Download or read book Laser based Diagnostics for Hydrocarbon Fuels in the Liquid and Vapor Phases written by Jason Morgan Porter and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laser-absorption measurements of fuel concentration are widely used in engine development and for studying the combustion chemistry of hydrocarbon fuels. Direct injection of liquid fuel is common in many combustion technologies (e.g. internal combustion engines and gas turbine engines), however, these multiphase (gas and liquid) environments present significant challenges to laser-absorption measurements. These challenges include optical scattering from liquid fuel droplets and strong optical absorption from liquid fuel films. This thesis describes the development of two novel multi-phase diagnostics. Developing these diagnostics required quantitative measurements of the previously unknown refractive index spectra of several liquid hydrocarbons (n-decane, n-dodecane, and several gasoline samples). These measurements are presented, revealing important characteristics of liquid fuels. The first diagnostic developed uses three laser wavelengths for measuring fuel-vapor mole fraction and temperature in evaporating aerosols. Demonstration measurements were made over a large range of temperatures and fuel loadings in an aerosol shock tube, providing the first known laser-absorption measurements of vapor concentration and temperature in an evaporating fuel spray. The second diagnostic uses two laser wavelengths for measurements of fuel-vapor mole fraction and liquid fuel film thickness. The first known laser-absorption measurements of fuel vapor and liquid film thickness were demonstrated in the laboratory. These diagnostic techniques have been incorporated into a commercial sensor for engine development.

Download or read book Laser Diagnostics for Combustion Temperature and Species written by Alan C. Eckbreth and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-27 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the variety of potential laser diagnostic techniques and presents a considerable theoretical foundation elucidating physics relevant to the laser diagnostics. It explains the Raman-based approaches for major species and temperature measurements.

Download or read book Laser Diagnostics of Materials and Chemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several examples are given of the ability of laser-based diagnostic techniques to make noninvasive measurements in hostile environments. Using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering both majority and minority species concentrations, as well as temperature, have been measured in the hot, high-pressure, particle-laden stream of a coal gasifier. In addition, numerous toxic and corrosive elements in the gasifier stream have been identified, but not yet quantified. In addition to providing the capability for making analytical determinations, laser techniques have been extensively employed to measure the rates of elementary chemical reactions. Recently, the temperature regime over which such meaurements are possible has been expanded. Although much of the laser diagnostic activity to date has involved investigations of the gas phase, significant information concerning heterogeneous phenomena can still be inferred. For instance, gas-solid reactions can manifest themselves as changes in vapor phase composition. Furthermore, in the future we expect expanded studies involving reactions of refractory metals (both atoms and clusters) and additional investigations of processes occurring at interfaces and on surfaces.

Download or read book Laser based Diagnostics for Transient Species in Hydrocarbon Flames written by Richard Copeland and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detection of chemically important transient species is crucial to understanding the mechanism of hydrocarbon combustion. Though they often occur in low concentrations, these species determine the pathways and rates of many reaction steps. In this report we describe our efforts to develop and quantify diagnostic methods to measure these species in flames. We will describe methods to detect CH, CH3, C2H2, CH2, and HO2; the first four species have successfully been observed in flames during this project. The detection techniques we use are laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and absorption techniques including photoacoustic detection spectroscopy (PAD). The polyatomic molecules mentioned above are much more difficult to detect than the diatomic molecules CH and OH, and we have developed and used new variations on the basic techniques to achieve the desired sensitivity. In this research, we improved diagnostic techniques for the radicals mentioned above, detected species not previously observed in the flame environment, and increased our knowledge of the important species in hydrocarbon combustion.

