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Book Congress s Constitution

    Book Details:
  • Author : Joshua Aaron Chafetz
  • Publisher : Yale University Press
  • Release : 2017-01-01
  • ISBN : 0300197101
  • Pages : 449 pages

Download or read book Congress s Constitution written by Joshua Aaron Chafetz and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- PART ONE: SEPARATION-OF-POWERS MULTIPLICITY -- Prelude -- 1 Political Institutions in the Public Sphere -- 2 The Role of Congress -- PART TWO: CONGRESSIONAL HARD POWERS -- 3 The Power of the Purse -- 4 The Personnel Power -- 5 Contempt of Congress -- PART THREE: CONGRESSIONAL SOFT POWERS -- 6 The Freedom of Speech or Debate -- 7 Internal Discipline -- 8 Cameral Rules -- Conclusion: Toward a Normative Evaluation -- Notes -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z

Book Legislating Authority

Download or read book Legislating Authority written by Ruth Miller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legislation Authority addresses issues of law, state violence, and state authority within the Ottoman and Turkish context.

Book How Our Laws are Made

Download or read book How Our Laws are Made written by John V. Sullivan and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book How Our Laws Are Made

    Book Details:
  • Author : Charles W. Johnson
  • Publisher : TheCapitol.Net Inc
  • Release : 2010-06-10
  • ISBN : 1587332191
  • Pages : 320 pages

