Download or read book Linguistic Changes of Strong and Weak Verbs Noun Plurals and Personal Pronouns from the Old English to the Middle English Period written by Dörte Ridder and published by . This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2005 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2,1, University of Sunderland (English Department), course: English Past and Present, 13 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Passage of time is a contributory factor to linguistic change (Pyles 78). Language change cannot be considered without its context in time. Developments take place daily but can best be recognized by categorizing the changes into the existing period classifications and comparing them to the changes in a different period in the evolution of the English language. The following essay will examine linguistic features of the Old English period, which can be dated from 450 to 1150 and compare and contrast them to the Middle English period, which can typically be dated from 1150 to 1500. These two periods have been chosen because they follow successively and therefore show direct linguistic changes. The most important one to be scrutinized will be the fact that Old English has been a synthetic language, "one that indicates the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections" (Baugh and Cable 54). Especially endings of the noun and pronoun, the adjective and the verb are concerned. In the course of the Middle English period, English changed to an analytic language that did not depend on inflectional endings, but rather on prepositions, auxiliary verbs and word order to show relationships. In a first step essentials of the Old English and the Middle English period and a short historical categorisation shall be outlined. Subsequently by analysing strong and weak verbs, noun plurals and personal pronouns it shall be shown how Old English changed from a highly inflected language to an extremely analytic one in Middle English. [...]
Download or read book Strong Verbs in Old and Middle English and Irregular Verbs in Modern English written by Sonja Rieber and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-09 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Tubingen (Seminar für Anglistik), course: Historical Grammar, 15 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: In the following essay the development of strong verbs in English will be examined, starting in the Old English period and reaching up to Modern English times. The different classification systems and conjugational patterns that apply for the periods will be compared. The main task of the essay will be to find out similarities differences and parts which have remained the same in these systems. In the course of the essay, the Old English system of strong verbs will be compared to the Middle English system and finally the Modern English system. In order to do this, it will be necessary to describe the classification system of Old English strong verbs in detail as well as pointing out the conjugational patterns that apply for these verbs. In the next section the same will be done for Middle English strong verbs. In that section changes will already have to be mentioned. Afterwards, an entirely different classification of Modern English irregular verbs as suggested by Quirk & Greenbaum will be introduced. In addition the conjugational system of Modern English verbs will be described. Following this mainly descriptive first part of the essay, the second part will compare the systems and point out the main differences or similarities. The last section provides a summary of the developments which took place in the evolution of strong verbs and which have already been touched in the descriptions of the different classification systems.
Download or read book Strong verbs in Old and Middle English and irregular verbs in Modern English written by Sonja Rieber and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-09-09 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 2, University of Tubingen (Seminar für Anglistik), course: Historical Grammar, language: English, abstract: In the following essay the development of strong verbs in English will be examined, starting in the Old English period and reaching up to Modern English times. The different classification systems and conjugational patterns that apply for the periods will be compared. The main task of the essay will be to find out similarities differences and parts which have remained the same in these systems. In the course of the essay, the Old English system of strong verbs will be compared to the Middle English system and finally the Modern English system. In order to do this, it will be necessary to describe the classification system of Old English strong verbs in detail as well as pointing out the conjugational patterns that apply for these verbs. In the next section the same will be done for Middle English strong verbs. In that section changes will already have to be mentioned. Afterwards, an entirely different classification of Modern English irregular verbs as suggested by Quirk & Greenbaum will be introduced. In addition the conjugational system of Modern English verbs will be described. Following this mainly descriptive first part of the essay, the second part will compare the systems and point out the main differences or similarities. The last section provides a summary of the developments which took place in the evolution of strong verbs and which have already been touched in the descriptions of the different classification systems.
