Download or read book Large Time Projection Chambers for Rare Event Detection written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Time Projection Chamber (TPC) concept [add ref to TPC section] has been applied to many projects outside of particle physics and the accelerator based experiments where it was initially developed. TPCs in non-accelerator particle physics experiments are principally focused on rare event detection (e.g. neutrino and darkmater experiments) and the physics of these experiments can place dramatically different constraints on the TPC design (only extensions to the traditional TPCs are discussed here). The drift gas, or liquid, is usually the target or matter under observation and due to very low signal rates a TPC with the largest active mass is desired. The large mass complicates particle tracking of short and sometimes very low energy particles. Other special design issues include, efficient light collection, background rejection, internal triggering and optimal energy resolution. Backgrounds from gamma-rays and neutrons are significant design issues in the construction of these TPCs. They are generally placed deep underground to shield from cosmogenic particles and surrounded with shielding to reduce radiation from the local surroundings. The construction materials have to be carefully screened for radiopurity as they are in close contact with the active mass and can be a signification source of background events. The TPC excels in reducing this internal background because the mass inside the fieldcage forms one monolithic volume from which fiducial cuts can be made ex post facto to isolate quiet drift mass, and can be circulated and purified to a very high level. Self shielding in these large mass systems can be significant and the effect improves with density. The liquid phase TPC can obtain a high density at low pressure which results in very good self-shielding and compact installation with a lightweight containment. The down sides are the need for cryogenics, slower charge drift, tracks shorter than the typical electron diffusion, lower energy resolution (e.g. xenon) and limited charge readout options. Slower charge drift requires long electron lifetimes placing strict limits on the oxygen and other impurities with high electron affinity. A significant variation of the liquid phase TPC, that improves the charge readout, is the dual-phase TPC where a gas phase layer is formed above the liquid into which the drifting electrons are extracted and amplified, typically with electroluminescence. The successful transfer of electrons through the phase boundary requires careful control of its position and setting up an appropriate electric field. A high pressure gas phase TPC has no cryogenics and density is easily optimized for the signal, but a large heavy pressure vessel is required. Although shelf shielding is reduced, it can in some cases approach that of the liquid phase; in xenon at 50atm the density is about half that of water or about 1/6 of liquid xenon. A significant feature of high pressure xenon gas is the energy resolution. Below a density of about 0.5g/cc the intrinsic resolution is only a few times that of high purity germanium. A neutrino-less double beta decay (0[nu]2[beta]) TPC operated below this density limit could enjoy excellent energy resolution and maintain particle tracking for background rejection. An observable interaction with the TPC results in a charged particle that travels in the drift matter exciting and ionizing the atoms until the initial energy is converted into ionization, scintillation, or heat with relatively large fluctuations around a mean distribution. Rare event TPCs can be designed to detect scintillation light as well as charge to exploit the anti-correlation to improve energy resolution and/or signal to noise. An electric drift field separates the electrons and positive ions from the ionization although the separation is not complete and some electrons are captured, exciting atoms and releasing more light than the primary excitation alone. The average partition between the scintillation and ionization can be manipulated to increase the ionization (at a loss of scintillation) by a number of methods such as, increasing the strength of the electric field up to a saturation of the ionization yield, increasing the temperature to enhance the diffusion of the ionized electrons, and adding dopants such as triethylamine that can be photoionized by the scintillation photons releasing more ionization. Scintillation light is typically collected with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and avalanche photo diodes (APDs) although any fast (compared to the ionization drift speed) light collector capable of detecting the typically UV photons, maintaining high radiopurity and perhaps withstanding pressure would work. CCDs are slow and therefore only record 2 dimensions integrating over the time direction, some of which can be recovered with a few PMTs.
Download or read book Studies with a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber written by Michael Schenk and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Michael Schenk evaluates new technologies and methods, such as cryogenic read-out electronics and a UV laser system, developed to optimise the performance of large liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPC). Amongst others, the author studies the uniformity of the electric field produced by a Greinacher high-voltage generator operating at cryogenic temperatures, measures the linear energy transfer (LET) of muons and the longitudinal diffusion coefficient of electrons in liquid argon. The results are obtained by analysing events induced by cosmic-ray muons and UV laser beams. The studies are carried out with ARGONTUBE, a prototype LArTPC in operation at the University of Bern, Switzerland, designed to investigate the feasibility of drift distances of up to five metres for electrons in liquid argon. Contents The ARGONTUBE detector The Greinacher high-voltage generator Linear energy transfer of muons in liquid argon UV laser methods and measurements Target Groups Lecturers and students of applied physics specialising in particle detector technologies Researchers developing liquid argon time projection chambers for rare event detection, e.g. in the field of neutrino physics or astrophysics About the Author Michael Schenk obtained his master's degree in Applied / Experimental Physics from the University of Bern, Switzerland, and is currently doing an internship at CERN, Geneva, Switzerland in the fields of collective effects and beam instabilities in particle accelerators.
Download or read book Non accelerator Particle Astrophysics written by Giorgio Giacomelli and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1996 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Non accelerator Particle Astrophysics Proceedings Of The 4th School written by Giorgio Giacomelli and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1996-07-13 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The volume presents a broad coverage of this timely subject. The work is up-to-date and detailed enough to constitute a fine reference for experimental as well as for theoretical physicists, but also maintains an informative pedagogical tone so that it can serve as the basis for a modern course on the subject.Major sections include fundamentals of particle physics with results from accelerator experiments, the particle-cosmology interface, neutrino physics, large scale searches for proton decay and for exotic matter in the universe, neutrino astronomy, the physics of cosmic rays and gamma ray astronomy. A portion of the volume deals with facilities and instrumentation for particle astrophysics and on data acquisition.
