Download or read book Lipid Production Photosynthesis Adjustment and Carbon Partitioning of Microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana Cultured Under Mixotrophic and Heterotrophic Conditions written by Tingting Li and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These results provide insight for using microalga C. sorokiniana for biofuel production.

Download or read book Synergy of Photosynthesis and Carbon Metabolism in Microalgal Growth and Biosynthesis Under Mixotrophic Conditions written by Na Pang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mixotrophic culture of microalgae is gaining increasing attentions because of the unique metabolic capability of using both photosynthesis and organic carbon metabolism. Mixotrophic culture leads to higher productivity than either phototrophic or heterotrophic process alone. There are both opportunities and challenges to meet the increasing demand for cost-effective process of microalgae culture. In this dissertation study, two organic carbons, ribose (C5) and gluconate (C6) were first investigated for improving biomass concentration and cell activity of H. pluvialis under mixotrophic conditions. Biomass content under the culture fed with gluconate increased five-folds over that of heterotrophic culture. Additionally, the microalgae showed good high-light tolerance and effective photosynthesis at high light intensity.The synergism of photosynthesis and C5 metabolism in H. pluvialis was revealed under mixotrophic culture conditions. H. pluvialis with ribose showed significantly active cell division and motility. Doubled photosynthetic rate of the algae with ribose was obtained comparing with that of phototrophic culture, which was contributed by effective Calvin cycle with energy supply from enlarged PS I and additional substrates crossing from ribose metabolism. The better understanding of interaction of photosynthesis and C5 metabolism offers a promising route for improving algal biomass and bioproducts content.Additionally, multilevel heuristic LED regimes were designed to further enhance biomass and bioproducts production of H. pluvialis. The highest astaxanthin (3.3%) and protein content (45.4%) were induced by the white-blue light regime. White-red regime was more favorable for enhancing algal growth and lipid synthesis than blue light. Optimal light protocol can be developed synergistically with the difference in adaptation and tolerance of algal cell in terms of morphology and physiology.Cost-effective microalgae production can only be implemented with both high productivity and conservation of nutrients. A new extremophilic microalga Chlorella vulgaris CA1 with high-ammonia tolerance was isolated in this study. Protein-rich biomass was grown with reusing nutrients from dairy wastewater. 96% nitrogen and 79% phosphorus in the wastewater were effectively removed with the microalgae culture. These findings suggest the potential of mixotrophic microalgae culture for enhancement of growth and bioproducts production and application in wastewater treatment.