Download or read book Verbs in Medieval English written by Michiko Ogura and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The future of English linguistics as envisaged by the editors of Topics in English Linguistics lies in empirical studies which integrate work in English linguistics into general and theoretical linguistics on the one hand, and comparative linguistics on the other. The TiEL series features volumes that present interesting new data and analyses, and above all fresh approaches that contribute to the overall aim of the series, which is to further outstanding research in English linguistics.
Download or read book An Introduction to Middle English written by E.E. Wardale and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-04-06 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1937, this book supplies a history of the living growth of the English language from Old English to the medieval period. It offers an in-depth study of the growth of vocabulary through literature and social interaction, bringing out the fact that it is chiefly words that foreign influence has affected — leaving sentence structure almost unaltered. Isolative and combinative changes in phonology, the accidence of nouns and plurals, pronouns and adverbs, and verbs are also examined in detail, along with a general overview of the features Middle English and a brief outline of each dialect’s most striking characteristics.
Download or read book The Disintegration of the English Strong Verb System written by Marcin Krygier and published by Peter Lang Gmbh, Internationaler Verlag Der Wissenschaften. This book was released on 1994 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the extension of the weak verbal preterite markers to the category of English strong verbs before the year 1500. The examination of a large corpus of data collected from numerous sources is complemented by the analysis of individual representative texts from the periods in question. The application of statistical methods allows the obtained results to be viewed with a considerable degree of reliability. The conclusions of the research indicate the dominition of the French language in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066 as the main influence on the process.
Download or read book Diachrone Inflection An Outline of the Development of the Inflectional System from Old English to Modern English written by Stefan Hinterholzer and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2007-06-28 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1, University of Innsbruck (Department of English), course: English Word Formation, 5 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: Diachrone analyses of a language analyze the state of a language at different periods of time or its development throughout time. Today English is a language that is almost uninflected, but this has not always been the case. The Old English language had many inflectional distinctions, which got almost totally lost throughout time. In this research paper I will show the different states of the inflectional system in the Old, Middle, Early Modern and Modern English. Furthermore, there will be shown and clarified the dramatic loss of inflectional distinctions in the English language. The tables in this research paper are partly adapted from books, partly slightly modified and partly created on my own by summarizing information of texts or results of this research paper in a table.
Download or read book English Historical Linguistics Volume 1 written by Alexander Bergs and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-05-29 with total page 1196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No detailed description available for "HIST. LINGUISTICS (BERGS/BRINTON) 1.TLBD HSK 34.1 E-BOOK".
Download or read book The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo Saxon England written by Michael Lapidge and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-10-02 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widely acknowledged as the essential reference work for this period, this volume brings together more than 700 articles written by 150 top scholars that cover the people, places, activities, and creations of the Anglo-Saxons. The only reference work to cover the history, archaeology, arts, architecture, literatures, and languages of England from the Roman withdrawal to the Norman Conquest (c.450 – 1066 AD) Includes over 700 alphabetical entries written by 150 top scholars covering the people, places, activities, and creations of the Anglo-Saxons Updated and expanded with 40 brand-new entries and a new appendix detailing "English Archbishops and Bishops, c.450-1066" Accompanied by maps, line drawings, photos, a table of "English Rulers, c.450-1066," and a headword index to facilitate searching An essential reference tool, both for specialists in the field, and for students looking for a thorough grounding in key topics of the period
Download or read book From OV to VO in Early Middle English written by Carola Trips and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2002-12-13 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph answers the question of why English changed from an OV to a VO language on the assumption that this change is due to intensive language contact with Scandinavian. It shows for the first time that the English language was much more heavily influenced by Scandinavian than assumed before, i.e., northern Early Middle English texts clearly show Scandinavian syntactic patterns like stylistic fronting that can only be found today in the Modern Scandinavian languages. Thus, it sheds new light on the force of language contact in that it shows that a language can be heavily influenced through contact with another language in such a way that it affects deeper levels of language. It further gives an introduction to working with the Penn-Helsinki-Parsed Corpus of Middle English II (PPCMEII). It discusses the texts included in the corpus, it describes the format of the texts, and it explains how to search the corpus with the tool called Corpus Search. The book targets researchers in diachronic syntax, comparative syntax and in general linguists working in the field of generative syntax. It can further be used as an introduction to working with the PPCMEII.