Download or read book Micromegas Time Projection Chamber Development for Rare Event Detection written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Depuis les chambres à fils "MWPC" de G. Charpak en 1968, des développements nouveaux pour les détecteurs gazeux ont été récemment proposées. Les "GEM" (Gas Electron multiplier), les "LEM" (Large Electron Multiplier) ou "Micromegas" (Micro mesh gaseous structure) ..., sont les exemples les plus connus. Le but initial de cette génération est d'avoir des bonnes résolutions, un bas bruit de fond, une réponse rapide avec une efficacité élevée de détecteur et une bonne sensibilité dans le domaine qui nous intéresse (le domaine de la radioactivité naturelle). L'objectif essentiel de ce manuscrit est de décrire le développement d'une chambre à projection temporelle (TPC) avec un plan de détection de type Micromegas, nommé Micromegas-TPC. Deux TPC's existantes ont été utilisées: " Un petit prototype, nommé la miniTPC de Neuchâtel, a été consacré pour étudier les propriétés de transport dans le gaz et de développer le plan de lecture basé sur le micropattern Micromegas." Un prototype intermédiaire, nommé la TPC du Gothard, a été utilisé pour opérer le plan de détection de type Micromegas à grande échelle et estimer le bruit de fond de ce détecteur. Cette TPC a été optimisée pour fixer des paramètres importants pour la détection des événements rares, spécialement pour la désintégration double bêta sans émission de neutrinos dans l'isotope 136Xe. Ce manuscrit dispose de deux parties: les quatre premiers chapitres présentent quelques connaissances fondamentales, nécessaires pour la détection des événements rares avec les détecteurs gazeux. En particulier, les chapitres trois et quatre décrivent quelques résultats nécessaires pour l'étude de la collection de la charge. La deuxième partie du manuscrit décrit les résultats obtenus par la miniTPC de Neuchâtel et la TPC du Gothard. Une courte description des propriétés de neutrino et les points manquants dans le modèle standard (MS) en ce qui concerne ces particules, ainsi que plusieurs efforts expérimentaux effectués pour compléter.
Download or read book Topics In Electroweak Physics Proceedings Of The Eleventh Lake Louise Winter Institute written by Alan Astbury and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1997-04-01 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The week-long Lake Louise Winter Institute starts with three days of pedagogical lectures by invited speakers, and the remainder of the time is for short presentations on current research topics. This year, the theme of the Institute was 'Topics in Electroweak Physics'. The invited lecturers were Drs E G Adelberger, G Altarelli, J Ellis, J-M Poutissou, B Sadoulet and S Wojcicki.
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1984 Department of Energy FY 1984 budget justifications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 1626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Micro pattern Gaseous Detectors Principles Of Operation And Applications written by Fabio Sauli and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2020-11-25 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a continuation of the author's earlier work (Gaseous Radiation Detectors: Fundamental and Applications, Cambridge University Press 2014), this book describes in detail the recent developments and applications of advanced micro-pattern gaseous devices. Across different chapters, readers will learn of the most basic observations, measurements and applications of this novel technology within particle physics, astrophysics, medicine, cultural heritage studies and more. The content is based richly on a pool of information distilled from a large number of papers and reports on the subject, as well as presentations at topical Conferences and Symposia.The author, Fabio Sauli, is an expert with several hundreds of publications in the field. He is also the inventor of one of the major technologies described — the Gas Electron Multiplier — widely used in particle physics and other applied fields.
Download or read book Congressional Budget Request written by United States. Department of Energy and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy and water development appropriations for 1984 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 2386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Multiparticle Dynamics Proceedings Of The Xxviii International Symposium written by Christos N Ktorides and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1999-11-15 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Multiparticle dynamics is tightly connected with the fundamental properties of the QCD vacuum. This was reflected in the Scientific Programme of the XXVIII International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics. Emphasis was given during the sessions to the collective phenomena at high energies, including: fluctuations and correlations, quark-gluon plasma, QCD phase transitions (fractals, intermittency, wavelets), the QCD structure of the Pomeron, and new aspects of multiplicity distributions.
Download or read book Rare Decays of Light Mesons written by Benjamin Mayer and published by Atlantica Séguier Frontières. This book was released on 1990 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Proceedings of the XXV International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics written by D. Bruncko and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1996 with total page 767 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book deals with the most recent achievements in the following areas of high energy physics: physics of e+e- collisions, lepton-nucleon scattering, relativistic heavy ion collisions (the quest for quark-gluon plasma), and multiparticle production. New experimental results from Tevatron, LEP, SPS and HERA and the theoretical progress in the aforementioned fields are presented."--Publisher's website.
Download or read book Particle Detectors written by Claus Grupen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-07-31 with total page 677 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Fiscal Year 1987 Department of Energy Authorization Basic research programs written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Energy Research and Production and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 1320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy and water development appropriations for 1987 written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 2288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy and Water Development Appropriations for 1987 Department of Energy FY 1987 budget justifications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 2288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
