Download or read book The Path Not Taken written by Jeff Horn and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-08-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Path Not Taken, Jeff Horn argues that—contrary to standard, Anglocentric accounts—French industrialization was not a failed imitation of the laissez-faire British model but the product of a distinctive industrial policy that led, over the long term, to prosperity comparable to Britain's. Despite the upheavals of the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, France developed and maintained its own industrial strengths. France was then able to take full advantage of the new technologies and industries that emerged in the "second industrial revolution," and by the end of the nineteenth century some of France's industries were outperforming Britain's handily. The Path Not Taken shows that the foundations of this success were laid during the first industrial revolution. Horn posits that the French state's early attempt to emulate Britain's style of industrial development foundered because of revolutionary politics. The "threat from below" made it impossible for the state or entrepreneurs to control and exploit laborers in the British manner. The French used different means to manage labor unruliness and encourage innovation and entrepreneurialism. Technology is at the heart of Horn's analysis, and he shows that France, unlike England, often preferred still-profitable older methods of production in order to maintain employment and forestall revolution. Horn examines the institutional framework established by Napoleon's most important Minister of the Interior, Jean-Antoine Chaptal. He focuses on textiles, chemicals, and steel, looks at how these new institutions created a new industrial environment. Horn's illuminating comparison of French and British industrialization should stir debate among historians, economists, and political scientists.
Download or read book Nationalizing Science written by Alan J. Rocke and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2000-11-08 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After looking at the early careers of Wurtz's two mentors, Liebig and Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Rocke describes Wurtz's life and career in the politically complex period leading up to 1853. He then discusses the turning point in Wurtz's intellectual life—his conversion to the "reformed chemistry" of Laurent, Gerhardt, and Williamson—and his efforts to persuade his colleagues of the advantages of the new system. In 1869, Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884) called chemistry "a French science." In fact, however, Wurtz was the most internationalist of French chemists. Born in Strasbourg and educated partly in the laboratory of the great Justus Liebig, he spent his career in Paris, where he devoted himself to introducing German ideas into French scientific circles. His life therefore provides an excellent vehicle for considering the divergent trajectories of French and German chemistry—and, by extension, French and German science—during this crucial period. After looking at the early careers of Wurtz's two mentors, Liebig and Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Rocke describes Wurtz's life and career in the politically complex period leading up to 1853. He then discusses the turning point in Wurtz's intellectual life—his conversion to the "reformed chemistry" of Laurent, Gerhardt, and Williamson—and his efforts (social and political, as well as scientific) to persuade his colleagues of the advantages of the new system. He looks at political patronage, or the lack thereof, and at the insufficient material support from the French government, during the middle decades of the century. From there Rocke goes on to examine the rivalry between Wurtz and Marcellin Berthelot, the debate over atoms versus equivalents, and the reasons for Wurtz's failure to win acceptance for his ideas. The story offers insights into the changing status of science in this period, and helps to explain the eventual course of both French and German chemistry.
Download or read book Journal of My Life written by Jacques-Louis Ménétra and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jaques-Louis Menetra's journal reads like a historian's dream come true. It conveys his understanding of what it meant to grow up in Paris, where he was born in 1738; to tramp around provincial shops on a journeyman's tour de France; to settle down as a Parisian master with a shop and family of his own; and to live through the great events of the Revolution as a militant in his local Section.
Download or read book Artisan Reports on the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1878 written by Royal Society of Arts (Great Britain) and published by . This book was released on 1879 with total page 690 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Historia written by Gianna Pomata and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays examine how the genre of historia reflects connections between the study of nature and the study of culture in early modern scholarly pursuits. The early modern genre of historia connected the study of nature and the study of culture from the early Renaissance to the eighteenth century. The ubiquity of historia as a descriptive method across a variety of disciplines--including natural history, medicine, antiquarianism, and philology--indicates how closely intertwined these scholarly pursuits were in the early modern period. The essays collected in this volume demonstrate that historia can be considered a key epistemic tool of early modern intellectual practices. Focusing on the actual use of historia across disciplines, the essays highlight a distinctive feature of early modern descriptive sciences: the coupling of observational skills with philological learning, empiricism with erudition. Thus the essays bring to light previously unexamined links between the culture of humanism and the scientific revolution. The contributors, from a range of disciplines that echoes the broad scope of early modern historia, examine such topics as the development of a new interest in historical method from the Renaissance artes historicae to the eighteenth-century tension between "history" and "system"; shifts in Aristotelian thought paving the way for revaluation of historia as descriptive knowledge; the rise of the new discipline of natural history; the uses of historia in anatomical and medical investigation and the writing of history by physicians; parallels between the practices of collecting and presenting information in both natural history and antiquarianism; and significant examples of the ease with which early seventeenth-century antiquarian scholars moved from studies of nature to studies of culture.
