Download or read book Lipid based Nanoparticles for Altering Immune Response written by Noha Samir Mohamed Ismail and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Since cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease of origin, scientists are always trying to define novel approaches that can eliminate this disease. Over decades now, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have been the conventional methods to eradicate cancer. Unfortunately, cancer resistance has developed, in which tumor cells became resistant to the majority of chemotherapeutics. Consequently, people started to use combination therapy as a more intensified protocol to counteract the aggressiveness of cancer. However, the results are not satisfactory till now and lots of optimizations are needed in order to make sure that synergistic not antagonistic effects are happening. That is why scientists started to revisit cancer immunotherapy field after long years of its discovery. They are trying to understand more about the manifestations that occur in case of tumor induced immunosuppression. They are rapidly defining new approaches for harnessing the immune system against cancer. Different methodologies are developed in the last ten years, yet optimizations are still in process. The significant hurdle in the field of cancer immunotherapy is the selectivity towards certain immune cell population. In other words, how selective targeting could be achieved with high affinity to the cell of interest. That led to the evolution of cancer nano-immunotherapy where nanoparticles are engineered in a certain manner that can elicit a selective interaction with the target receptor. Many studies have revealed how nanotechnology is a promising tool in harnessing immune system against cancer. However, targeting as a technique is still paving the way for the optimum particle-cell interaction. In the current study, we are paving the way to target immune cells infiltrating the tumor. The challenge here is that the population of cancer cells themselves are much more than the immune cells. In this study, the response of different immune cell lines towards internalization of different surface charged lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated at different time frames. The hypothesis is whether specific immune cell line isolated from melanoma tumor model and lymphoid organ like spleen could be targeted with liposomes having different surface charges, could this be considered a novel approach for targeting immune cells passively depending only on surface charge. In the first part, three sets of fluorescently labelled nano-liposomes were engineered as a model for different surface charges, the cationic DOTAP NP, anionic DOPG NP and near neutral DOPC NP with mean diameter of 220, 190, 210 nm and Zeta Potential of +36, -48 and -17.4 mV respectively. Physical stability of the NPs was evaluated by monitoring the changes in size and zeta potential. B16 melanoma cancer model was induced subcutaneously in C57BL/6 black mice (10 weeks age), divided into four groups each of five mice. CD11c Dendritic Cells (DCs), CD11b macrophages, CD90.2 T-cells and CD49b Natural Killer (NK) cells were isolated from the tumors and spleens of each group. The three sets of NPs were tested against the isolated cell lines. The cellular uptake (internalization) was assessed by normalizing the fluorescence of the cells against their protein concentration, then all samples were acquired to flow cytometry, and shifts in fluorescence histograms on horizontal axis were monitored against PE channel on the vertical axis. Results reveal the presence of preferential internalization of specific surface charge over others in some cell lines in different time frames. For the first time differences in the internalization pattern are reported in the same immune cell line isolated from two different contexts tumor and spleen. These results might serve as a guideline for a rational design of successful nano-carriers that can maximize the targeting, and hence the therapeutic efficacy towards certain population of immune cells. In the second part and in the sense of screening the different pathways that contribute to immunosuppression, STAT3 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3) pathway is considered one of the promising targets that when inhibited will reverse the immunosuppressed status of DCs. The molecular STAT3 inhibitor is investigated for the first time for its ability to offer superior properties in terms of specificity of STAT3 without affecting the other STATs and eliciting immunomodulatory effect. Pegylated nano-liposomes were synthesized with size of 190 nm loaded with conjugated form of the drug which is drug-cholesterol in order to maximize the loading efficiency reaching 82±4% and physical stability with minimal changes in size and zeta potential. Cryo-TEM revealed the formation of predominant unilamillar structures. The efficacy of conjugated drug-NP was evaluated in-vitro on different cells: Bone Marrow derived DCs (BMDCs), DC cell line, B16F10, 4T1 and MDA-MB-231. The BMDCs primary cultures were generated from bone marrow of C57BL/6 mice femurs. The purity of CD11c lineage of BMDCs was assessed by flow cytometry and showed 70-80% purity. In order to mimic the tumor microenvironment surrounding DCs in the tumor i.e. induce immunosuppression and downregulation of DCs surface receptors, high levels of phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3) were induced via conditioning DCs with different conditioning media of B16, LLC, and 4T1. It has been revealed that B16 conditioning media induced the highest amount of pSTAT3 based on western blot, flow cytometry and cytokine analysis. DCs by then showed downregulation of CD80, CD86 and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII). Finally, the drug-NP and free drug (5μmole) were added to the immunosuppressed DCs for 24hrs and maturation status was assessed using flow cytometry. Expression of CD86, MHCII and CD80 were evaluated after gating CD11c double positive population. No significant change was observed in case of CD80. Slight increase was observed in case of CD86. However, surprisingly there was a dramatic increase in MHCII with 3 folds higher expression in case of free drug and 1.3 fold with drug-NP in only 24 hrs, this reflects sustained release of the drug from the NP. These results demonstrate the potential of the STAT3 inhibitor in reversing the immunosuppressed status of DCs in tumor microenvironment and its immunomodulatory role for the first time.

