Download or read book Landmark free Three dimensional Quantification of Morphological Variation and Shape Change in the Mouse Mandible written by Charles G. Carlson and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Objectives: Current methodologies in the field of morphometrics still employ the use of 2-dimensional images followed by a landmark-based Procrustes superimposition method to evaluate differences in shape, which can be tedious, subject to operator error, and fail to capture the true nature of shape variation between samples. The primary objective of this study is to address these limitations through the exploration and application of current methodologies used in neuroimaging and brain mapping to the field of morphometrics. By collaborating with Paul Thompson and his team at the Laboratory of Neuroimaging (LONI), we aim to: 1. Generate a 3D surface image of the mouse mandible and create an average surface for a cross sectional sample of parental strains in the Hybrid Mouse Diversity Panel (HMDP), as well as a developing longitudinal sample within a single strain. 2. Apply and modify the latest technologies used in brain mapping research to identify regional shape differences between the mandibles of these samples in 3 dimensions without the use of landmark identification, with the ultimate goal of identifying heritable quantitative traits. 3. Develop a useful, intuitive and visual method for evaluation of shape differences. Methods: A total of fifty-three mice were studied. Ten mice, equally divided across five parental inbred strains, were obtained from the HMDP, as well as an additional 43 animals at various ages from the C57BL/6 strain. Skulls were subsequently scanned using [mu]CT, then DICOM files transferred into a Beta version of Dolphin Imaging ® 11.7 Software. Hemi-mandibles were segmented from the entire skull and surface meshes were created using the same software. Topological correction of each hemi-mandible was performed before parametric registration and resampling of the surfaces to the same number of mesh points. Once registered to each other, a population average was then created and used as a reference template for shape comparison. Shapes were compared using the independently validated neuroimaging techniques of medial axis and tensor-based morphometrics. Results: Population averages were created for the mandibles and four specific areas of significant shape change were identified in both the interstrain and intrastrain samples. Visual heat maps were also created to display shape differences. Conclusions: Tensor-based morphometric evaluation of mandibular shape has far superior visualization and localization potential when compared to the current method using landmark-based analysis, while offering a more reliable solution as it eliminates the need for consistent landmark placement. Coupled with medial thickness computation, followed by additional refinement, this methodology could potentially be applied to a variety of applications concerned with evaluating shape difference in three dimensions.
Download or read book Changes in the Maxillo Mandibular Complex of Mice on Prolonged Hard Vs Soft Diet written by Allan Wang and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study was to utilize three-dimensional (3D) semi-landmarks & geometric morphometrics (GM) to quantify shape variation in the maxillo-mandibular complex of mice on prolonged diets of equivalent nutrition but different consistency. Forty three wild type mice (22 males; 21 females) were divided into two groups. For 15 generations, the control group (6 males; 6 females) was fed a standard hard pellet diet, whereas the experimental group (6 males; 6 females) was fed a soft powder diet of the same nutritional value. After the 15th generation, 19 more mice were added to the sample group but were placed in opposing sample categories (soft vs. hard). Mouse heads were collected at 6-weeks of age and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 48h. Specimens were scanned using Skyscan 1076 MicroCT scanner at 18-micron resolution (55 kV, 150 mA, 0.5 mm Al filter) & reconstructed as series of 8-bit grayscale images. Segmentation & surface generation from microCT data was performed. Seventy landmarks were placed to measure 3D changes and subsequently analyzed by GM to determine shape variation. Subtle morphological changes were noted in the skull, mandible, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) using principle components analysis (PCA) and canonical variates analysis (CVA). For example, soft diet mice possessed shorter mandibular body lengths and wider condylar necks. In addition, sexual dimorphic differences were observed in the TMJ. Thus, we demonstrated the impact of changing diet consistency over multiple generations on the morphology of the mouse maxillo-mandibular complex using 3D GM analysis.
Download or read book Biological Shape Analysis Proceedings Of The 4th International Symposium written by Pete E Lestrel and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume represents an ongoing series entitled Biological Shape Analysis, of which this is the 4th Edition. These proceedings represent state-of-the-art research in the field of biology, broadly-based, that deal with the quantitative analysis of the shape of the biological form. These numerical analyses include Fourier analytic methods, wavelets, neural networks, machine vision, machine learning, median axis transforms, spectral clustering, genome-wide association studies, 3D surface mapping, as well as more traditional morphometric approaches. Studies included are drawn from research in agricultural genetics, anatomy, anthropology, botany, dentistry, entomology, forensics, human evolution, paleontology, primatology, to name a few.The shape of forms can be considered of central importance in terms of identification, comparison, and classification of biological organisms. These proceedings, of which this is the fourth one, are unique in that they deal extensively with a wide range of organisms in biology, including both fauna and flora. They bring together diverse practitioners from a wide variety of disciplines. This represents a major departure from the current emphasis on specialization in the biological sciences. It is of particular importance to note that these issues dealing with shape analysis of biological structures are found to be common across very diverse disciplines and these proceedings are the first ones to highlight this.There are no volumes currently available that are as broadly-based as these proceedings in dealing with the quantification of shape analysis. (1) These volumes are unique in their diversity in covering the biological disciplines; (2) The emphasis on numerical approaches; and (3) the numerous state-of-the-art research papers.
