Download or read book Linking Metabolic Rates with the Diversity and Functional Capacity of Endolithic Microbial Communities Within Hydrothermal Vent Structures written by Kiana Laieikawai Frank and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At hydrothermal vents, thermal and chemical gradients generated by the mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater provide diverse niches for prokaryotic communities. To date, our knowledge of environmental factors that shape bacterial and archaeal community composition and metabolic activities across these gradients within the active sulfide structures is limited. While many studies have laid the foundation for our understanding of the extent of diversity in relation to varying hydrothermal settings, few studies exists regarding the detailed spatial relationships between vent geochemistry and the abundance, distribution, and metabolic characteristics of the endolithic hosted communities. Even fewer data have been generated on the magnitude of metabolic rates and factors controlling the kinetics of these reactions have not been well constrained.

Download or read book Advances in Nanotechnology for Marine Antifouling written by Ram Gupta and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-04-11 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Nanotechnology for Marine Antifouling surveys the latest research in the application of nanotechnology for biofouling inhibition. The book gathers in-depth information on the various micro and nano-techniques, nanocoatings, polymeric composites paints, methods of application and prevention mechanisms. This is a valuable resource for researchers and advanced students across anti-biofouling, nanotechnology, nanomaterials, polymer nanocomposites, coatings, maritime technology, chemistry, chemical engineering, environmental science, and materials science and engineering. This is also essential reading for industrial scientists, engineers, R&D, and other professionals with an interest in the use of nanotechnology for antifouling, particularly in the maritime sector. Nanotechnologies have been recognized as a powerful tool in antifouling strategies with nanocoatings with efficient properties enabling increased durability and performance in the prevention of biofouling and corrosion while replacing potentially more harmful chemicals. Examines the fundamentals of biofouling, conventional techniques, modeling and simulation, and biofouling based on natural materials Provides detailed techniques for antifouling mechanisms and materials with a range of specific properties or applications Addresses key environmental challenges, including risks of novel nanomaterials and coatings, development of eco-friendly nanocoatings, regulations and future scope

Download or read book A Metagenomic Analysis of the Microbial Communities Associated with Different Hydrothermal Vent Chimneys written by Laura A. Murray and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrothermal vents host a diverse community of microorganisms that utilize chemical gradients from the venting fluid for their metabolisms. The venting fluid can solidify to form chimney structures that these microbes adhere to and colonize. These chimney structures are found throughout many different locations in the world's oceans. In this study, comparative metagenomic analyses of microbial communities on five chimney structures from around the Pacific Ocean were elucidated focusing on the core taxa and genes that are characteristic for each of these hydrothermal vent chimneys, as well as highlighting differences among the taxa and genes found at each chimney due to parameters such as physical characteristics, chemistry, and activity of the vents. DNA from the chimneys was sequenced, assembled into contigs, annotated for gene function, and binned into metagenome assembled genomes, or MAGs. Genes used for carbon, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, iron, and arsenic metabolism were found at varying abundances at each of the chimneys, largely from either Gammaproteobacteria or Campylobacteria. Many taxa had overlap of these metabolism genes, indicating that functional redundancy is critical for life at these hydrothermal vents. It was found that high relative abundance of oxygen metabolism genes coupled with low carbon fixation genes could be used as a unique identifier for inactive chimneys. Genes used for DNA repair, chemotaxis, and transposases were found to be at higher abundances at each of these hydrothermal chimneys allowing for enhanced adaptations to the ever-changing chemical and physical conditions encountered. The combination of genes detected in this study sheds light on the community structure and metabolic potential of hydrothermal vent chimneys throughout the Pacific Ocean.