Download or read book Liposome Based Drug Delivery Systems written by Wan-Liang Lu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-07-01 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes the protocols for fabrication of liposomal drug delivery system, and consists of two parts. The first part emphasizes the basic protocols and concepts for fabrication of drug-loaded liposomes. For new investigators, laying the groundwork is the first step. This part focuses on the fabrication details in liposomes formulations, which are the so-called small tricks while usually not disclosed in mostly published research articles. However, these processing details are crucial for the preparation of liposomes. And the second part focuses on the strategies in modified and/or functionalized liposomes to adapt to pathophysiological environment, as well as their application in treating diseases. As new analytical and synthetic technologies become available, and improved understanding of pathophysiology, various functionalized drug liposomes are developing to fit the requirements of different therapeutic purposes, exhibiting a broad range of applications. Accordingly, the objectives of this part are aimed at deeply unearthing the formulation of drug-loaded liposomes, describing the detailed operation of liposomal formulation, and further demonstrating their potential applications. Therefore, this volume shows the features of experimental report or protocol for proving a guide to scientists, research students, and young investigators in pharmaceutical enterprises.

Download or read book Nano Oncologicals written by Maria José Alonso and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-10-15 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative volume focuses on emerging technologies in cancer nano medicine, characterized by their multi-functionality and potential to address simultaneously diverse issues of clinical relevance in the treatment of cancer. The book consists of sixteen chapters divided into six sections: 1) Biological Barriers in Cancer; 2) Tumor Targeting; 3) Targeting the Immune System; 4) Gene Therapy; 5) Nano theranostics and 6) Translational Aspects of Nano-Oncologicals. The volume starts with an introduction describing the biological barriers associated with cancer therapy and highlighting ways to overcome such barriers through the use of nanotechnology. This is followed by an analysis of the two major targeting strategies currently under investigation in cancer therapy: namely, the targeting of cancer cells and the targeting of the immune system. In the first case, the book presents liposomal and polymer-based therapies, including photodynamic approaches. In the second case, it analyzes in detail the possibility of either improving the efficiency of the immune system toward preventing cancer progression (cancer immunomodulation) or generating responses against specific cancer antigens (cancer vaccines). Beyond these targeting options, Nano-Oncologicals: New Targeting and Delivery Approaches presents the most recent technological advances in the area of nucleic acid-based therapies, along with those in the area of theranostics, where the design of multifunctional nano carriers becomes vital. Following the study of the most promising nanotechnologies around the development of nano-oncologicals, the book ends with an overview of regulatory and toxicological issues, which are critical in their translational pathway, and the presentation of a nucleic acid-based therapy case-study. This book is an important resource for scientists interested in the design and development of anticancer nanotechnologies and also to those aiming to push their technology through clinical development.

Download or read book Nanopharmaceuticals Principles and Applications Vol 3 written by Vinod Kumar Yata and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-19 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the third volume on this subject and focuses on the recent advances of nanopharmaceuticals in cancer, dental, dermal and drug delivery applications and presents their safety, toxicity and therapeutic efficacy. The book also includes the transport phenomenon of nanomaterials and important pathways for drug delivery applications. It goes on to explain the toxicity of nanoparticles to different physiological systems and methods used to assess this for different organ systems using examples of in vivo systems.

Download or read book Fenner and White s Medical Virology written by Christopher J. Burrell and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-11-09 with total page 604 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fenner and White's Medical Virology, Fifth Edition provides an integrated view of related sciences, from cell biology, to medical epidemiology and human social behavior. The perspective represented by this book, that of medical virology as an infectious disease science, is meant to provide a starting point, an anchor, for those who must relate the subject to clinical practice, public health practice, scholarly research, and other endeavors. The book presents detailed exposition on the properties of viruses, how viruses replicate, and how viruses cause disease. These chapters are then followed by an overview of the principles of diagnosis, epidemiology, and how virus infections can be controlled. The first section concludes with a discussion on emergence and attempts to predict the next major public health challenges. These form a guide for delving into the specific diseases of interest to the reader as described in Part II. This lucid and concise, yet comprehensive, text is admirably suited to the needs of not only advanced students of science and medicine, but also postgraduate students, teachers, and research workers in all areas of virology. Features updated and expanded coverage of pathogenesis and immunity Contains the latest laboratory diagnostic methods Provides insights into clinical features of human viral disease, vaccines, chemotherapy, epidemiology, and control