Download or read book How Our Laws Are Made written by Charles W. Johnson and published by TheCapitol.Net Inc. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A description of how federal laws are made and the legislative process in the United States Congress. The framers of our Constitution created a strong federal government resting on the concept of "separation of powers." In Article I, Section 1, of the Constitution, the Legislative Branch is created by the following language: "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives." Article I, Section 5, of the Constitution provides that: "Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, . . .". Upon this elegant, yet simple, grant of legislative powers and rulemaking authority has grown an exceedingly complex and evolving legislative process—much of it unique to each House of Congress. Table of Contents 1. How Our Laws Are Made, by Charles W. Johnson, Parliamentarian (retired), U.S. House of Representatives (2003) I. Introduction II. The Congress III. Sources of Legislation IV. Forms of Congressional Action - Bills - Joint Resolutions - Concurrent Resolutions - Simple Resolutions V. Introduction and Referral to Committee VI. Consideration by Committee - Committee Meetings - Public Hearings - Markup - Final Committee Action - Points of Order With Respect to Committee Hearing Procedure VII. Reported Bills - Contents of Reports - Filing of Reports - Availability of Reports and Hearings VIII. Legislative Oversight by Standing Committees IX. Calendars - Union Calendar - House Calendar - Private Calendar - Corrections Calendar - Calendar of Motions to Discharge Committees X. Obtaining Consideration of Measures - Unanimous Consent - Special Resolution or "Rule" - Consideration of Measures Made in Order by Rule - Reported From the Committee on Rules - Motion to Discharge Committee - Motion to Suspend the Rules - Calendar Wednesday - District of Columbia Business - Questions of Privilege - Privileged Matters XI. Consideration and Debate - Committee of the Whole - Second Reading - Amendments and the Germaneness Rule - The Committee "Rises" - House Action - Motion to Recommit - Quorum Calls and Rollcalls - Voting - Electronic Voting - Pairing of Members - System of Lights and Bells - Recess Authority - Live Coverage of Floor Proceedings XII. Congressional Budget Process XIII. Engrossment and Message to Senate XIV. Senate Action - Committee Consideration - Chamber Procedure XV. Final Action on Amended Bill - Request for a Conference - Authority of Conferees - Meetings and Action of Conferees - Conference Reports - Custody of Papers XVI. Bill Originating in Senate XVII. Enrollment XVIII. Presidential Action - Veto Message - Line Item Veto XIX. Publication - Slip Laws - Statutes at Large - United States Code Appendix 2. The Legislative Process, by Michael Koempel and Judy Schneider, Ch. 8 in the Congressional Deskbook (TheCapitol.Net 2007) 8.00 Introduction 8.01 Legislative Process Flowchart 8.02 House Rules Citations 8.03 Senate Rules Citations 8.04 Selected Procedures: House and Senate Rules 8.10 Types of Measures 8.11 Legislation Glossary 8.20 Drafting and Introducing Legislation 8.21 House Cosponsorship Form 8.22 Sample "Dear Colleague" Letter 8.30 Referral of Legislation to Committee 8.31 Sample Jurisdictional Agreement 8.32 Sample of House Referral 8.40 Committee Hearings 8.41 Committee Hearings Schedule 8.42 Keeping Up with House and Senate Committee Hearings 8.43 Sample Truth in Testimony Form 8.44 Celebrity Witnesses 8.45 Field Hearing Announcement 8.50 Committee Markup 8.51 Committee Markup and Reporting Glossary 8.52 Keeping Up with House and Senate Committee Markups 8.60 Committee Reports 8.61 Reading the Cover Page of a House Committee Report 8.62 House Committee Reports: Required Contents 8.63 Senate Committee Reports: Required Contents 8.70 House Floor: Scheduling and Privilege 8.71 House Calendars 8.72 Daily Starting Times in the House 8.80 House Floor: Methods of Consideration 8.90 Rules Committee and Special Rules 8.91 Special Rules Glossary 8.92 Announcement on Amendments Prior to a Rules Committee Meeting 8.93 Reading a Special Rule 8.100 Consideration of a Special Rule on the House Floor 8.110 Committee of the Whole: Debate 8.111 The Mace 8.112 House versus Committee of the Whole 8.113 Who Is Allowed on the House Floor? 8.114 Committee of the Whole and the House: Stages of Action 8.120 Committee of the Whole: Amendment Process 8.121 Amendment Process Glossary 8.122 Basic House Amendment Tree 8.123 Keeping Up with the House Floor: Scheduling and Proceedings 8.130 House Floor: Voting 8.131 House Voting Glossary 8.140 House Floor: Motion to Recommit and Final Passage 8.141 Approval Terminology 8.150 House and Senate Compared 8.151 Comparison of Selected House and Senate Procedures 8.160 Senate Scheduling 8.161 Keeping Up with the Senate Floor: Scheduling and Proceedings 8.170 Legislative and Calendar Days; Morning Hour and Morning Business 8.180 Senate Calendars and Legislative and Executive Business before the Senate 8.190 Holds, Clearance, and Unanimous Consent 8.191 Who Is Allowed on the Senate Floor? 