Download or read book A Dynamic Metabolomic Study of Lipid Production in Chlorella Protothecoides written by Xiaojie Ren and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many algal species have been found to grow rapidly and produce substantial amounts of lipid. These microalgae are identified as oleaginous algae and it has long been proposed that algae could be employed as a cell factory to produce lipids for biodiesel. However, low lipid production level, because of a highly regulated lipid metabolism as well as relatively low lipid extraction yields, have been major barriers to the practical application of algae lipid technologies industrially. Fresh water algae Chlorella protothecoides was the most metabolic diverse and robust species found in literatures. It could apply three different culture modes, which are autotrophic on CO2, mixotrophic feeding on CO2 and glucose, and heterotrophic with glucose only. In this species, lipid content and biomass yield were much higher under heterotrophic culture mode compared with autotrophic culture mode. Although researches found glucose could inhibit the affinity of CO2 in the CO2 fixation system, and have strong inhibitory effect on Calvin cycle enzymes as well as on light gathering proteins, the impact of glucose regulation on metabolic level were not clear. The main objective of this thesis was thus to improve the algae lipid yield, with a special emphasis on a metabolic engineering approach based on a metabolomics study, kinetic modeling as well as on exploring new approaches of efficient lipid extraction methods, in order to improve algae cell as a lipid accumulation platform for biodiesel production. In the first part, we studied different carbon-based culture modes, such as autotrophic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic under a low nitrogen medium condition. Under low nitrogen condition, lipid could be obviously accumulated; meanwhile the difference of cell metabolism could be clearly seen from glucose impact. The aim was to unravel the links and regulation between algae carbon metabolism and lipid production. In this article, we deeply focus on the metabolism and regulation study of lipid production in algae platform and it brings novel knowledge of regulation in algae lipid metabolism. Especially it's the first time to investigate the energy dynamic in algae and found energy turn over capacity in heterotrophic and mixotrophic culture modes for high lipid accumulation. The second part of this work focused on the development of a kinetic metabolic model describing Chlorella protothecoides central carbon metabolism grown under heterotrophic condition. The model includes most of the major pathways of the cell metabolism. Model simulations were shown to agree with experimental data, which is suggesting that the proposed model structure copes with ix Chlorella protothecoides cells' biology. The model enabled performing a dynamic metabolic flux analysis, and enabled us to demonstrate that high lipid yield is accompanied with high lipid flux and low TCA activity. Meanwhile, the dynamic flux distribution also suggests a robust and stable metabolism in Chlorella protothecoides with relatively constant ratio of glucose distribution. This model is a first kinetic metabolic model in algae platforms and laid a basic foundation to serve as a tool in predicting genetic engineering as well as design culture strategy for optimized lipid production by defining it as objective function. In the third and final part, we worked at improving current lipid extraction protocols, to maximize lipid extraction yield. A water treatment step was added and adapted to current extraction protocols, between the two organic solvent extractions. Results showed water treatment of biomass after the first solvent extraction step helps the release of intracellular lipids in the second extraction step, thus improving the final lipids extraction yield. The novel method thus provides an efficient way to improve lipid extraction yield of existing methods, as well as favoring TAG, a lipid of the highest interest for biodiesel production. In conclusion, this thesis allowed ameliorating our understanding of the links between cell metabolomic behavior and lipid production in Chlorella protothecoides. The combination of an upstream metabolic engineering tool and an optimized downstream lipid extraction approach has clearly contributed to ameliorate the commercial feasibility of lipids production bioprocess based on microalgae.

Download or read book Microbial Carotenoids From Fungi written by José-Luis Barredo and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Carotenoids are a family of yellow to orange-red terpenoid pigments synthesized by photosynthetic organisms and many bacteria and fungi. They have beneficial health effects protecting against oxidative damage, and may be responsible for the colours associated with plants and animals. In Microbial Carotenoids From Fungi: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail many of the most up-to-date methods which are now commonly used to study carotenoids. These include methods for the manipulation and metabolic engineering of the Beta-carotene producing fungi Blakeslea trispora and Mucor circinelloides, lycopene production with the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, peroxisome targeting of lycopene pathway enzymes in Pichia pastoris, and the manipulation of the heterobasidiomycetous yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, which produces astaxanthin, a red xanthophyll with large importance in the aquaculture, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Additionally, the book includes a DNA assembler method for construction of zeaxanthin-producing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, production of neurosporaxanthin by Neurospora and Fusarium, and production of torularhodin, torulene and b-carotene by Rhodotorula yeasts. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Microbial Carotenoids From Fungi: Methods and Protocols, provides practical experimental laboratory procedures for a wide range of carotenoids producing microorganisms.

Download or read book Advances in Carbon Capture written by Mohammad Reza Rahimpour and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-08-04 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Carbon Capture reviews major implementations of CO2 capture, including absorption, adsorption, permeation and biological techniques. For each approach, key benefits and drawbacks of separation methods and technologies, perspectives on CO2 reuse and conversion, and pathways for future CO2 capture research are explored in depth. The work presents a comprehensive comparison of capture technologies. In addition, the alternatives for CO2 separation from various feeds are investigated based on process economics, flexibility, industrial aspects, purification level and environmental viewpoints. - Explores key CO2 separation and compare technologies in terms of provable advantages and limitations - Analyzes all critical CO2 capture methods in tandem with related technologies - Introduces a panorama of various applications of CO2 capture