Download or read book Intracellular Delivery written by Aleš Prokop and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-05-26 with total page 871 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features a special subsection of Nanomedicine, an application of nanotechnology to achieve breakthroughs in healthcare. It exploits the improved and often novel physical, chemical and biological properties of materials only existent at the nanometer scale. As a consequence of small scale, nanosystems in most cases are efficiently uptaken by cells and appear to act at the intracellular level. Nanotechnology has the potential to improve diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of diseases, and includes targeted drug delivery and regenerative medicine; it creates new tools and methods that impact significantly upon existing conservative practices. This volume is a collection of authoritative reviews. In the introductory section we define the field (intracellular delivery). Then, the fundamental routes of nanodelivery devices, cellular uptake, types of delivery devices, particularly in terms of localized cellular delivery, both for small drug molecules, macromolecular drugs and genes; at the academic and applied levels, are covered. The following section is dedicated to enhancing delivery via special targeting motifs followed by the introduction of different types of intracellular nanodelivery devices (e.g. a brief description of their chemistry) and ways of producing these different devices. Finally, we put special emphasis on particular disease states and on other biomedical applications, whilst diagnostic and sensing issues are also included. Intracellular delivery / therapy is a highly topical which will stir great interest. Intracellular delivery enables much more efficient drug delivery since the impact (on different organelles and sites) is intracellular as the drug is not supplied externally within the blood stream. There is great potential for targeted delivery with improved localized delivery and efficacy.

Download or read book Wildlife and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases The Biology Circumstances and Consequences of Cross Species Transmission written by James E. Childs and published by Springer. This book was released on 2010-11-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers an overview of the processes of zoonotic viral emergence, the intricacies of host/virus interactions, and the role of biological transitions and modifying factors. The themes introduced here are amplified and explored in detail by the contributing authors, who explore the mechanisms and unique circumstances by which evolution, biology, history, and current context have contrived to drive the emergence of different zoonotic agents by a series of related events.

Download or read book RNA Nanotechnology written by Bin Wang and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-04-02 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the past few decades there has been incredible growth in "bionano"-related research, which has been accompanied by numerous publications in this field. Although various compilations address topics related to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein, there are few books that focus on determining the structure of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and using RNA as building blocks to construct nanoarchitectures for biomedical and healthcare applications. RNA Nanotechnology is a comprehensive volume that details both the traditional approaches and the latest developments in the field of RNA-related technology. This book targets a wide audience: a broad introduction provides a solid academic background for students, researchers, and scientists who are unfamiliar with the subject, while the in-depth descriptions and discussions are useful for advanced professionals. The book opens with reviews on the basic aspects of RNA biology, computational approaches for predicting RNA structures, and traditional and emerging experimental approaches for probing RNA structures. This section is followed by explorations of the latest research and discoveries in RNA nanotechnology, including the design and construction of RNA-based nanostructures. The final segment of the book includes descriptions and discussions of the potential biological and therapeutic applications of small RNA molecules, such as small/short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), RNA aptamers, and ribozymes.

Download or read book Nanopharmaceutical Advanced Delivery Systems written by Vivek Dave and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 467 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a single volume covering detailed descriptions about various delivery systems, their principles and how these are put in use for the treatment of multiple diseases. It is divided into four sections where the first section deals with the introduction and importance of novel drug delivery system. The second section deals with the most advanced drug delivery systems like microbubbles, dendrimers, lipid-based nanoparticles, nanofibers, microemulsions etc., describing the major principles and techniques of the preparations of the drug delivery systems. The third section elaborates on the treatments of diverse diseases like cancer, topical diseases, tuberculosis etc. The fourth and final section provides a brief informative description about the regulatory aspects of novel drug delivery system that is followed in various countries.

Download or read book Biochemical Toxicology written by Muharrem Ince and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2020-07-29 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochemical Toxicology - Heavy Metals and Nanomaterials provides an overview of biochemical contamination, nanomaterials and toxic metals, and measurement techniques. It explains and clarifies important studies and compares and develops new and groundbreaking measurement techniques in the fields of organic and inorganic pollution and nanoscience. It is highly recommended for professionals and readers interested in the environment and human health.