Download or read book Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists written by Miriam Zelditch and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2012-09-24 with total page 489 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists has been the primary resource for teaching modern geometric methods of shape analysis to biologists who have a stronger background in biology than in multivariate statistics and matrix algebra. These geometric methods are appealing to biologists who approach the study of shape from a variety of perspectives, from clinical to evolutionary, because they incorporate the geometry of organisms throughout the data analysis. The second edition of this book retains the emphasis on accessible explanations, and the copious illustrations and examples of the first, updating the treatment of both theory and practice. The second edition represents the current state-of-the-art and adds new examples and summarizes recent literature, as well as provides an overview of new software and step-by-step guidance through details of carrying out the analyses. - Contains updated coverage of methods, especially for sampling complex curves and 3D forms and a new chapter on applications of geometric morphometrics to forensics - Offers a reorganization of chapters to streamline learning basic concepts - Presents detailed instructions for conducting analyses with freely available, easy to use software - Provides numerous illustrations, including graphical presentations of important theoretical concepts and demonstrations of alternative approaches to presenting results
Download or read book Advanced Imaging in Biology and Medicine written by Ch.W. Sensen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-12-03 with total page 447 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A picture says more than a thousand words. This is something that we all know to be true. Imaging has been important since the early days of medicine and bi- ogy, as seen in the anatomical studies of Leonardo Da Vinci or Andreas Vesalius. More than 100 years ago, the ?rst noninvasive imaging technologies, such as K- rad Roentgen’s X-ray technology,were applied to the medical ?eld—and while still crude—revolutionized medical diagnosis. Today, every patient will be exposed to some kind of advanced imaging technology such as medical resonance imaging, computed tomography or four-dimensional ultrasound during their lifetime. Many diseases, such as brain tumors, are initially diagnosed solely by imaging, and most of the surgical planning relies on the patient imagery. 4D ultrasound is available to expecting parents who wish to create unique early memories of the new baby, and it may soon be used for the morphometric diagnosis of malformations that may one day be treatable—inutero! Light and electron microscopy are unequal brethren, which have contributed to most of our knowledge about the existence and organization of cells, tissues and microorganisms. Every student of biology or medicine is introduced to the fascinating images of the microcosm. New advances have converted these im- ing technologies, which were considered by many to be antiquated, into powerful tools for research in systems biology and related ?elds.
Download or read book Advances in Morphometrics written by Leslie F. Marcus and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1996-06-30 with total page 630 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ''An important addition to your library.'' ---American Scientist
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age written by Anthony Harding and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2013-06-27 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age is a wide-ranging survey of a crucial period in prehistory during which many social, economic, and technological changes took place. Written by expert specialists in the field, the book provides coverage both of the themes that characterize the period, and of the specific developments that took place in the various countries of Europe. After an introduction and a discussion of chronology, successive chapters deal with settlement studies, burial analysis, hoards and hoarding, monumentality, rock art, cosmology, gender, and trade, as well as a series of articles on specific technologies and crafts (such as transport, metals, glass, salt, textiles, and weighing). The second half of the book covers each country in turn. From Ireland to Russia, Scandinavia to Sicily, every area is considered, and up to date information on important recent finds is discussed in detail. The book is the first to consider the whole of the European Bronze Age in both geographical and thematic terms, and will be the standard book on the subject for the foreseeable future.
Download or read book Morphology Shape and Phylogeny written by Norman MacLeod and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-02-07 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Generally, biologists and mathematicians who study the shape and form of organisms have largely been working in isolation from those who work on evolutionary relationships through the analysis of common characteristics. Increasingly however, dialogue between the two communities is beginning to develop - but other than a handful of journal papers, t
Download or read book Linguistics For Dummies written by Rose-Marie Dechaine and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-08 with total page 387 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fascinating, fun, and friendly way to understand the science behind human language Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. Linguistics students study how languages are constructed, how they function, how they affect society, and how humans learn language. From understanding other languages to teaching computers to communicate, linguistics plays a vital role in society. Linguistics For Dummies tracks to a typical college-level introductory linguistics course and arms you with the confidence, knowledge, and know-how to score your highest. Understand the science behind human language Grasp how language is constructed Score your highest in college-level linguistics If you're enrolled in an introductory linguistics course or simply have a love of human language, Linguistics For Dummies is your one-stop resource for unlocking the science of the spoken word.
