Download or read book Libya s Nuclear Disarmament written by Norman L. Cigar and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent events in Libya have already had a significant effect on the region and beyond, and perhaps one of the most compelling results has been the potential impact on regional powers for the future course of nuclear proliferation. Libya's nuclear disarmament experience has provided lessons learned for those states who have themselves acquired nuclear weapons recently, may be in the process of developing that capability, or may be considering the possibility of doing so. This study argues that the lessons learned from the Libyan case of disarmament will confirm the decision of those countries that have already acquired nuclear weapons and add momentum to the efforts of those countries on their way to developing or considering the acquisition of nuclear weapons as a means of enhancing national and regime security. This dynamic, not surprisingly, will thereby complicate future efforts at nonproliferation and denuclearization. In light of the impact of the Libyan experience on other countries, the author offers several recommendations as the international community pursues nonproliferation and counterproliferation policies, including paying sufficient attention to both material and symbolic rewards to cooperative countries, placing less emphasis on public calls for regime change, and modifying the regional threat environment.
Download or read book Libya and Nuclear Proliferation written by Wyn Q. Bowen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-10-03 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Adelphi Paper examines the motives behind Libya‘s pursuit of a nuclear weapons capability, from Gadhafi‘s rise to power in 1969 through to the end of 2003. It also assesses the proliferation pathways that the regime followed during this period, including early dependence on Soviet technology and assistance, subsequently relying on technological infusions from the A.Q. Khan network. Wyn Q. Bowen clearly analyzes the decision to give up the quest for nuclear weapons, focusing on the main factors that influenced the Gadhafi regime‘s calculations, including the perceived need to re-engage, both politically and economically, with the international community, particularly the United States. It explores the process of dismantling the nuclear programme and the question of whether Libya constitutes amodel for addressing the challenges posed by other proliferators.
Download or read book Libya s Nuclear Disarmament written by Norman L. Cigar and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent events in Libya have already had a significant effect on the region and beyond, and perhaps one of the most compelling results has been the potential impact on regional powers for the future course of nuclear proliferation. Libya's nuclear disarmament experience has provided lessons learned for those states who have themselves acquired nuclear weapons recently, may be in the process of developing that capability, or may be considering the possibility of doing so. This study argues that the lessons learned from the Libyan case of disarmament will confirm the decision of those countries that have already acquired nuclear weapons and add momentum to the efforts of those countries on their way to developing or considering the acquisition of nuclear weapons as a means of enhancing national and regime security. This dynamic, not surprisingly, will thereby complicate future efforts at nonproliferation and denuclearization. In light of the impact of the Libyan experience on other countries, the author offers several recommendations as the international community pursues nonproliferation and counterproliferation policies, including paying sufficient attention to both material and symbolic rewards to cooperative countries, placing less emphasis on public calls for regime change, and modifying the regional threat environment.
Download or read book Unclear Physics written by Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2016-09 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many authoritarian leaders want nuclear weapons, but few manage to acquire them. Autocrats seeking nuclear weapons fail in different ways and to varying degrees—Iraq almost managed it; Libya did not come close. In Unclear Physics, Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer compares the two failed nuclear weapons programs, showing that state capacity played a crucial role in the trajectory and outcomes of both projects. Braut-Hegghammer draws on a rich set of new primary sources, collected during years of research in archives, fieldwork across the Middle East, and interviews with scientists and decision makers from both states. She gained access to documents and individuals that no other researcher has been able to consult. Her book tells the story of the Iraqi and Libyan programs from their origins in the late 1950s and 1960s until their dismantling. This book reveals contemporary perspectives from scientists and regime officials on the opportunities and challenges facing each project. Many of the findings challenge the conventional wisdom about clandestine weapons programs in closed authoritarian states and their prospects of success or failure. Braut-Hegghammer suggests that scholars and analysts ought to pay closer attention to how state capacity affects nuclear weapons programs in other authoritarian regimes, both in terms of questioning the actual control these leaders have over their nuclear weapons programs and the capability of their scientists to solve complex technical challenges.
Download or read book Disarmament of Libya s Weapons of Mass Destruction written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on International Relations. Subcommittee on International Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Human Rights and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Countering WMD written by Robert G. Joseph and published by National Institute for Public Policy. This book was released on 2009 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambassador Joseph, the director of the National Security Council's counterproliferation activities, provides a firsthand account of the events that led to Libya's decision to abandon its nuclear and chemical weapon programs.
Download or read book Libya written by Christopher M. Blanchard and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2010-02 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Libyan-U.S. rapprochement has unfolded gradually since 2003, when the Libyan gov¿t. accepted responsibility for the actions of its personnel in regard to the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 and announced its decision to eliminate its weapons of mass destruction and long-range missile programs. Full diplomatic relations were restored on May 31, 2006 when the U.S. upgraded its Liaison Office in Tripoli to an Embassy. This report provides background information on Libya and U.S.-Libyan relations; profiles Libyan leader Muammar al Qadhafi; discusses Libya¿s political and economic reform efforts; and reviews current issues of potential congressional interest. Illustrations.