Download or read book Picturing Machines 1400 1700 written by Wolfgang Lefevre and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004-07-16 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice. Technical drawings by the architects and engineers of the Renaissance made use of a range of new methods of graphic representation. These drawings—among them Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawings of mechanical devices—have long been studied for their aesthetic qualities and technological ingenuity, but their significance for the architects and engineers themselves is seldom considered. The essays in Picturing Machines 1400–1700 take this alternate perspective and look at how drawing shaped the practice of early modern engineering. They do so through detailed investigations of specific images, looking at over 100 that range from sketches to perspective views to thoroughly constructed projections. In early modern engineering practice, drawings were not merely visualizations of ideas but acted as models that shaped ideas. Picturing Machines establishes basic categories for the origins, purposes, functions, and contexts of early modern engineering illustrations, then treats a series of topics that not only focus on the way drawings became an indispensable means of engineering but also reflect the main stages in their historical development. The authors examine the social interaction conveyed by early machine images and their function as communication between practitioners; the knowledge either conveyed or presupposed by technical drawings, as seen in those of Giorgio Martini and Leonardo; drawings that required familiarity with geometry or geometric optics, including the development of architectural plans; and technical illustrations that bridged the gap between practical and theoretical mechanics.
Download or read book Conserving the Enlightenment written by Jānis Langins and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of French military engineers at a crucial point in the evolution of modern engineering.
Download or read book Secrets of Nature written by William R. Newman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh look at the role of astrology and alchemy in Renaissance thinking and everyday life.
Download or read book Affinity That Elusive Dream written by Mi Gyung Kim and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-01-25 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the eighteenth century, chemistry was transformed from an art to a public science. Chemical affinity played an important role in this process as a metaphor, a theory domain, and a subject of investigation. Goethe's Elective Affinities, which was based on the current understanding of chemical affinities, attests to chemistry's presence in the public imagination. In Affinity, That Elusive Dream, Mi Gyung Kim restores chemical affinity to its proper place in historiography and in Enlightenment public culture. The Chemical Revolution is usually associated with Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, who introduced a modern nomenclature and a definitive text. Kim argues that chemical affinity was erased from historical memory by Lavoisier's omission of it from his textbook. She examines the work of many less famous French chemists (including physicians, apothecaries, metallurgists, philosophical chemists, and industrial chemists) to explore the institutional context of chemical instruction and research, the social stratification that shaped theoretical discourse, and the crucial shifts in analytic methods. Apothecaries and metallurgists, she shows, shaped the main theory domains through their innovative approach to analysis. Academicians and philosophical chemists brought about two transformative theoretical moments through their efforts to create a rational discourse of chemistry in tune with the reigning natural philosophy. The topics discussed include the corpuscular (Cartesian) model in French chemistry in the early 1700s, the stabilization of the theory domains of composition and affinity, the reconstruction of French theoretical discourse in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Newtonian languages that plagued the domain of affinity just before the Chemical Revolution, Guyton de Morveau's program of affinity chemistry, Lavoisier's reconstruction of the theory domains of chemistry, and Berthollet's path as an affinity chemist.
Download or read book No Greater Ally written by Kenneth K. Koskodan and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2011-12-20 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth history of the Polish soldiers who served in World War 2, with previously unpublished first-hand accounts and rare photographs. There is a chapter of World War II history that remains largely untold; the monumental struggles of an entire nation have been forgotten, and even intentionally obscured. This book gives a full overview of Poland's participation in World War II. Following their valiant but doomed defence of Poland in 1939, members of the Polish armed forces fought with the Allies wherever and however they could. Full of previously unpublished accounts, and rare photographs, this title provides a detailed analysis of the devastation the war brought to Poland, and the final betrayal when, having fought for freedom for six long years, Poland was handed to the Soviet Union.