Download or read book Bio based Materials and Biotechnologies for Eco efficient Construction written by Fernando Pacheco-Torgal and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-01 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bio-based Materials and Biotechnologies for Eco-efficient Construction fills a gap in the published literature, discussing bio-based materials and biotechnologies that are crucial for a more sustainable construction industry. With comprehensive coverage and contributions from leading experts in the field, the book includes sections on Bio-based materials and biotechnologies for infrastructure applications, Bio-based materials and biotechnologies for building energy efficiency, and other applications, such as using biotechnology to reduce indoor air pollution, for water treatment, and in soil decontamination. The book will be an essential reference resource for academic researchers, civil engineers, contractors working in construction works, postgraduate students and other professionals. Focuses on sustainability and green concepts in construction Discusses recent trends on bio-based materials and biotechnologies for eco-efficient construction Covers many important aspects, including infrastructure applications, energy efficiency for building construction, and air, water and soil related problems

Download or read book Utilization of Chlorella Vulgaris for Biomass Production and Treatment of Wastewater from Greenhouse Farms written by Yousif Adam and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: In the current research work, green microalgae C. vulgaris was used for treating hydroponic and aquaponic wastewater collected from the Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability (CARES) at The American University in Cairo (New Cairo, Egypt) and for producing biomass. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the use of microalgae for bioremediating wastewater from greenhouse farm and for producing biomass under different conditions and to explore the economic implications of microalgal biofuels, focusing on the effect of different cultivation modes. Various experiments were carried out into four phases to assess the effect of different conditions into the nutrient removal and biomass production of C. vulgaris. It was observed that the cultivation of C. vulgaris under mixotrophic mode was found to be more beneficial in the bioremediation of hydroponic and aquaponic wastewater and in the production of biomass than heterotrophic and autotrophic modes of cultivation. The effect of different nitrogen to phosphorous molar ratios into nutrient removal and biomass production has also been assessed. Techno-economic assessment of microalgal biofuels has also been conducted, with a focus on the effect of different cultivation modes. The best results in terms of total nitrogen and total phosphorous treatment efficiency were reported for mixotrophic growth supplied with 2.5 g/l glucose and atmospheric CO2, showing reasonable removals of total nitrogen (TN) (98.5%), total phosphorus (TP) (99.99%) for hydroponic wastewater sample, and TN (98.5%), TP (99.9%) for aquaponic wastewater sample. The maximum biomass production and productivity were reported also for mixotrophic conditions in both hydroponic and aquaponic wastewater, showing a reasonable amount of biomass concentration (1.26 g/l) and biomass productivity (0.1108 g/l/d) for hydroponic wastewater, and biomass concentration and biomass productivity of 0.99 g/l, 0.089 g/l/d for aquaponic wastewater. Furthermore, the best results in terms of lipid content values were obtained under heterotrophic growth: 37 wt% on an Ash-free dry weight (AFDW) basis in aquaponic wastewater sample and a 33 wt% on an AFDW basis in hydroponic wastewater sample. On the other hand, the highest lipid production was obtained under mixotrophic growth (0.374 g/l) growth, followed by heterotrophic mode (0.341 g/l) in hydroponic wastewater sample. The best treatment efficiency were reported for N:P molar ratio of 8:1, displaying removals of TP (88%) and TN (85%) compared with that for N:P ratios of 16:1 and 24:1. Maximum values with respect to biomass production was reported for N:P molar ratio of 8:1 while biomass productivity was almost the same in all N:P molar ratios. Moreover, the best results regarding the net profit were obtained for both mixotrophic and heterotrophic cultivations of 26.4 MMUS$/y (2016 US$) and 26.1 MMUS$/y (2016 US$) respectively, while the net profit for autotrophic cultivation was 4.12 MMUS$/y (2016 US$). Sensitivity analysis shows that biodiesel and nutritious supplements from soluble protein have the greatest impact on the process economics with respect to mixotrophic cultivation while biodiesel and feeds from insoluble protein have the largest effect on the process economics in connection to both heterotrophic and autotrophic cultivations.