Download or read book The Clandestine Building of Libya s Chemical Weapons Factory written by Thomas C. Wiegele and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From 1980 to 1989, Libya acquired the necessary ingredients to construct an elaborate chemical weapons production facility. Although the United States and other nations opposed this acquisition, Libya's Middle Eastern neighbors supported it. Yet the primary physical assistance came from West German firms that willingly allowed their products to be assembled into a facility to produce chemical weapons. This riveting account by Thomas C. Wiegele, whose incisive research was supported by a grant from the United States Institute of Peace, documents Libya's successful clandestine effort. The United States was reluctant to provide detailed public information regarding Libya's quest, and Libya refused to reveal any definitive information, insisting that it was not building the facility. In the end, it was West Germany and its commercial firms that, after initially withholding information, released official documentation regarding their involvement with Libya. Wiegele analyzes the elaborate scheme used to funnel chemical-processing equipment from western Europe to Libya, drawing on press revelations and a lengthy report issued by the Kohl government. This report proved to be a key document as it revealed German knowledge of Libyan chemical weapons activities through information generated by Bonn's own intelligence and diplomatic agencies. According to Wiegele, one of the problems in controlling the development and proliferation of chemical weapons is the ready availability of the substances used to create the weapons. Since many of these substances are used to produce nonmilitary commodities, such as pharmaceutical, fertilizer, petrochemical, and pesticide products, they can be easily bought through common commercial channels. Wiegele wisely treats the Libyan case as a critical international situation and not as a crisis. He views Libya's quest as a serious and prolonged action that has had no immediate effect on power distribution in the international community and has not yet posed a direct challenge to the security of any individual nation. Nevertheless, he stresses Libya's potentially destabilizing effect in the Middle East and elsewhere. He is likewise aware that important connections, both operational and theoretical, may exist between Libya's attempt to build a chemical weapons factory and the events in Iraq that resulted in the war in the Middle East in January 1991. Turning to a broader arena, Wiegele explores the concept of deception and lying in international affairs. He believes that it is critical for students of international relations to develop a more comprehensive literature about and an understanding of the concept of deception because deception seems likely to play an increasingly important role in the high-technology orientation of present-day international relations.
Download or read book Negating the Threat of Libyan Weapons of Mass Destruction written by Paul S. Land and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global war on terror illustrates a major change in the way the United States will use its military forces in the future. It is a war against not just governments but individuals with no solid national ties. The American formula for success in past wars will not work in the future, and its ability to recognize the enemy and the threat he poses will be critical to the country's ability to defend its national interests. Two of the biggest threats to peace and stability in the world today are terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). President Bush has made it clear that countries that support terrorism or acquire and use WMD represent the enemies of the United States and her allies. One such nation is Libya. Since coming to power in a coup in 1969, Libyan dictator Muammar Qadhafi has been on a collision course with American presidents angry over the dictator's support for global terrorism. They also recognized that Qadhafi's quest for nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons posed an unacceptable threat to peace in the Middle East. The United Nations also recognized the Libyan threat and joined the United States in imposing sanctions on the dictator to force his compliance with internationally accepted standards of behavior. The sanctions imposed on Libya, compounded by the end of the Cold War and its loss of support from the former Soviet Union, have caused a steady economic decline in Libya and a period of political isolation from many other countries in the world. Qadhafi has recently signaled a willingness to change his ways and cooperate with his former enemies, especially the United States, in exchange for a revocation of the remaining sanctions against Libya and the resumption of trade with the world's major powers. Libya has much to offer, including a vast oil production base and a strategic location, but the United States must proceed cautiously so as not to inadvertently help Libya further its quest for WMD. (44 refs.).
Download or read book Libya written by Steven Bianci and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United Nations Security Council passed three resolutions that placed sanctions on Libya until Libya surrendered for trial two men suspected of bombing Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 and French flight UTA 772 in 1989. Libya surrendered the two men on April 5, 1999, and the UN suspended the sanctions the same day. US sanctions against Libya remain in place. Libyan-US relations have been plagued by a series of incidents between US and Libyan armed forces, Libyan policies of supporting terrorism, Libya's search for chemical and nuclear weapons, and Libyan meddling in other nations' internal affairs. Al-Quadhafi has proposed bilateral and multilateral unions with his neighbours and several other countries, and envisions himself as carrying on for Egypt's Nasir in unifying the Arab, Islamic and African worlds. Libyan leader Muammar al-Quadhafi implemented a form of participatory democracy in Libya, where villages elect Peoples' Congresses, which in turn elect Peoples' Congresses for geographic regions and the central government. In addition, there are Peoples' Congresses representing industries or institutions, such as education, medicine or broadcasting. Despite the presence and apparent activity of the Peoples' Congresses, it is clear that members of the Revolutionary Command Council, created after the 1969 coup, and their cohorts continue to exercise great influence, perhaps dictatorial authority over Libya. Libya enjoys a favourable balance of trade and payments and runs a small budget deficit. Al-Quadhafi has used his military in a 1977 border dispute with Egypt; in 1972 and 1978 he attempts to buttress Idi Amin in Uganda, in several attempts to influence events in Chad, and aid in a token deployment in Lebanon.