8.200 Time Agreements and Motions to Proceed on the Senate Floor 8.201 Example of a Senate Unanimous Consent Time Agreement 8.202 Comparing a House Special Rule and a Senate Time Agreement 8.210 Consideration and Debate on the Senate Floor 8.211 Longest Senate Filibusters 8.220 Senate Amendment Procedure 8.230 Cloture in Senate Floor Proceedings 8.231 Steps to Invoke Cloture 8.232 Senate Procedures under Cloture 8.240 Senate Floor: Motion to Reconsider and Final Passage 8.250 Voting in the Senate 8.260 Reconciling Differences between House-Passed and Senate-Passed Legislation 8.261 Reconciling Differences Glossary 8.262 Keeping Up with Reconciling House-Senate Differences 8.270 Amendments between the Houses 8.280 Conference Committees 8.281 Size of Conference Committees 8.282 Authority of Conferees 8.283 Conference Signature Sheet 8.290 Presidential Action on Enacted Measures 8.291 Vetoes and Veto Overrides: Presidential Clout 8.300 Publication of Public Laws 3. Introducing a House Bill or Resolution, Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report for Congress 98-458, November 25, 2008 (see CRS Report 98-458, July 7, 2014, 6-page PDF) 4. The Legislative Process on the House Floor, CRS Report for Congress 98-563, February 2, 2009 (see CRS Report 98-563, December 1, 2016, 18-page PDF) 5. Introducing a Senate Bill or Resolution, CRS Report for Congress 98-459, November 25, 2008 (see CRS Report R44195, January 17, 2017, 12-page PDF) 6. The Legislative Process on the Senate Floor, CRS Report for Congress 96-548, November 26, 2009 (see CRS Report 96-548, August 13, 2014, 20-page PDF) 7. Procedural Distinctions between the House and the Committee of the Whole, CRS Report for Congress 98-143, May 7, 2008 (see CRS Report 98-143, October 17, 2014, 5-page PDF) 8. Committee of the Whole: Stages of Action on Measures, CRS Report for Congress 98-564, December 8, 2006 - Resolving into Committee of the Whole - General Debate - Amendment Under the Five-Minute Rule - Committee of the Whole Reports - House Votes on Amendments - Motion to Recommit - Vote on Final Passage 9. House Committee Markup: Vehicle for Consideration and Amendment, CRS Report for Congress 98-188, July 17, 2008 - Summary - Introduced Measure - Subcommittee Reported Version/Committee Print - Staff Draft/Chairman's Mark - Amendment in the Nature of a Substitute 10. House Committee Markup: Reporting, CRS Report for Congress 98-267, July 17, 2008 - Options for Reporting Amendments - Options on How to Report - Other Reporting Actions and Considerations 11. Provisions of Special Rules in the House: An Example of a Typical Open Rule, CRS Report for Congress 98-334, April 15, 2008 12. Bills and Resolutions: Examples of How Each Kind Is Used, CRS Report for Congress 98-706, November 26, 2008 - Bills (H.R. or S.) - Joint Resolutions (S.J.Res. or H.J.Res.) - Concurrent Resolutions (S.Con.Res. or H.Con.Res.) - Simple Resolutions (H.Res. or S.Res.) 13. Floor Consideration of Conference Reports in the House, CRS Report for Congress 98-736, November 5, 2004 - Filing Conference Reports - Debating Conference Reports - Points of Order 14. The House Amendment Tree, CRS Report for Congress 98-777, May 19, 2008 15. Commonly Used Motions and Requests in the House of Representatives, CRS Report for Congress RL32207, May 22, 2008 (see CRS Report RL32207, September 16, 2015, 20-page PDF) 16. Amendments Between the Houses, CRS Report for Congress 98-812, June 27, 2008 (see CRS Report R41003, March 23, 2015, 40-page PDF) - Summary - Consideration of Senate Amendments by the House - Consideration of House Amendments by the Senate 17. Parliamentary Reference Sources: Senate, CRS Report for Congress RL30788, April 21, 2008 - Introduction - Principles of Senate Parliamentary Practice - Multiple Sources of Senate Procedure - Constitutional Rule-Making Authority of the Senate - Enforcing the Senate Rules and Precedents - The Senate's Reliance on Unanimous Consent - The Importance of Precedents - The Senate's Unofficial Practices - The Senate Manual and Authorities it Contains - Senate Manual - Standing Rules of the Senate - Permanent Standing Orders - Rules for Regulation of the Senate Wing - Rules for Impeachment Trials - Cleaves' Manual on Conferences - Laws Relating to the Senate - Constitution - Other Official Senate Parliamentary Authorities - Riddick's Senate Procedure - Rulemaking Statutes and Budget Resolutions - Legislative Reorganization Acts - Expedited Procedures - Budget Process Statutes - Procedural Provisions in Budget Resolutions - Standing Orders by Unanimous Consent - Unanimous Consent Agreements - Committee Rules of Procedure - Publications of Committees and Offices of the Senate - Budget Process Law Annotated - Senate Cloture Rule - Treaties and Other International Agreements - Enactment of a Law - How Our Laws Are Made - Rules of Senate Party Conferences - Appendix A. Senate Parliamentary Reference Sources - Appendix B. Senate Parliamentary Reference Information Available Through the Internet 18. The Committee System in the U.S. Congress, CRS Report for Congress RS20794, March 21, 2007 - Summary - Introduction - Structure and Organization - Types of Committees - Subcommittees - Composition - Leadership - Staff - Oversight - Operations and Procedures - Referral - Executive Agency Comment - Hearings - Markup - Report - Committees and Chamber Action 19. Other Resources from TheCapitol.Net Capitol Learning Audio Courses TM Understanding the Path of Legislation, ISBN 158733030X Congress, the Legislative Process, and the Fundamentals of Lawmaking, A Nine Course Series, ISBN 1587331241 Conference Committees: How the Work Gets Done, ISBN 1587330210 Live Training Capitol Hill Workshop CapitolHillWorkshop.com https://www.thecapitol.net/Publications/GovernmentSeries/1251_HowOurLawsAreMade.html