Download or read book Ecological and Evolutionary Strategies of Archaeal Bacterial and Viral Communities in Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Rika Elizabeth Anderson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The deep-sea hydrothermal vent habitat, formed by subsurface water-rock reactions that create high-temperature hydrothermal fluid, is dominated by physical, chemical, and mineralogical gradients. The mixing of cold, oxidized seawater with hot, reduced hydrothermal fluid produces environments that span a range of temperatures, pH, redox potential, chemical composition, and mineralogy, with constant fluid flux between these regions. Communities of archaea, bacteria, and viruses live across the gradients within these systems and are both exposed to and transported by these fluids. Since these conditions can push the boundaries of the limits for life, may represent conditions found on other planetary bodies, and are thought to have been important for the early evolution of life on this planet, the study of microbial adaptation to hydrothermal vents is of great astrobiological importance. This dissertation explores how these extreme gradients structure hydrothermal vent microbial and viral communities, and what evolutionary strategies are used by both cells and viruses in hydrothermal systems to adapt to these extremes. The first part of this dissertation address adaptation on the community level by examining microbial community structuring in various niches within the vent environment. First, I explore microbial niche partitioning across diffuse flow and plumes in hydrothermal vent systems, using a combination of microbial community profiling techniques and qPCR to demonstrate that certain microbial lineages are found in high abundance in particular conditions, but are far less abundant in other regions of the gradient. Second, I use 16S pyrotag sequencing to compare the structures of the rare and abundant biospheres across several hydrothermal vent systems worldwide. Through this I demonstrate that archaeal communities exhibit fundamentally different biogeographic patterning compared to bacterial communities. Whereas bacterial rare and abundant groups show similar biogeographic patterning, abundant archaeal groups are generally cosmopolitan and abundant everywhere but rare archaeal groups are biogeographically restricted. The second part of my dissertation focuses on adaptive strategies among viruses and their microbial hosts. I first demonstrate a novel method by which to identify potential hosts of a viral assemblage using metagenomics, showing that viruses in the vent system have the potential to infect a wide range of hosts. Finally, I use comparative metagenomics to demonstrate that the viral fraction in a high-temperature hydrothermal system is relatively enriched in energy-metabolizing genes, and present evidence suggesting that these genes are transferred by viruses as an adaptive strategy to enhance host metabolic plasticity in a dynamic environment. Taken together, this work indicates that the gradient-dominated nature of vent systems fosters a diverse microbial community through adaptation to particular niches, and that virally-mediated transfer of genes between these diverse hosts creates genomic plasticity to facilitate adaptation to the vent environment. In this sense niche partitioning drives these microbial lineages apart, while horizontal gene transfer allows them to borrow adaptive strategies from each other.

Download or read book The Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Cindy Van Dover and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2000-03-26 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Teeming with weird and wonderful life--giant clams and mussels, tubeworms, "eyeless" shrimp, and bacteria that survive on sulfur--deep-sea hot-water springs are found along rifts where sea-floor spreading occurs. The theory of plate tectonics predicted the existence of these hydrothermal vents, but they were discovered only in 1977. Since then the sites have attracted teams of scientists seeking to understand how life can thrive in what would seem to be intolerable or extreme conditions of temperature and fluid chemistry. Some suspect that these vents even hold the key to understanding the very origins of life. Here a leading expert provides the first authoritative and comprehensive account of this research in a book intended for students, professionals, and general readers. Cindy Lee Van Dover, an ecologist, brings nearly two decades of experience and a lively writing style to the text, which is further enhanced by two hundred illustrations, including photographs of vent communities taken in situ. The book begins by explaining what is known about hydrothermal systems in terms of their deep-sea environment and their geological and chemical makeup. The coverage of microbial ecology includes a chapter on symbiosis. Symbiotic relationships are further developed in a section on physiological ecology, which includes discussions of adaptations to sulfide, thermal tolerances, and sensory adaptations. Separate chapters are devoted to trophic relationships and reproductive ecology. A chapter on community dynamics reveals what has been learned about the ways in which vent communities become established and why they persist, while a chapter on evolution and biogeography examines patterns of species diversity and evolutionary relationships within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Cognate communities such as seeps and whale skeletons come under scrutiny for their ability to support microbial and invertebrate communities that are ecologically and evolutionarily related to hydrothermal faunas. The book concludes by exploring the possibility that life originated at hydrothermal vents, a hypothesis that has had tremendous impact on our ideas about the potential for life on other planets or planetary bodies in our solar system.