Download or read book Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production written by Abu Yousuf and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-23 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microalgae Cultivation for Biofuels Production explores the technological opportunities and challenges involved in producing economically competitive algal-derived biofuel. The book discusses efficient methods for cultivation, improvement of harvesting and lipid extraction techniques, optimization of conversion/production processes of fuels and co-products, the integration of microalgae biorefineries to several industries, environmental resilience by microalgae, and a techno-economic and lifecycle analysis of the production chain to gain maximum benefits from microalgae biorefineries. - Provides an overview of the whole production chain of microalgal biofuels and other bioproducts - Presents an analysis of the economic and sustainability aspects of the production chain - Examines the integration of microalgae biorefineries into several industries

Download or read book Towards Engineering the Microalga Chlorella Sorokiniana for the Production of Tailored High value Oils written by Xenia Spencer-Milnes and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Handbook of Microalgal Culture written by Amos Richmond and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Handbook of Microalgal Culture is truly a landmarkpublication, drawing on some 50 years of worldwide experience inmicroalgal mass culture. This important book comprisescomprehensive reviews of the current available information onmicroalgal culture, written by 40 contributing authors from aroundthe globe. The book is divided into four parts, with Part I detailingbiological and environmental aspects of microalgae with referenceto microalgal biotechnology and Part II looking in depth at majortheories and techniques of mass cultivation. Part III compriseschapters on the economic applications of microalgae, includingcoverage of industrial production, the use of microalgae in humanand animal nutrition and in aquaculture, in nitrogen fixation,hydrogen and methane production, and in bioremediation of pollutedwater. Finally, Part IV looks at new frontiers and includeschapters on genetic engineering, microalgae as platforms forrecombinant proteins, bioactive chemicals, heterotrophicproduction, microalgae as gene-delivery systems for expressingmosquitocidal toxins and the enhancement of marine productivity forclimate stabilization and food security. Handbook of Microalgal Culture is an essential purchasefor all phycologists and also those researching aquatic systems,aquaculture and plant sciences. There is also much of great use toresearchers and those involved in product formulation withinpharmaceutical, nutrition and food companies. Libraries in alluniversities and research establishments teaching and researchingin chemistry, biological and pharmaceutical sciences, food sciencesand nutrition, and aquaculture will need copies of this book ontheir shelves. Amos Richmond is at the Blaustein Institute for DesertResearch, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel.

Download or read book Microalgae Biotechnology for Development of Biofuel and Wastewater Treatment written by Md. Asraful Alam and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses microalgae, which represent a very promising biomass resource for wastewater treatment and producing biofuels. Accordingly, microalgae are also an expanding sector in biofuels and wastewater treatment, as can be seen in several high-profile start-ups from around the globe, including Solix Biofuels, Craig Venter’s Synthetic Genomics, PetroSun, Chevron Corporation, ENN Group etc. In addition, a number of recent studies and patent applications have confirmed the value of modern microalgae for biofuels production and wastewater treatment systems. However, substantial inconsistencies have been observed in terms of system boundaries, scope, the cultivation of microalgae and oil extraction systems, production costs and economic viability, cost-lowering components, etc. Moreover, the downstream technologies and core principles involved in liquid fuel extraction from microalgae cells are still in their early stages, and not always adequate for industrial production. Accordingly, multilateral co-operation between universities, research institutes, governments, stakeholders and researchers is called for in order to make microalgae biofuels economical. Responding to this challenge, the book begins with a general introduction to microalgae and the algae industry, and subsequently discusses all major aspects of microalgal biotechnology, from strain isolation and robust strain development, to biofuel development, refinement and wastewater treatment.