Download or read book The old English weak verbs written by Detlef Stark and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2011-04-20 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Old English Weak Verbs: A Diachronic and Synchronic Analysis.
Download or read book Historical English and Derivation written by John Collinson Nesfield and published by . This book was released on 1898 with total page 302 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book How they conquered England written by Martin Jähnert and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2008-06-09 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Linguistics, grade: 1,3, University of Potsdam (Institut für Anglistik und Amerikanistik), course: Introduction to Middle English, language: English, abstract: The "Modularbeit" is concerned with questions of language contact between Old Norse and Old English in the region later "Danelaw", which might have influenced the modification of Old English third person plural pronomina with base "h" into a new form with the base "th", as we still know it today: "they, them, their". Walking through the streets of York several years ago, I was welcomed by a fierce-looking crowd of Vikings running towards me. In my case, though, the horde was just a group of actors commemorating regional history. At the end of the 8th century, Scandinavian Viking armies conquered different territories in Europe. England was attacked by Danish Vikings starting in the 780s . After several years of mere raiding, 851 marked their first stay during winter. The Danish conquests developed into a permanent settlement in some parts of England and finally led to a treaty signed in 886 between a Danish leader and the king of Wessex, then central power of England. The treaty acknowledged the Danish rule over Northeast England, the territory later being called Danelaw . The Danish influence ceased until 954 , but linguistic evidence of this contact with the Danes remains incorporated even in Modern English . One remarkable feature of this evidence is the English system of the third-person plural personal pronouns they, them, and their, whose development shall be examined more closely in this paper. In Modern English, ‘they’ plays an important role. On one hand, it can be used as a generic synonym for ‘people’ , often leading to an imprecise definition of who “they” actually are. On the other hand, it has served as a common-gender substitution for the masculine third-person singular pronoun ‘he’ when speaking of a person of unknown sex. Most importantly and originally, however, ‘they’ has been a personal pronoun in the plural of the third person. The reasons for the use of pronouns are mainly economical, for abbreviation . An aforementioned object is referred to by a shorter word, the pronoun. Following this approach of linguistic economy, it is important to remark the difference between suppletion and grammaticalization, or between condensation and expansion .
Download or read book Old English Noun Morphology written by Michael P. Peinovich and published by North-Holland. This book was released on 1979 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Irregularities in Modern English written by Hans Frede Nielsen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, which appeared first in a Danish version in 1980 and subsequently in an English translation in 1986, reverses the history of the English language: it takes present-day English ‘irregularities’ in grammar and spelling as its point of departure, providing historical explanations only to the extent that they illustrate modern forms. A number of comparisons with developments in other Germanic languages are given, not only with Danish phenomena as in the original Danish edition, but also with Dutch and German ones. The authors believe that such comparisons shed light on English language history as well as contribute to make the book more interesting also to students of other Germanic languages.
Download or read book Webster s International Dictionary of the English Language written by Noah Webster and published by . This book was released on 1894 with total page 1076 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A History of English Reflexive Pronouns written by Elly van Gelderen and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2000-10-20 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together a number of seemingly distinct phenomena in the history of English: the introduction of special reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself), the loss of verbal agreement and pro-drop, and the disappearance of morphological Case. It provides vast numbers of examples from Old and Middle English texts showing a person split between first, second, and third person pronouns. Extending an analysis by Reinhart & Reuland, the author argues that the ‘strength’ of certain pronominal features (Case, person, number) differs cross-linguistically and that parametric variation accounts for the changes in English. The framework used is Minimalist, and Interpretable and Uninterpretable features are seen as the key to explaining the change from a synthetic to an analytic language.