Download or read book Hydrothermal microbial ecosystems written by Andreas Teske and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in the "Hydrothermal Vent" e-book cover a range of microbiological research in deep and shallow hydrothermal environments, from high temperature “black smokers,” to diffuse flow habitats and episodically discharging subsurface fluids, to the hydrothermal plumes. Together they provide a snapshot of current research interests in a field that has evolved rapidly since the discovery of hydrothermal vents in 1977. Hydrothermally influenced microbial habitats and communities represent a wide spectrum of geological setting, chemical in-situ regimes, and biotic communities; the classical examples of basalt-hosted black smoker chimneys at active mid-ocean spreading centers have been augmented by hydrothermally heated and chemically altered sediments, microbiota fueled by serpentinization reactions, and low-temperature vents with unusual menus of electron donors. Environmental gradients and niches provide habitats for unusual or unprecedented microorganisms and microbial ecosystems. The discovery of novel extremophiles underscores untapped microbial diversity in hydrothermal vent microbial communities. Different stages of hydrothermal activity, from early onset to peak activity, gradual decline, and persistence of cold and fossil vent sites, correspond to different colonization waves by microorganisms as well as megafauna. Perhaps no other field in microbiology is so intertwined with the geological and geochemical evolution of the oceans, and promises so many biochemical and physiological discoveries still to be made within the unexhausted richness of extreme microbial life.

Download or read book Abiotic Influences on Free living Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems written by Heather Craig Olins and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of metabolic rate measurements, metatranscriptomics, and colonization experiments presented here, all with co-registered geochemistry, underscore the substantial heterogeneity of these systems and offer insights into the relative strengths of the abiotic forces that help to govern these ecosystems.

Download or read book Microbial Diversity and Geochemical Energy Sources of Tutum Bay Ambitle Island Papua New Guinea an Arsenic rich Shallow sea Hydrothermal System written by Nancy Hsia Akerman and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I investigate the hydrothermal system located in Tutum Bay, Ambitle Island, Papua New Guinea, a shallow-sea system ~5 - 10 meters below sea level that is arsenic-rich. Hydrothermal vents in the bay expel fluids with arsenite (AsIII) concentrations as high as 950 [mu]g/L. To determine the role that Tutum Bay microorganisms might play in mediating As-redox reactions, three approaches were used: analyzing the geochemical environment for energy sources, characterizing the archaeal community composition of the sediments, and conducting culture-dependent As-cycling experiments. The second chapter of this dissertation discusses an energetic study of potential chemolithotrophic metabolic reactions, including As-redox reactions. Results show that under the environmental conditions present in Tutum Bay, significant amounts of energy for microbial metabolism could be gained from a number of reactions, including AsIII oxidizing reactions using oxygen and nitrate as terminal electron acceptors. In the third chapter, a 16S rRNA-based culture-independent investigation of the archaeal community structure of the As-rich sediments shows the presence of diverse uncultured archaea at sites both near and far from hydrothermal venting. The studies in these two chapters demonstrate that the Tutum Bay hydrothermal system provides an environment hospitable to metabolically and phylogenetically diverse microorganisms. Finally, in chapter four, evidence of functional genes related to both arsenate- and arsenite-redox were recovered from sediments examined via molecular screening. It was also shown that microbial consortia enriched from Tutum Bay sediments and porefluids were able to reduce arsenate (AsV) to arsenite when incubated at 30°C in an AsV-rich growth medium. These results demonstrate that As-redox microorganisms exist in shallow-sea hydrothermal environments and broaden our understanding of not only the types of microbial species that are capable of As-redox, but also the unique environmental niches in which life can exist and thrive.

Download or read book Analysis of Microbial Communities in Hydrothermal Vents in Yellowstone Lake Yellowstone National Park Using 16S RDNA Functional Metabolic Genes and Enrichment Culture Methods written by Andrew M. Wier and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bacterial Diversity and Community Structure of Lithotrophically driven Microbial Mats from the Mariana Arc and Back arc written by Kevin W. Hager and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Tightly coupled Sulfur cycling Microbial Mats of the White Point Hydrothermal Vent Field CA written by Priscilla J. Miranda and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: For over 3.5Ga microbial activities have profoundly altered planetary geochemistry. In particular, sulfur-cycling hydrothermal vent communities have been important players in shaping biogeochemistry and the habitability of Earth. However, the remote nature of deep-sea vents makes investigations challenging. Using the White Point (WP) shallow-sea hydrothermal vent field as a proxy, I employed molecular sequencing, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and 35 S-radiotracer assays to investigate the diversity and function of chemoautotrophic microbial mats. This study revealed a highly active and diverse sulfur-cycling microbial community. Potential epibiotic associations between sulfur-oxidizing (SOxB) and sulfate/sulfur-reducing bacteria (SRB) were identified using FISH. Comparative analyses of 16S rRNA sequences revealed the WP sulfur vent microbial mat community to be similar to deep-sea microbial communities from hydrothermal vents in a range of biotopes and lithologic settings and supported the relevancy of the WP hydrothermal sulfur-vent microbial mats as an excellent model for studying "thiobiotic" vent communities.