Download or read book Storage Carbohydrate Metabolism in Microalgae at Elevated Co2 written by Orn-u-ma Tanadul and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cultured microalgae are viewed as important producers of lipids and polysaccharides, both of which are precursor molecules for the production of biofuels. Currently, biofuel production from microalgae is mainly based on lipid conversion. However, algal-produced starch has potential value as a biofuel precursor. Besides selection of algal strains, growth conditions may influence starch and lipid production. This study addresses the impact of elevated culture CO2 on starch and lipid production by the microalga, Chlorella sorokiniana, more specifically on algal starch production and on several properties of the starch produced. The growth of Chlorella sorokiniana and the alga's production of both lipid and starch were enhanced when cultures were supplied with 2% CO2. Starch granules from algae grown in ambient air and 2% CO2 were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Starch granules from algae grown in 2% CO2 were disk-shaped and contained mainly stromal starch; starch granules from cultures grown in ambient air were cup-shaped with primarily pyrenoid starch. The granules from cells grown in 2% CO2 had a higher proportion of the accumulated starch as the highly branched, amylopectin glucan than did granules from cells grown in air. The rate of hydrolysis of starch from 2% CO2-grown cells was 1.25 times greater than that from air-grown cells and 2-11 times higher than the rates of hydrolysis of starches from cereal grains. These data indicate that culturing C. sorokiniana in elevated CO2 not only increases biomass yield but also improves the structure and composition of starch granules. These modifications in culture conditions would improve the efficiency of starch hydrolysis, thus representing potentially important gains for biofuel production. In addition, the impacts of culturing C. sorokiniana in an elevated CO2 environment on key starch biosynthetic (i.e., AGPase) and degradation (total amylolytic) enzyme activities were investigated. The activities of AGPase increased in cells grown in 2% CO2 and starch hydrolytic activities decreased in 2% CO2-grown cells. This result suggests that elevated CO2 could promote starch accumulation in C. sorokiniana by decreasing the activities of starch degradation enzymes.

Download or read book Pigments from Microalgae Handbook written by Eduardo Jacob-Lopes and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-08 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pigments from Microalgae Handbook presents the current state of knowledge on pigment production using microalgae-based processes, and covers both the scientific fundamentals of this technology and its practical applications. It addresses biology, chemistry, biochemistry, analysis and engineering aspects, as well as applications of natural pigments in photosynthetic organisms. The book also describes the analytical procedures associated with the characterization of pigments and the engineering aspects of microalgal pigment production. It considers the three major classes of pigments(chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins) produced and surveys the main commercial applications of these chemicals. The book offers a valuable source of information for industrial researchers and practitioners in industrial biotechnology, as it covers various engineering aspects of microalgal pigment production, such as bioreactors and bioprocesses, industrial extraction processes, and the bioeconomy of production including life-cycle assessment. The book will also be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students of biochemistry, food chemistry, and industrial microbiology.

Download or read book Industrial Biorenewables written by Pablo Domínguez de María and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-05-20 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a state-of-the-art perspective on industrial biorenewables. A selection of industries dealing with biomass as raw materials present their activities and industrial processes. Emphasis on each chapter includes, and is not limited to: discussion of the motivation of that specific industry to use biorenewables; a short history of their expertise and developments in the field; selected current R&D activities using biomass, the aim of the research, type of biomass used, catalysts, achieved products, economics, etc.; detailed discussions of the type of biomass, indicating 1st or 2nd generation, and options to substitute 1st generation raw materials for more sustainable 2nd generation ones; current processes that have been or are about to be implemented at industrial and commercial scales; expectations such as where potential improvements could be made and where academic research groups could help provide pre-competitive and industrially-sound insights and research; and finally, conclusions, prospects, and recommendations for future directions of research.