Download or read book Oral Health in America written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Introduction to Sports Biomechanics written by Roger Bartlett and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-04-12 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Download or read book Evolution Ecology and Conservation of Lorises and Pottos written by K. A. I. Nekaris and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-19 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to present the latest discoveries on the behaviour, ecology and evolutionary biology of lorises and pottos.
Download or read book Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging written by Nicole Seiberlich and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-11-18 with total page 1094 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a 'go-to' reference for methods and applications of quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, with specific sections on Relaxometry, Perfusion, and Diffusion. Each section will start with an explanation of the basic techniques for mapping the tissue property in question, including a description of the challenges that arise when using these basic approaches. For properties which can be measured in multiple ways, each of these basic methods will be described in separate chapters. Following the basics, a chapter in each section presents more advanced and recently proposed techniques for quantitative tissue property mapping, with a concluding chapter on clinical applications. The reader will learn: - The basic physics behind tissue property mapping - How to implement basic pulse sequences for the quantitative measurement of tissue properties - The strengths and limitations to the basic and more rapid methods for mapping the magnetic relaxation properties T1, T2, and T2* - The pros and cons for different approaches to mapping perfusion - The methods of Diffusion-weighted imaging and how this approach can be used to generate diffusion tensor - maps and more complex representations of diffusion - How flow, magneto-electric tissue property, fat fraction, exchange, elastography, and temperature mapping are performed - How fast imaging approaches including parallel imaging, compressed sensing, and Magnetic Resonance - Fingerprinting can be used to accelerate or improve tissue property mapping schemes - How tissue property mapping is used clinically in different organs - Structured to cater for MRI researchers and graduate students with a wide variety of backgrounds - Explains basic methods for quantitatively measuring tissue properties with MRI - including T1, T2, perfusion, diffusion, fat and iron fraction, elastography, flow, susceptibility - enabling the implementation of pulse sequences to perform measurements - Shows the limitations of the techniques and explains the challenges to the clinical adoption of these traditional methods, presenting the latest research in rapid quantitative imaging which has the possibility to tackle these challenges - Each section contains a chapter explaining the basics of novel ideas for quantitative mapping, such as compressed sensing and Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting-based approaches
Download or read book Morphometrics written by Ashraf M.T. Elewa and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a thorough and up-to-date treatment of the use of morphometric procedures in a wide variety of contexts. As one of the most dynamic and popular fields on the contemporary biological scene, morphometrics is gaining notice among researchers and students as a necessary complement to molecular studies in the understanding and maintenance of biodiversity. This is the first reference to meet that growing need.
Download or read book Virtual Anthropology written by Gerhard W. Weber and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2011 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first textbook of Virtual Anthropology, the new science that combines elements from fields as diverse as anthropology, medicine, statistics, computing, scientific visualization, and industrial design. The book is intended for students in any of these or nearby fields within biology, medicine, or engineering and for teachers, journalists, and all others who will enjoy the many examples from our real biological world. After a general introduction to the field and an overview, the book is organized around six themes conveyed in more than 300 pages of text accompanied by hundreds of carefully annotated images: medical imaging and 3D digitising techniques, electronic preparation of individual specimens, analysis of complex forms in space one or many at a time, reconstruction of forms that are partly missing or damaged, production of real objects from virtual models, and, finally, thoughts about data accessibility and sharing and the implications of all this for the future of anthropology. The authors' emphasis is not on technical details but rather on step-by-step explanations of the wealth of examples included here, from brain evolution to surgical planning, always in light of the relevance of these approaches to science and to society. All readers are encouraged to try out the techniques on their own using the tools and data included in the Online Extra Materials resource.
Download or read book The Guenons Diversity and Adaptation in African Monkeys written by International Primatological Society. Congress and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2002 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume presents information and insight into research on a wide range of topics related to guenon biology. Topics include evolution, taxonomy, biogeography, reproductive physiology, social and positional behaviour, ecology, and conservation.
Download or read book Developmental Instability written by Michal Polak and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2003 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of developmental instability has generated a large amount of controversy recently, mostly because of fierce disagreement over the genetic basis of fluctuating asymmetry and its role in mate selection. This book is a timely and innovative critical evaluation of a burgeoning field. The book explores the premise that complex organismal, ecological and evolutionary processes can be understood as emergent properties of the "epigenetic machine," that is, the mechanisms fundamental to all organisms responsible for building and organizing phenotypes from information translated from DNA.