Book The Powers of the U S  Congress

Download or read book The Powers of the U S Congress written by Brien Hallett and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2016-10-03 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a unique resource for students, scholars, and citizens, this work fully explains all of the 21 enumerated powers of the U.S. Congress, from the "power of the purse" to the power to declare war. This work presents a comprehensive overview of the 21 congressional powers enumerated in the Constitution of the United States through essays that focus on each power. These informative essays introduce and explain each power individually, address its evolution from 1789 to the modern day and into the foreseeable future, and provide real-world examples of how each power has been applied through U.S. history. The comprehensive content enables an understanding of the mutually supporting interplay of all of the legislative powers in our government's system of checks and balances, and it allows readers to better appreciate how radical and daring the framers were at the Philadelphia convention in 1787. Readers will learn about Congressional powers that greatly impact modern citizens, many of which are frequently mentioned in news media due to policy struggles over budget, immigration, and national security; debates regarding the ideal size and role of government; and many others. The contributors also address questions regarding the responsibilities of the Congress, the ways in which Congress has met or failed to meet these responsibilities over the past two centuries, and what changes to congressional power may come in the future.

Book Congressional Record

    Book Details:
  • Author : United States. Congress
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 1971
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 1380 pages

Download or read book Congressional Record written by United States. Congress and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 1380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873)

Book United States Code

    Book Details:
  • Author : United States
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2013
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 1506 pages

Download or read book United States Code written by United States and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 1506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The United States Code is the official codification of the general and permanent laws of the United States of America. The Code was first published in 1926, and a new edition of the code has been published every six years since 1934. The 2012 edition of the Code incorporates laws enacted through the One Hundred Twelfth Congress, Second Session, the last of which was signed by the President on January 15, 2013. It does not include laws of the One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, enacted between January 2, 2013, the date it convened, and January 15, 2013. By statutory authority this edition may be cited "U.S.C. 2012 ed." As adopted in 1926, the Code established prima facie the general and permanent laws of the United States. The underlying statutes reprinted in the Code remained in effect and controlled over the Code in case of any discrepancy. In 1947, Congress began enacting individual titles of the Code into positive law. When a title is enacted into positive law, the underlying statutes are repealed and the title then becomes legal evidence of the law. Currently, 26 of the 51 titles in the Code have been so enacted. These are identified in the table of titles near the beginning of each volume. The Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives continues to prepare legislation pursuant to 2 U.S.C. 285b to enact the remainder of the Code, on a title-by-title basis, into positive law. The 2012 edition of the Code was prepared and published under the supervision of Ralph V. Seep, Law Revision Counsel. Grateful acknowledgment is made of the contributions by all who helped in this work, particularly the staffs of the Office of the Law Revision Counsel and the Government Printing Office"--Preface.

Book Legislating in the Dark

Download or read book Legislating in the Dark written by James M. Curry and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-09-14 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Political science scholar James M. Curry explores the inner workings of Congress’s House of Representatives in this thought-provoking analysis. The 2009 financial stimulus bill ran to more than 1,100 pages, yet it wasn’t even given to Congress in its final form until thirteen hours before debate was set to begin, and it was passed twenty-eight hours later. How are representatives expected to digest so much information in such a short time? The answer? They aren’t. With Legislating in the Dark, James M. Curry reveals that the availability of information about legislation is a key tool through which Congressional leadership exercises power. Through a deft mix of legislative analysis, interviews, and participant observation, Curry shows how congresspersons—lacking the time and resources to study bills deeply themselves—are forced to rely on information and cues from their leadership. By controlling their rank-and-file’s access to information, Congressional leaders are able to emphasize or bury particular items, exploiting their information advantage to push the legislative agenda in directions that they and their party prefer. Offering an unexpected new way of thinking about party power and influence, Legislating in the Dark will spark substantial debate in political science. “Curry brings fresh insight and a breadth of evidence to bear on the role of information in lawmaking, including extensive interviews with legislators and staff and in-depth case studies of several pieces of legislation. Engagingly written, the book will enhance our understandings of congressional lawmaking and leadership and will be of interest to scholars of legislative studies and public policy.” —Tracy Sulkin, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Book The Relation of the Executive Power to Legislation

Download or read book The Relation of the Executive Power to Legislation written by Henry Campbell Black and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book The Ordinance Making Powers of the President of the United States

Download or read book The Ordinance Making Powers of the President of the United States written by James Hart and published by Baltimore, Md. : Johns Hopkins Press. This book was released on 1925 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government

Download or read book Standards for Internal Control in the Federal Government written by United States Government Accountability Office and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2019-03-24 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers and program managers are continually seeking ways to improve accountability in achieving an entity's mission. A key factor in improving accountability in achieving an entity's mission is to implement an effective internal control system. An effective internal control system helps an entity adapt to shifting environments, evolving demands, changing risks, and new priorities. As programs change and entities strive to improve operational processes and implement new technology, management continually evaluates its internal control system so that it is effective and updated when necessary. Section 3512 (c) and (d) of Title 31 of the United States Code (commonly known as the Federal Managers? Financial Integrity Act (FMFIA)) requires the Comptroller General to issue standards for internal control in the federal government.

Book How Our Laws are Made

    Book Details:
  • Author : Charles W. Johnson (III.)
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 1998
  • ISBN : 9780160632860
  • Pages : 0 pages

Download or read book How Our Laws are Made written by Charles W. Johnson (III.) and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1953 by the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Rep., this 22nd edition of "How Our Laws Are Made" reflects changes in congressional procedures since the 21st ed., which was revised and updated in 1997. The framers of our Constitution created a strong federal government resting on the concept of "separation of powers." Upon this elegant, yet simple, grant of legislative powers and rulemaking authority has grown an exceedingly complex and evolving legislative process -- much of it unique to each House of Congress. This document has been revised to aid the public's understanding of the legislative process.