Download or read book Salt Stress in Plants written by Parvaiz Ahmad and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-26 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental conditions and changes, irrespective of source, cause a variety of stresses, one of the most prevalent of which is salt stress. Excess amount of salt in the soil adversely affects plant growth and development, and impairs production. Nearly 20% of the world’s cultivated area and nearly half of the world’s irrigated lands are affected by salinity. Processes such as seed germination, seedling growth and vigour, vegetative growth, flowering and fruit set are adversely affected by high salt concentration, ultimately causing diminished economic yield and also quality of produce. Most plants cannot tolerate salt-stress. High salt concentrations decrease the osmotic potential of soil solution, creating a water stress in plants and severe ion toxicity. The interactions of salts with mineral nutrition may result in nutrient imbalances and deficiencies. The consequence of all these can ultimately lead to plant death as a result of growth arrest and molecular damage. To achieve salt-tolerance, the foremost task is either to prevent or alleviate the damage, or to re-establish homeostatic conditions in the new stressful environment. Barring a few exceptions, the conventional breeding techniques have been unsuccessful in transferring the salt-tolerance trait to the target species. A host of genes encoding different structural and regulatory proteins have been used over the past 5–6 years for the development of a range of abiotic stress-tolerant plants. It has been shown that using regulatory genes is a more effective approach for developing stress-tolerant plants. Thus, understanding the molecular basis will be helpful in developing selection strategies for improving salinity tolerance. This book will shed light on the effect of salt stress on plants development, proteomics, genomics, genetic engineering, and plant adaptations, among other topics. The book will cover around 25 chapters with contributors from all over the world. ​​

Download or read book Biosynthetic Technology and Environmental Challenges written by Sunita J. Varjani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-29 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive review of biosynthetic approaches to the production of industrially important chemicals and the environmental challenges involved. Its 19 chapters discuss different aspects of biosynthetic technology from the perspective of leading experts in the field. It covers various biorefinery approaches, including the use of microbes, metabolically engineered plants, biomass-based and green technology methods. Further, it examines important research in the areas of organic and hazardous waste composting, management and recovery of nutraceuticals from agro-industrial waste, biosynthesis and technological advancements of biosurfactants and waste water bioremediation. This book contributes to the scientific literature on biosynthetic technologies and the related environmental challenges for researchers and academics working in this area around the globe.

Download or read book Biotechnology Prospects and Applications written by R.K. Salar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2014-02-06 with total page 313 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biotechnology: Prospects and Applications covers the review of recent developments in biotechnology and international authorship presents global issues that help in our understanding of the role of biotechnology in solving important scientific and societal problems for the benefit of mankind and environment. A balanced coverage of basic molecular biology and practical applications, relevant examples, colored illustrations, and contemporary applications of biotechnology provide students and researchers with the tools and basic knowledge of biotechnology. In our effort to introduce students and researchers to cutting edge techniques and applications of biotechnology, we dedicated specific chapters to such emerging areas of biotechnology as Emerging Dynamics of Brassinosteroids Research, Third generation green energy, Bioremediation, Metal Organic Frameworks: New smart materials for biological application, Bioherbicides, Biosensors, Fetal Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Animal forensics. Biotechnology: Prospects and Applications will be highly useful for students, teachers and researchers in all disciplines of life sciences, agricultural sciences, medicine, and biotechnology in universities, research stations and biotechnology companies. The book features broader aspects of the role of biotechnology in human endeavor. It also presents an overview of prospects and applications while emphasizing modern, cutting-edge, and emerging areas of biotechnology. Further, it provides the readers with a comprehensive knowledge of topics in food and agricultural biotechnology, microbial biotechnology, environmental biotechnology and animal biotechnology. The chapters have been written with special reference to the latest developments in above broader areas of biotechnology that impact the biotechnology industry. A list of references at the end of each chapter is provided for the readers to learn more about a particular topic. Typically, these references include basic research, research papers, review articles and articles from the popular literature.