Download or read book Nanotechnology Based Approaches for Tuberculosis Treatment written by Prashant Kesharwani and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-06-10 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nanotechnology Based Approaches for Tuberculosis Treatment discusses multiple nanotechnology-based approaches that may help overcome persisting limitations of conventional and traditional treatments. The book summarizes the types of nano drugs, their synthesis, formulation, characterization and applications, along with the most important administration routes. It also explores recent advances and achievements regarding therapeutic efficacy and provides possible future applications in this field. It will be a useful resource for investigators, pharmaceutical researchers, innovators and scientists working on technology advancements in the areas of targeted therapies, nano scale imaging systems, and diagnostic modalities in tuberculosis. Addresses the gap between nanomedicine late discovery and early development of tuberculosis therapeutics Explores tuberculosis nanomedicine standardization and characterization with newly developed treatment, diagnostic and treatment monitoring modalities Covers the field thoroughly, from the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis, to treatment approaches using nanotechnology and different nanocarriers

Download or read book Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy written by Piyush Kumar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Brief focuses on the cancer therapy available till date, from conventional drug delivery to nanomedicine in clinical trial. In addition, it reports on future generation based nanotherapeutics and cancer theranostic agent for effective therapeutic diagnosis and treatment. Breast cancer was chosen as the model system in this review. The authors give emphasis to multiple drug resistance (MDR) and its mechanism and how to overcome it using the nanoparticle approach.

Download or read book Annual Review of Medicine written by C. Thomas Caskey and published by Annual Reviews. This book was released on 2010-02 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advanced Healthcare Materials written by Ashutosh Tiwari and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-05-09 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a comprehensive and interdisciplinary view of cutting-edge research on advanced materials for healthcare technology and applications Advanced healthcare materials are attracting strong interest in fundamental as well as applied medical science and technology. This book summarizes the current state of knowledge in the field of advanced materials for functional therapeutics, point-of-care diagnostics, translational materials, and up-and-coming bioengineering devices. Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights the key features that enable the design of stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles, novel biomaterials, and nano/micro devices for either diagnosis or therapy, or both, called theranostics. It also presents the latest advancements in healthcare materials and medical technology. The senior researchers from global knowledge centers have written topics including: State-of-the-art of biomaterials for human health Micro- and nanoparticles and their application in biosensors The role of immunoassays Stimuli-responsive smart nanoparticles Diagnosis and treatment of cancer Advanced materials for biomedical application and drug delivery Nanoparticles for diagnosis and/or treatment of Alzheimers disease Hierarchical modelling of elastic behavior of human dental tissue Biodegradable porous hydrogels Hydrogels in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and wound care Modified natural zeolites Supramolecular hydrogels based on cyclodextrin poly(pseudo)rotaxane Polyhydroxyalkanoate-based biomaterials Biomimetic molecularly imprinted polymers

Download or read book Unraveling the Safety Profile of Nanoscale Particles and Materials written by Andreia Ferreira de Castro Gomes and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2018-03-21 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As nanomaterials become increasingly present in our daily lives, pertinent questions regarding their safety arise. Nanomaterial risk assessment, as in other areas, directs much of the effort worldwide in defining guidelines that may be translated into national or international directives. Nanomaterials encompass different entities, from nanoparticles to nanostructured materials, with specific effects over cells, tissues, organisms and ecosystems depending on their biophysical characteristics. Such interactions will directly affect the impact of novel nanotechnologies. This book aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art in nanotoxicology, featuring the most important developments and critical issues regarding the use of and exposure to nanoparticles.

Download or read book Micro and Nanotechnology in Vaccine Development written by Mariusz Skwarczynski and published by William Andrew. This book was released on 2016-09-20 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of how use of micro- and nanotechnology (MNT) has allowed major new advance in vaccine development research, and the challenges that immunologists face in making further progress. MNT allows the creation of particles that exploit the inherent ability of the human immune system to recognize small particles such as viruses and toxins. In combination with minimal protective epitope design, this permits the creation of immunogenic particles that stimulate a response against the targeted pathogen. The finely tuned response of the human immune system to small particles makes it unsurprising that many of the lead adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems currently under investigation are based on nanoparticles. Provides a comprehensive and unparalleled overview of the role of micro- and nanotechnology in vaccine development Allows researchers to quickly familiarize themselves with the broad spectrum of vaccines and how micro- and nanotechnologies are applied to their development Includes a combination of overview chapters setting out general principles, and focused content dealing with specific vaccines, making it useful to readers from a variety of disciplines

Download or read book Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines written by Virgil Schijns and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-19 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines provides an in-depth insight and overview of a number of most promising immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. In contrast to existing books on the subject it provides recent data on the critical mechanisms governing the activity of vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. Knowledge of immunological pathways and scenarios of the cells and molecules involved is described and depicted in comprehensive illustrations. Contributions from leading international authorities in the field Well-illustrated, informative figures present the interactions between immunopotentiators and the host immune system Each chapter lists advantages and potential hurdles for achieving a practical application for the specific immunopentiator