Book Constitutional History of the American Revolution

Download or read book Constitutional History of the American Revolution written by John Phillip Reid and published by Univ of Wisconsin Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brilliantly executed....Reid's central argument is reserved for his contentions about how the American Revolution occurred within the British constitutional framework. Crucial is his assertion that the eighteenth-century British constitution itself was a vital crossroad between the old constitution of 'customary powers, with rights secured as property' and the newer constitution 'of sovereign command and of arbitrary parliamentary supremacy.' The conflict between the two was profound and ultimately irreconcilable as the Americans, with occasional misgivings and uncertainties, sustained the old and Parliament lurched toward the new...This book (has) a compelling intellectual force that deserves the closest scrutiny.' -George M. Curtis III, American Historical Review

Book Congress and the Separation of Powers

Download or read book Congress and the Separation of Powers written by John L. FitzGerald and published by New York : Praeger. This book was released on 1986 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume illustrates the problems which arise when Congress confers undue discretion upon administrators of government agencies. The author traces the constitutional history relating to legislative and executive powers and discusses the leading decisions of the Supreme Court. He reviews the path of a legislative proposal from its original draft by the Administration through its process in Congress and offers practical recommendations to improve this process and replace indefinite statutory delegations of power with precise legislative policy and guidelines. The volume points the way toward providing standards for the regulation of federal administrative agencies, a definite frame of reference for the courts, and effective overview by Congress.

Book Oregon Blue Book

    Book Details:
  • Author : Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 1919
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 208 pages

Download or read book Oregon Blue Book written by Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Power Shifts

    Book Details:
  • Author : John A. Dearborn
  • Publisher : University of Chicago Press
  • Release : 2021-09-10
  • ISBN : 022679783X
  • Pages : 347 pages

Download or read book Power Shifts written by John A. Dearborn and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-09-10 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The extraordinary nature of the Trump presidency has spawned a resurgence in the study of the presidency and a rising concern about the power of the office. In Power Shifts: Congress and Presidential Representation, John Dearborn explores the development of the idea of the representative presidency, that the president alone is elected by a national constituency, and thus the only part of government who can represent the nation against the parochial concerns of members of Congress, and its relationship to the growth of presidential power in the 20th century. Dearborn asks why Congress conceded so much power to the Chief Executive, with the support of particularly conservative members of the Supreme Court. He discusses the debates between Congress and the Executive and the arguments offered by politicians, scholars, and members of the judiciary about the role of the president in the American state. He asks why so many bought into the idea of the representative, and hence, strong presidency despite unpopular wars, failed foreign policies, and parochial actions that favor only the president's supporters. This is a book about the power of ideas in the development of the American state"--

Book Legislative Process

    Book Details:
  • Author : Abner J. Mikva
  • Publisher : Aspen Publishers
  • Release : 2002
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 1146 pages

Download or read book Legislative Process written by Abner J. Mikva and published by Aspen Publishers. This book was released on 2002 with total page 1146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Once again, expert authors Mikva and Lane draw on their considerable experience to explore and explain the legislative institutions and processes of the United States. Legislative Process, Second Edition, offers a current and comprehensive examination about the realities of how law is made. Here are just a few reasons why so many of your colleagues choose this distinctive casebook: extraordinary authorship, Abner J. Mikva is a former Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals, a five-term Congressman, and Counsel To The President during the Clinton Administration. Eric Lane has extensive experience with both state and local legislatures effective use of primary materials, including bills and statutes, committee reports and debates, legislative rules, Constitutional provisions and legislative authorities, and cases practical and process-oriented approach shows students what happens, plus how it happens, step-by-step historical focus gives context To The topics and perspective to current legislative enactments a statutory paperback from the same authors is also available Completely revised for its Second Edition, The casebook now covers: new limits to Congress' commerce clause power an enhanced discussion of what documents evidence the enactment of statutory law the continuing debate over statutory construction the end of the term limit movement the New Lobbying Disclosure Act and campaign finance proposals equal protection jurisprudence to limit the reach of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 major new cases US v. Morrison (Violence Against Women Act), Hunt v. Cromartie (voting rights), US Term Limits v. Thornton and Cook v. Gralike (congressional term limits), Colorado Federal Campaign Committee cases (limits on First Amendment), and Clinton v. New York (balanced budget bill)