Download or read book Extended NIR Laser Diagnostics for Gas Sensing Applications written by Aamir Farooq and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of diagnostics based on laser-absorption spectroscopy for combustion applications has been an important and active field of research over the past two decades due to the advantages of this non-intrusive optical sensing technique compared to traditional sampling-based sensing methods. Tunable diode laser (TDL) sensors, in particular, have shown the ability to provide in situ, time-resolved, line-of-sight measurements of temperature, gas species concentration, velocity, density, mass flux, and pressure in a variety of combustion environments. This thesis explores three new areas of TDL research: (a) extended near-infrared (NIR) diagnostics, (b) sensing under high-pressures, and (c) applications to chemical kinetics. Water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are attractive sensing targets for hydrocarbon-fueled systems as they are primary combustion products and their concentrations can be interpretrated to indicate combustion progress and efficiency. Both these gases have absorption spectra in the infrared (IR) region. Most previous TDL absorption sensors were designed to exploit robust telecommunications diode lasers and optical fiber technology in the 1.3-1.6 [mu]m (NIR) wavelength region. Recent developments in semiconductor diode-laser technology have extended the range of continuous wave (CW) room-temperature single-mode diode lasers to 2.9 [mu]m, allowing access to stronger vibrational bands of H2O and CO2 in the extended-NIR region. The first combustion diagnostics in the extended-NIR wavelength were demonstrated as part of this thesis work. The sensors were designed by selecting optimal transitions and then measuring the pertinent spectroscopic parameters in controlled laboratory environements. These sensors were then tested in the combustion environments of a flat flame and shock tube to validate their performance. These new sensors provide enhanced sensitivity and improved accuracy compared to previous TDL diagnostics. As part of this work, a novel diagnostic based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) of CO2 was developed to make precise measurements of temperature behind reflected shock waves. This temperature diagnostic achieved an unprecedented uncertainty of

Download or read book Laser based Diagnostics for Transient Species in Hydrocarbon Flames written by Richard Copeland and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Detection of chemically important transient species is crucial to understanding the mechanism of hydrocarbon combustion. Though they often occur in low concentrations, these species determine the pathways and rates of many reaction steps. In this report we describe our efforts to develop and quantify diagnostic methods to measure these species in flames. We will describe methods to detect CH, CH3, C2H2, CH2, and HO2; the first four species have successfully been observed in flames during this project. The detection techniques we use are laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) and absorption techniques including photoacoustic detection spectroscopy (PAD). The polyatomic molecules mentioned above are much more difficult to detect than the diatomic molecules CH and OH, and we have developed and used new variations on the basic techniques to achieve the desired sensitivity. In this research, we improved diagnostic techniques for the radicals mentioned above, detected species not previously observed in the flame environment, and increased our knowledge of the important species in hydrocarbon combustion.

Download or read book Mid IR Laser Absorption Diagnostics for Hydrocarbon Vapor Sensing in Harsh Environments written by Adam Edgar Klingbeil and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The temperature-dependent spectroscopy of gasoline is examined to develop a sensor for fuel/air ratio in an internal combustion engine. A wavelength was selected for good sensitivity to gasoline concentration. A spectroscopic model is developed that uses the relative concentrations of five structural classes to predict the absorption spectrum of gasoline samples with varying composition. The model is tested on 21 samples of gasoline for temperatures ranging from 300 to 1200 K, showing good agreement between model and measurements over the entire temperature range.

Download or read book Combustion Processes in Propulsion written by Gabriel Roy and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2006 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical propulsion comprises the science and technology of using chemical reactions of any kind to create thrust and thereby propel a vehicle or object to a desired acceleration and speed. Cumbustion Processes in Propulsion focuses on recent advances in the design of very highly efficient, low-pollution-emitting propulsion systems, as well as advances in testing, diagnostics and analysis. It offers unique coverage of Pulse Detonation Engines, which add tremendous power to jet thrust by combining high pressure with ignition of the air/fuel mixture. Readers will learn about the advances in the reduction of jet noise and toxic fuel emissions-something that is being heavily regulated by relevant government agencies. Lead editor is one of the world's foremost combustion researchers, with contributions from some of the world's leading researchers in combustion engineering Covers all major areas of chemical propulsion-from combustion measurement, analysis and simulation, to advanced control of combustion processes, to noise and emission control Includes important information on advanced technologies for reducing jet engine noise and hazardous fuel combustion emissions

Download or read book Nonlinear Systems and Circuits in Internal Combustion Engines written by Ferdinando Taglialatela-Scafati and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-10-31 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief provides an overview on the most relevant nonlinear phenomena in internal combustion engines with a particular emphasis on the use of nonlinear circuits in their modelling and control. The brief contains advanced methodologies —based on neural networks and soft-computing approaches among others— for the compensation of engine nonlinearities by using the combustion pressure signal and proposes several techniques for the reconstruction of this signal on the basis of different engine parameters, including engine-block vibration and crankshaft rotational speed. Another topic of the book is the diagnosis of the nonlinearities of injection systems and their balancing, which is a mandatory task for the new generation of gasoline direct injection engines. The authors come from both industrial and academic backgrounds, so the brief represents an important tool both for researchers and practitioners in the automotive industry.