Download or read book PostgreSQL 9 Administration Cookbook written by Simon Riggs and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Jesuit Science and the Republic of Letters written by Mordechai Feingold and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reassessment of the Jesuit contributions to the emergence of the scientific worldview.
Download or read book Wireless written by Sungook Hong and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new look at the early history of wireless communication.
Download or read book Samuel Brohl and Company written by Victor Cherbuliez and published by IndyPublish.com. This book was released on 1902 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Samuel Brohl, a poor youth, runs away from his benefactor and assumes a new identity. But his love for a woman threatens to uncover the secrets of his past.
Download or read book Revival Type written by Paul Shaw and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-18 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An illuminating account of the design inspirations and technical transformations that have shaped the digital typefaces of the 21st century In this fascinating tour through typographic history, Paul Shaw provides a visually rich exploration of digital type revival. Many typefaces from the pre-digital past have been reinvented for use on computers and mobile devices, while other new font designs are revivals of letterforms, drawn from inscriptions, calligraphic manuals, posters, and book jackets. Revival Type deftly introduces these fonts, many of which are widely used, and engagingly tells their stories. Examples include translations of letterforms not previously used as type, direct revivals of metal and wood typefaces, and looser interpretations of older fonts. Among these are variations on classic designs by John Baskerville, Giambattista Bodoni, William Caslon, Firmin Didot, Claude Garamont, Robert Granjon, and Nicolas Jenson, as well as typefaces inspired by less familiar designers, including Richard Austin, Philippe Grandjean, and Eudald Pradell. Updates and revisions of 20th-century classics such as Palatino, Meridien, DIN, Metro, and Neue Haas Grotesk (Helvetica) are also discussed. Handsomely illustrated with annotated examples, archival material depicting classic designs, and full character sets of modern typefaces, Revival Type is an essential introduction for designers and design enthusiasts into the process of reinterpreting historical type.
Download or read book Using History to Teach Mathematics written by Victor J. Katz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-09-21 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines how the history of mathematics can find application in the teaching of mathematics itself.
Download or read book Les armes de guerre portatives en France du d but du r gne de Louis XIV la veille de la R volution 1660 1789 de l ind pendance la primaut 2 written by François Bonnefoy and published by FeniXX. This book was released on 1991-01-01T00:00:00+01:00 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: « Le colonel Bonnefoy apporte une contribution essentielle à l'histoire militaire de la France moderne. Sa thèse analyse, avec autant de clarté que de rigueur, des progrès techniques, technologiques et tactiques, sans lesquels la France n'aurait pas été en mesure de dominer l'Europe continentale à l'aube de l'ère contemporaine. » Jean Chagniot, professeur à l'Université de Picardie. « On a souvent raconté des batailles, et les musées exposent les armes conservées, mais un chaînon manquait. Avec l'ouvrage du colonel Bonnefoy, les instruments de combat - et les hommes qui les ont conçus, fabriqués, expérimentés – prennent, dans nos connaissances, la place qui leur revient. Ainsi, on comprendra mieux ce que furent l'art militaire et la guerre, de Louis XIV à la Révolution. » Professeur émérite André Corvisier, président d'honneur de la Commission internationale d'Histoire militaire. « Le XVIIIe siècle est une grande époque, en France, pour la réflexion stratégique et tactique. Mais il manquait, jusqu'alors, pour l'étudier avec fruit, un travail de base sur les armes portatives - particulièrement le fusil - dont l'apparition sur le champ de bataille a des conséquences considérables sur les méthodes de combat. François Bonnefoy, au prix d'un dépouillement considérable d'archives, apporte désormais une précieuse information, non seulement sur l'évolution technique du fusil, mais sur les structures de production et leur place dans la vie économique du pays. » Général (c. r.) Jean Delmas, président de la Commission française d'Histoire militaire. « Paradoxalement, l'industrie de guerre française de l'époque moderne n'avait pas donné lieu à une étude approfondie. La lacune est désormais comblée. Se révèle ainsi, grâce à l'extraordinaire documentation amassée par le colonel Bonnefoy, la mise en place d'une très forte industrie d'armement sous Louis XIV. Sur cette base, la technologie française accentue, au XVIIIe siècle, son avance. La thèse de François Bonnefoy dévoile ainsi un pan majeur de l'histoire militaire et, plus encore, de l'histoire nationale de notre pays. » Jean Meyer, professeur à l'Université de Paris Sorbonne