Download or read book Functional Analysis of Cyc2 in Microbial Mat Communities of Mariana Arc and Back arc Hydrothermal Vents written by Christina A. Turner and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary production by Zetaproteobacteria at iron-rich vents of the Mariana Arc and back-arc supports high microbial diversity. In microaerophilic circumneutral pH, Zetaproteobacteria are able to produce energy by oxidizing ferrous iron (Fe2+) from the vent effluent with the presence of a key gene involved in their iron-oxidation, Cyc2, a fused cytochrome-porin. These genes are found in all Zetaproteobacteria known to date. This study combines molecular quantitative techniques with metagenomic analyses to enhance our confidence in gene quantification from environmental samples. The occurrence of cyc2 was quantified from microbial mat communities at NW Eifuku, NW Rota-1, Snail and Urashima Vents using primers designed from a composite metagenome to better understand the potential impact of Zetaproteobacteria metabolism on these iron-rich microbial communities. Based on a multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis, two distinct groups of the Zetaproteobacteria cyc2 were identified and termed Cluster 1 cyc2 and Cluster 3 cyc2 based on the nomenclature provided by Chan et al. (2018). Multidimensional scaling of Zetaproteobacteria SSU rRNA and cyc2 gene abundances showed that the presence of the two cyc2 sequence variants are strongly driven by an array of different vent fluid chemicals. We also report on the phylogenetic relationship between the two cyc2 variants and other representative FeOB, as well as the distribution of cyc2 gene abundances across the Mariana hydrothermal vent sites along the Arc and back-arc. Overall, this provides insight on the ecological and evolutionary implications of Zetaproteobacteria iron-oxidation represented at the community-level across a wide-range of geochemical parameters.

Download or read book The Evolution of Endothermy From Patterns to Mechanisms written by Elias T. Polymeropoulos and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-09-14 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metabolic rate is a key ecophysiological factor determining fitness, distribution, survival and reproductive strategies of organisms. The ability to endogenously produce heat and elevate body temperature beyond ambient, has far reaching ecological implications. The diversity of thermogenic mechanisms and strategies employed throughout the animal kingdom is truly phenomenal and one of the greatest biological mysteries. Interestingly, even heat producing plants have been characterised. Over the last several decades, the oversimplified distinction between warm- and cold blooded animals has well and truly been put to rest and the terms “endo- and ectotherm” have been established. Birds and mammals are regarded as endotherms, capable of maintaining high body temperatures within highly precise boundaries. On contrary, in ectothermic organisms ambient temperature governs body temperature and metabolism, encompassing the majority of present day species. However, it has recently become very clear that this distinction is still not accurate enough to describe the vastness of heat generating mechanisms within endo- but also ectotherms. Indeed, a plethora of ectothermic animals display endogenous as well as behavioural means of temperature control and mechanisms for heat generation. There is large diversity in regards to thermoregulatory ability and strategy within endotherms as well, with some groups being classified by separate categories such as basoendotherms and mesotherms. Considerable interest and efforts has been put into the quest to understand the underlying physiological mechanisms leading and facilitating high metabolic rates and body temperatures of endotherms. These mechanisms are far from being exhaustively studied and the evolutionary trajectory leading to high metabolic rates and stable body temperatures is equally, vividly debated. This discussion includes an array of questions and theories surrounding the presence of endothermy in extinct dinosaurs. In addition, a lively debate surrounds the evolutionary drivers promoting the establishment of endothermy with clear support of direct or indirect selective benefits. Within this Research Topic we plan to compile the latest ideas, knowledge and experimental work to elucidate the patterns of the evolution of endothermy and its transition/distinction from ectothermy. The focus is on key physiological mechanisms supporting this transition and contributing to the maintenance of high metabolic rates and body temperature in endotherms, as well as mechanisms for local heterothermy and heat dissipation in ectotherms. These mechanisms and conclusions may be derived from different levels of organisation such as population, taxon, species as well as tissue, cellular or molecular levels. It may also encompass novel experimental or theoretical models testing evolutionary theories of endothermy. A comparative approach is encouraged but not fundamental.

Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Variation in White Point Palos Verdes Hydrothermal Sulfur Vent Microbial Mat Community Structure written by Jessica M. Roussos and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Sulfur-cycling microbial mats found around near-shore hydrothermal vents at White-Point, Palos Verdes are highly diverse communities that show variation in community structure over small spatial scales. This study investigated the within-site variability of the mats by comparing community structure, using 16S rRNA gene sequences, between mat samples collected in the intertidal and subtidal habitats at two different time points; March and June of 2015. The mats were dominated by two sulfur-oxidizers Sulfurovum and Arcobacter. Analysis showed that many of the same microbes were found across sample types; however, mat community structure was significantly different between the intertidal and subtidal habitats and between the two intertidal time points. Changes in community structure correlated to different environmental conditions across the four sample types, suggesting that community structure is driven by environmental selection over dispersal capabilities within this vent site.

Download or read book Temporal and Spatial Development of Communities at Nascent Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents and Evolutionary Relationships of Hydrothermal vent Caridean Shrimp Bresiliidae written by Timothy Mitchell Shank and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Growth Kinetics and Constraints Related to Metabolic Diversity and Abundances of Hyperthermophiles in Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Helene C. Ver Eecke and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Microbial Ecology of Deep sea Hydrothermal Vents written by Ileana Pérez-Rodríguez and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global influence of mid-oceanic ridges (MOR) first became apparent through continental drifting--its immanent force easily appreciated in today's resulting continents. The role of MORs as a source of global-ocean chemistry is less apparent but equally immense. Key to these processes is fluid-rock reactions between circulating seawater and hot new basalt. With the discovery of hydrothermal vent ecosystems in the 1970's, yet another important consequence of rock-fluid interaction was established in chemosynthesis. Early photographic descriptions of "frosted white and yellow precipitates" covering basalt rocks close to discharged hydrothermal fluids, with benthic communities emerging from them, referred to the now known chemosynthetic biofilms that interact with hydrothermal fluids. These microorganisms have a pivotal role in transforming the geochemistry of Earth's oceans. The main objectives of this dissertation are to study anaerobic chemosynthetic vent microorganisms, and to explore the molecular ecology of these biofilm communities. Initial approaches included isolation of anaerobic chemosynthetic microorganisms resulting in the description of two novel bacterial species: the epsilonproteobacterium Nautilia nitratireducens strain MB-1T, and Phorcys thermohydrogeniphilus strain HB-8T, a new genus in the Aquificales. Both bacteria are obligate thermophilic anaerobes, capable of hydrogen oxidation coupled to sulfur- and nitrate-reduction. Further investigation focused on mechanisms regulating vent biofilms, the dominant growth strategy in vent microbial communities. Quorum-sensing (QS), a mechanism relying on cell density and the production of extracellular signals for cell-cell communication, is used by many microbial species to regulate biofilm formation. One QS signal is Autoinducer-2, whose precursor is synthesized by the LuxS enzyme. To study QS in vent environments, Caminibacter mediatlanticus and Sulfurovum lithotrophicum, cultured members of the well represented Epsilonproteobacteria, were used as model systems. The luxS gene and transcripts were detected in their genomes and during growth, respectively; these luxS-expressing cultures induced bioluminescence, a QS response, in a Vibrio harveyi reporter strain. Detection of luxS transcripts in-situ, also indicated that QS is likely occurring in natural vent biofilms. This data demonstrates that vent Epsilonproteobacteria posses the luxS/AI-2 system for cell-cell communication. This work is relevant to our overall understanding of microbial phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental factors.