Download or read book Laser Diagnostics of a Diamond Depositing Chemical Vapour Deposition Gas phase Environment written by James Anthony Smith and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Shock Tube and Laser Absorption Studies of Small Alkene Spectroscopy and Real Fuel Kinetics written by Thomas Parise and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Growing demand for energy coupled with increased awareness of various deleterious effects of current energy generation techniques drive a demand for more efficient utilization of current feedstocks and addition of new streams. Accomplishing both more efficient utilization of current fuels and interoperability of new streams requires detailed chemical kinetic understanding of both existing and novel fuels. Shock tube/laser absorption strategies are well-suited for these fuel kinetics studies. In this work, several new infrared laser sensor strategies have been developed that have enabled the quantitative time-history measurements of critical fuel decomposition products. Using these sensors, the decomposition products of several fuels were measured. These data have been used in the development of the HyChem model for jet fuel. An existing facility, the Kinetic Shock Tube, has been modified through heating to more readily handle distillate fuels with low vapor pressures at ambient conditions. Additionally, the fuel handling and mixing system was modified allow for the production of mixtures of distillate fuels and oxidizers or inert diluents. A novel laser-absorption-based propene diagnostic was developed using an external cavity quantum cascade laser to allow measurement of the second-smallest alkene in shock tube experiments. Existing room-temperature resolved spectra spanning the infrared absorption of propene from 1.5 to 15 microns was considered to select a target wavelength region. A series of experiments at high temperatures were done to ensure that a maximally-absorbing wavelength was selected at high temperatures. The temperaturedependence of this propene absorption feature was then measured. This diagnostic was combined with an existing CO2 gas laser ethylene diagnostic to study the decomposition of propene at elevated temperatures. Simultaneous laser-based measurements of propene and ethylene were recorded for the first time. Propene decomposition measurements were reported between 1360 and 1710 K and compared to models in the literature to provide recommendations for further model refinement. These diagnostics were then combined with other laser diagnostics, including a HeNe gas laser fuel-absorption diagnostic at 3.39 microns and an interband cavity laser diagnostic for measuring methane at 3.18 microns, to measure a variety of species during the pyrolysis of two gasolines, two jet fuels, and a synthetic jet fuel Ethylene and iso-butene were measured during the pyrolysis of two Shell gasolines between 1050 and 1390 K; propene was also measured during these experiments for one of the gasolines. These measurements were compared to predictions from a recent gasoline surrogate mechanism. Ethylene and propene were measured during the pyrolysis of two distillate jet fuels between 1070 and 1440 K; iso-butene was also measured during these experiments for one of the jet fuels. Ethylene, propene, iso-butene, and methane formation were measured during the pyrolysis of a synthetic jet fuel between 1071 and 1317 K. These measured mole fractions were then compared to an existing model for large, branched hydrocarbons. These measurements were also used to constrain in-development hybrid chemistry (HyChem) models for the respective fuels. These studies demonstrate the utility of laser absorption studies in shock tubes to investigate real fuel pyrolysis kinetics through the measurement of both product formation rates and product distributions. Subsequently, these measurements can be used to constrain new chemical kinetic models, evaluate the accuracy of existing chemical kinetic models, and select appropriate surrogate compositions for surrogate-based models.

Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Applied Mechanics Reviews written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 702 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Inventory of Current Energy Research and Development written by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 1296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Springer Handbook of Experimental Fluid Mechanics written by Cameron Tropea and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-10-09 with total page 1570 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accompanying DVD-ROM contains ... "all chapters of the Springer Handbook."--Page 3 of cover.

Download or read book Direct Fuel Injection Engine Diagnostics and New Developments in Powertrain Tribology CVT ATF Fuel Economy written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Flow and Combustion in Reciprocating Engines written by C. Arcoumanis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-29 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Optimization of combustion processes in automotive engines is a key factor in reducing fuel consumption. This book, written by eminent university and industry researchers, investigates and describes flow and combustion processes in diesel and gasoline engines.