Download or read book Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East Libya written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies, located in Monterey, California, presents information prepared by Michael Barletta and Erik Jorgensen about weapons of mass destruction in Libya. Information about the capabilities and programs of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, as well as cruise and ballistic missiles, and other delivery systems is available.
Download or read book Libyan Sanctions written by United States. President (1981-1989 : Reagan) and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Seeking the Bomb written by Vipin Narang and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-11 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first systematic look at the different strategies that states employ in their pursuit of nuclear weapons Much of the work on nuclear proliferation has focused on why states pursue nuclear weapons. The question of how states pursue nuclear weapons has received little attention. Seeking the Bomb is the first book to analyze this topic by examining which strategies of nuclear proliferation are available to aspirants, why aspirants select one strategy over another, and how this matters to international politics. Looking at a wide range of nations, from India and Japan to the Soviet Union and North Korea to Iraq and Iran, Vipin Narang develops an original typology of proliferation strategies—hedging, sprinting, sheltered pursuit, and hiding. Each strategy of proliferation provides different opportunities for the development of nuclear weapons, while at the same time presenting distinct vulnerabilities that can be exploited to prevent states from doing so. Narang delves into the crucial implications these strategies have for nuclear proliferation and international security. Hiders, for example, are especially disruptive since either they successfully attain nuclear weapons, irrevocably altering the global power structure, or they are discovered, potentially triggering serious crises or war, as external powers try to halt or reverse a previously clandestine nuclear weapons program. As the international community confronts the next generation of potential nuclear proliferators, Seeking the Bomb explores how global conflict and stability are shaped by the ruthlessly pragmatic ways states choose strategies of proliferation.
Download or read book Rolling Back the Islamic State written by Seth G. Jones and published by Rand Corporation. This book was released on 2017-04-20 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Islamic State has lost substantial amounts of territory but continues to conduct and inspire attacks around the world. This report assesses the threat the Islamic State poses to the United States and examines strategies to counter the group and prevent a resurgence of the Islamic State or other Salafi-jihadist groups.
Download or read book Uranium Enrichment and Nuclear Weapon Proliferation written by Allan S. Krass and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-20 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Originally published in 1983, this book presents both the technical and political information necessary to evaluate the emerging threat to world security posed by recent advances in uranium enrichment technology. Uranium enrichment has played a relatively quiet but important role in the history of efforts by a number of nations to acquire nuclear weapons and by a number of others to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons. For many years the uranium enrichment industry was dominated by a single method, gaseous diffusion, which was technically complex, extremely capital-intensive, and highly inefficient in its use of energy. As long as this remained true, only the richest and most technically advanced nations could afford to pursue the enrichment route to weapon acquisition. But during the 1970s this situation changed dramatically. Several new and far more accessible enrichment techniques were developed, stimulated largely by the anticipation of a rapidly growing demand for enrichment services by the world-wide nuclear power industry. This proliferation of new techniques, coupled with the subsequent contraction of the commercial market for enriched uranium, has created a situation in which uranium enrichment technology might well become the most important contributor to further nuclear weapon proliferation. Some of the issues addressed in this book are: A technical analysis of the most important enrichment techniques in a form that is relevant to analysis of proliferation risks; A detailed projection of the world demand for uranium enrichment services; A summary and critique of present institutional non-proliferation arrangements in the world enrichment industry, and An identification of the states most likely to pursue the enrichment route to acquisition of nuclear weapons.
Download or read book The Libyan Paradox written by Luis Martínez and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The militant attitude of the United States after 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq in March 2003 inspired the leadership of Libya to change its confrontational attitude towards America and Europe. The regime abandoned its development of nuclear weapons and opened its economy to the West. Nevertheless, Muammar Gaddafi, the leader of the Libyan Revolution, has found ways to consolidate his hold on the country. In this controversial book, Luis Martinez suggests that the future of Libya now lies in becoming, paradoxically, what he terms an "authoritarian liberal state."
Download or read book Living with Nuclear Weapons written by Albert Carnesale and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1983 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the history of the nuclear arms race, examines the dangers of nuclear war, and discusses strategies for stopping the spread of nuclear weapons.
