction triggering and consequences. State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences evaluates these various methods, focusing on those developed within the past 20 years, and recommends strategies to minimize uncertainties in the short term and to develop improved methods to assess liquefaction and its consequences in the long term. This report represents a first attempt within the geotechnical earthquake engineering community to consider, in such a manner, the various methods to assess liquefaction consequences.

Download or read book Liquefaction induced Lateral Spread Displacement written by T. Leslie Youd and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Liquefaction Induced Lateral Spreading in Large scale Shake Testing written by Raghudeep Bethapudi and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liquefaction and lateral spreading of gently sloping ground remains a puzzling problem. Data collected from sites damaged due to previous earthquakes, scaled experiments and computational modeling have given a general picture of how the soil behaves during liquefaction and lateral spreading but many questions are yet to be answered. A large scale 1-g laminar box system capable of simulating response of flat ground as well as gently sloping ground conditions of up to 6m depth subjected to shaking has been developed by the researchers at University at Buffalo. The system involves a laminar box made of 24 laminates stacked together, a shaking base, computer controlled high speed actuators, strong floor, strong wall, dense array advanced instrumentation, and a novel laboratory hydraulic fill method to construct the sand simulating underwater deposition with density control. It is suitable to study liquefaction response and its effects on foundations in saturated loose sands at a relative density of 35~50% or less. Two large scale liquefaction experiments, involving nearly 5m deep sand deposit, one simulating level ground and the other simulating gently sloping ground, are presented. The tests were conducted using 6.2m high laminar box with base dimensions of 2.75m wide and 5m long. The soil deposit was prepared using hydraulic fill method at 35~50% range. A dense array of accelerometers, pore pressure sensors, potentiometers (for displacement measurements), high speed video cameras, and a novel MEMS type sensor array were used to monitor the soil response. Liquefaction occurred in level ground test with little lateral deformation. Liquefaction and large lateral displacements occurred in the sloping ground inclined at 2 degrees. The experimental results presented herein demonstrate the effectiveness of full-scale testing to investigate the mechanism of lateral spreading and confirm the advantage of using the University at Buffalo's geotechnical laminar box to simulate and understand the physics of even large and complex problems such as soil-structure interaction.

Download or read book Evaluation of Empirical Prediction Methods for Liquefaction induced Lateral Spread from the 2010 Maule Chile Mw 8 8 Earthquake in Port Coronel written by Nicole D. Williams and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goals of this study are therefore: (1) Collect data for two piers (Lo Rojas and el Carbonero) in Port Coronel, Chile to provide a useful case history of lateral displacements observed; (2) Conduct a liquefaction and lateral spread analysis to predict displacement of the two piers in question, considering lateral spread and slope stability; (3) Compare predicted values with observed displacements and draw conclusions on the predictive capabilities of analyzed empirical equations for similar earthquakes (4) Make recommendations to improve when possible.

Download or read book Engineering Geology for Society and Territory Volume 5 written by Giorgio Lollino and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-08-25 with total page 1304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with the theme of urban geology. Along with a rapidly growing world population, the wave of urban growth continues, causing cities to swell and new metropolitan centers to emerge. These global trends also open new ventures for underground city development. Engineering geology plays a major role in facing the increasing issues of the urban environment, such as: finding aggregates for construction works; providing adequate water supply and waste management; solving building problems associated to geological and geomorphological conditions; evaluating host rock conditions for underground constructions; preventing or mitigating geological and seismic hazards. Furthermore, this book illustrates recent advancements in sustainable land use planning, which includes conservation, protection, reclamation and landscape impact of open pit mining and alternative power generation. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: environment, processes, issues and approaches. The congress topics and subject areas of the 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes are: 1. Climate Change and Engineering Geology 2. Landslide Processes River Basins 3. Reservoir Sedimentation and Water Resources 4. Marine and Coastal Processes Urban Geology 5. Sustainable Planning and Landscape Exploitation 6. Applied Geology for Major Engineering Projects 7. Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology 8. Preservation of Cultural Heritage

Download or read book Regional Moment Tensors from the 2010 2012 Canterbury Earthquake Sequence South Island New Zealand written by Matthew W. Herman and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Seismological Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1928 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bulletin of the New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering written by New Zealand National Society for Earthquake Engineering and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: