Download or read book Laboratory and point of care diagnostic testing for sexually transmitted infections including HIV written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-11-20 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WHO laboratory manual provides microbiologists and medical technologists with an up-to- date comprehensive guide on how to isolate, detect, and diagnose STIs, including HIV. The scope of the manual has been expanded to include chapters on the use of molecular tests, rapid point-of-care tests, and quality management of diagnostic tests and hence the manual will also be of interest to STI and HIV programme managers and clinical staff.

Download or read book Laboratory Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted Diseases written by E. van Dyck and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 1999 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This manual provides an authoritative guide to standard laboratory procedures for detecting and diagnosing sexually transmitted diseases. Addressed to clinical microbiologists and medical technologists, the manual is designed to serve as a practical bench aid, tuned to the needs and capacities of laboratories at different levels in the health system. Although the standard procedures described have universal relevance, particular attention is given to conditions in developing countries, where rapid transport of specimens may not be possible and cost factors may be decisive. Recommended procedures, tests, and techniques are supported by close to 150 references. Noting the constraints on staff and resources faced by most laboratories throughout the world, the manual concentrates on tests known to yield essential diagnostic information. Standard antimicrobial susceptibility tests are described for those diseases where drug resistance is a problem. Although the major emphasis is on procedures for diagnosis, case-finding, and test-of-cure, some procedures useful in epidemiological research are also included. The manual has nine chapter covering the full range of sexually transmitted diseases: gonorrhoea "Chlamydia trachomatis "infection, syphilis, genital herpes, chancroid granuloma inguinale, vaginitis in adults, human papillomavirus infection, and human immunodeficiency virus. Each chapter opens with a brief description of the disease and the principal laboratory approaches to diagnosis, followed by detailed advice on the collection and transport of specimens. Against this background, all relevant laboratory methods, from microscopy, culture and non-culture techniques to serology and the use of commercial test kits, are described in detail, with colour plates used to illustrate selected procedures and results. Apart from providing detailed step-by-step instructions for each procedure, the manual offers abundant practical advice on the selection of tests, their comparative sensitivity, and specificity, the degree of skill required, the correct interpretation of results, and common errors and how to avoid them. The chapter on HIV infection reproduces the latest joint UNAIDS and WHO recommendations for the selection and use of HIV antibody tests. Further practical guidance for each of these diseases is provided in three annexes, which summarize appropriate diagnostic tests at different levels of the laboratory system, describe the media, reagents, and stains required for the tests, and list all the basic products needed to prepare essential reagents and media.

Download or read book Sexually Transmitted Infections written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-24 with total page 750 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One in five people in the United States had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) on any given day in 2018, totaling nearly 68 million estimated infections. STIs are often asymptomatic (especially in women) and are therefore often undiagnosed and unreported. Untreated STIs can have severe health consequences, including chronic pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage or newborn death, and increased risk of HIV infection, genital and oral cancers, neurological and rheumatological effects. In light of this, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, through the National Association of County and City Health Officials, commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to examine the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provide recommendations for action. In 1997, the Institute of Medicine released a report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Although significant scientific advances have been made since that time, many of the problems and barriers described in that report persist today; STIs remain an underfunded and comparatively neglected field of public health practice and research. The committee reviewed the current state of STIs in the United States, and the resulting report, Sexually Transmitted Infections: Advancing a Sexual Health Paradigm, provides advice on future public health programs, policy, and research.

Download or read book Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2021-07-15 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The WHO global health sector strategy on sexually transmitted infections, 2016–2021, endorsed by the World Health Assembly in 2016, aims to eliminate STIs as a public health threat by 2030. In 2019, WHO published estimates of new cases of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and trichomoniasis. Recent changes in the epidemiology of STIs and progress in prevention, diagnosis and treatment of STIs and HIV have necessitated changes in approaches to STI prevention and management. To address these STIs, the most widely used approach in clinical settings is the syndromic management of STIs. In most resource-limited settings, the syndromic management flow charts are still the standard of care where laboratory diagnosis is not available or is hard to access. The objectives of these guidelines are to provide updated, evidence-informed clinical and practical recommendations on the case management of people with symptoms of STIs; and to support countries in updating their national guidelines for the case management of people with symptoms of STIs. These guidelines include the management of symptomatic infections related to urethral discharge syndrome, including persistent urethral discharge syndrome; vaginal discharge syndrome, including persistent vaginal discharge; anorectal infection; genital ulcer disease syndrome; and lower abdominal pain syndrome. These guidelines are intended for programme managers for STI prevention and control at the national level and the health-care providers at the frontline – primary, secondary and tertiary health care.

Download or read book Point of care tests for sexually transmitted infections written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the development of point-of-care diagnostic tests for syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and trichomoniasis, none comply with all WHO criteria. This analysis overviews landscape analyses of point-of-care diagnostic technologies for Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Trichomonas vaginalis and syphilis, available and in the pipeline. The target audience for the target product profiles is broad and includes clinicians, researchers working on diagnostics, laboratory experts, including, microbiologists and virologists, public health experts, epidemiologists, developers, and representatives for manufactures, including biotech engineers, policy-and decision-makers as well as representatives from regulatory bodies and agencies, donor agencies and international organizations.

Download or read book HIV Screening and Access to Care written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-04-21 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increased HIV screening may help identify more people with the disease, but there may not be enough resources to provide them with the care they need. The Institute of Medicine's Committee on HIV Screening and Access to Care concludes that more practitioners must be trained in HIV/AIDS care and treatment and their hospitals, clinics, and health departments must receive sufficient funding to meet a growing demand for care.

Download or read book Sexually Transmitted Diseases written by National Center for Prevention Services (U.S.). Division of STD/HIV Prevention and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Hidden Epidemic written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-03-28 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States has the dubious distinction of leading the industrialized world in overall rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), with 12 million new cases annually. About 3 million teenagers contract an STD each year, and many will have long-term health problems as a result. Women and adolescents are particularly vulnerable to these diseases and their health consequences. In addition, STDs increase the risk of HIV transmission. The Hidden Epidemic examines the scope of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and provides a critical assessment of the nation's response to this public health crisis. The book identifies the components of an effective national STD prevention and control strategy and provides direction for an appropriate response to the epidemic. Recommendations for improving public awareness and education, reaching women and adolescents, integrating public health programs, training health care professionals, modifying messages from the mass media, and supporting future research are included. The book documents the epidemiological dimensions and the economic and social costs of STDs, describing them as "a secret epidemic" with tremendous consequences. The committee frankly discusses the confusing and often hypocritical nature of how Americans deal with issues regarding sexualityâ€"the conflicting messages conveyed in the mass media, the reluctance to promote condom use, the controversy over sex education for teenagers, and the issue of personal blame. The Hidden Epidemic identifies key elements of effective, culturally appropriate programs to promote healthy behavior by adolescents and adults. It examines the problem of fragmentation in STD services and provides examples of communities that have formed partnerships between stakeholders to develop integrated approaches. The committee's recommendations provide a practical foundation on which to build an integrated national program to help young people and adults develop habits of healthy sexuality. The Hidden Epidemic was written for both health care professionals and people without a medical background and will be indispensable to anyone concerned about preventing and controlling STDs.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book CDC Yellow Book 2018 Health Information for International Travel written by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-17 with total page 672 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE ESSENTIAL WORK IN TRAVEL MEDICINE -- NOW COMPLETELY UPDATED FOR 2018 As unprecedented numbers of travelers cross international borders each day, the need for up-to-date, practical information about the health challenges posed by travel has never been greater. For both international travelers and the health professionals who care for them, the CDC Yellow Book 2018: Health Information for International Travel is the definitive guide to staying safe and healthy anywhere in the world. The fully revised and updated 2018 edition codifies the U.S. government's most current health guidelines and information for international travelers, including pretravel vaccine recommendations, destination-specific health advice, and easy-to-reference maps, tables, and charts. The 2018 Yellow Book also addresses the needs of specific types of travelers, with dedicated sections on: · Precautions for pregnant travelers, immunocompromised travelers, and travelers with disabilities · Special considerations for newly arrived adoptees, immigrants, and refugees · Practical tips for last-minute or resource-limited travelers · Advice for air crews, humanitarian workers, missionaries, and others who provide care and support overseas Authored by a team of the world's most esteemed travel medicine experts, the Yellow Book is an essential resource for travelers -- and the clinicians overseeing their care -- at home and abroad.

Download or read book The diagnostics landscape for sexually transmitted infections written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2023-07-20 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document highlights the diagnostics available now to support scale-up and expanded access to screening to meet the growing testing demands in LMICs. The document is intended to compliment the WHO STI Laboratory Manual. The focus of this landscape is on the technologies (tests, platforms and systems for use in resource-limited settings) commercially available at the time of publication for syphilis, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, mycoplasma, herpes, and HPV. This document does not provide market assessments or pipelines for new technologies but recognizes the need for additional complimentary documents to support decision makers in prioritizing STI testing in LMICs. The target audience for this document is broad but includes mainly national program managers.

Download or read book Diagnostics for Tuberculosis written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2006 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every year there are 8.8 million new active cases and nearly two million deaths worldwide from tuberculosis (about 5,000 every day), mostly in the poorest communities of the developing world. One third of the world's population has latent TB which may later develop into an active form of the disease, and it has also become the leading cause of death among people with HIV. Multidrug-resistance is also a growing problem. A key challenge for the public health community is to be able to effectively diagnose patients so that valuable resources and medicines are not wasted on misdiagnosis and repeat treatments. This report, written by an international network of researchers and policy experts, examines the global market for TB diagnostics available for active disease, latent infection, drug resistance and treatment response. It provides a sound basis for diagnostics development suitable for various levels of health systems in industrialised and developing countries.

Download or read book Canadian Guidelines on Sexually Transmitted Infections written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Practical Guide to Global Point of Care Testing written by Mark Shephard OAM and published by CSIRO PUBLISHING. This book was released on 2016-11-01 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Point-of-care testing (POCT) refers to pathology testing performed in a clinical setting at the time of patient consultation, generating a rapid test result that enables informed and timely clinical action to be taken on patient care. It offers patients greater convenience and access to health services and helps to improve clinical outcomes. POCT also provides innovative solutions for the detection and management of chronic, acute and infectious diseases, in settings including family practices, Indigenous medical services, community health facilities, rural and remote areas and in developing countries, where health-care services are often geographically isolated from the nearest pathology laboratory. A Practical Guide to Global Point-of-Care Testing shows health professionals how to set up and manage POCT services under a quality-assured, sustainable, clinically and culturally effective framework, as well as understand the wide global scope and clinical applications of POCT. The book is divided into three major themes: the management of POCT services, a global perspective on the clinical use of POCT, and POCT for specific clinical settings. Chapters within each theme are written by experts and explore wide-ranging topics such as selecting and evaluating devices, POCT for diabetes, coagulation disorders, HIV, malaria and Ebola, and the use of POCT for disaster management and in extreme environments. Figures are included throughout to illustrate the concepts, principles and practice of POCT. Written for a broad range of practicing health professionals from the fields of medical science, health science, nursing, medicine, paramedic science, Indigenous health, public health, pharmacy, aged care and sports medicine, A Practical Guide to Global Point-of-Care Testing will also benefit university students studying these health-related disciplines.

Download or read book Novel Approaches to Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infections Including HIV and Hepatitis B and C in Europe written by European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Testing strategies are central to the control of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C. Accurate testing enables treatment of those infected and subsequent reduction in infectiousness, reduced clinical consequences, identification as well as treatment of potentially infected partners and opportunities for health promotion and behaviour modification due to awareness of infection. Nonetheless, there is huge variation in the availability of current routine diagnostic tests within Europe. Recent changes in the field of testing for STIs, HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) include the widespread implementation of nucleic acid amplification technologies (NAATs) for chlamydia and gonorrhoea diagnosis and the development of HIV screening tests that are easy to use and give a result almost immediately.^Such technological advances can open up opportunities for more accurate, near-patient testing, provision of rapid results, or noninvasive sampling. Developments in communication technology in recent years have enabled the emergence of ehealth (electronic-health) and m-health (mobile-health) activities. A framework was developed to structure and categorise the advances and novel approaches, consisting of i) test technical principle and biological sample, ii) person-context, and iii) information cascade, together with the crosscutting themes of evaluation, regulation and quality control and quality assurance. A literature search was conducted using broad search criteria for recent publications from European countries, the United States, Canada and Australia. Further information and examples were obtained from grey literature and online searches and input from experts.^^Amplification, molecular techniques and non-amplification techniques such as lateral flow have been applied to test for a wide range of infections. Nucleic Acid Amplification Technologies (NAATs) tests offer accurate diagnosis, while lateral flow and flow-through tests require limited equipment, ease of use and can give results almost immediately. Rapidity together with the accuracy of molecular diagnostics has been made possible with the advent of microfluidic and nano-based NAATs technologies. Tests for chlamydia and gonorrhoea, and HIV viral load are in development. Microfluidic and nano-based technologies use very low reagent volumes which improve efficiency, reduce costs and increase portability. Non-amplification point of care (POC) tests for HIV based on lateral flow and flow-through principles have been extensively evaluated and implemented in service provision.^They enable screening results to be given to participants within 30 minutes and hence delivered at the same visit. However, development of POC devices and particularly any future self-testing devices will be challenged by the need for simple methods to collect the biological sample and apply it to the device, with minimal sample processing by the user to minimise operator error. Expanding testing for STIs, HIV, HBV and HCV to healthcare settings outside specialist health care services and community services can be used to expand access to testing and to target key populations. HIV and chlamydia testing are leading the way in moving testing to these types of venue. A systematic review reported that HIV testing in community settings can be successful in diagnosing previously undiagnosed HIV infections in many most at-risk populations, and is acceptable to both the target group and staff undertaking the tests.^^The use of the internet for recruiting young people or other target groups to test for STIs is considered to be the most innovative method of offering home-testing, offering convenience and privacy through postal receipt of kits while not limiting the target population by geographical location or the necessity of being registered with a healthcare organisation, school or other list. It is now common practice in many settings to disseminate results by SMS message, considerably reducing staff time for giving out results and managing clinic workload. An effective component of STI control strategies is partner notification and treatment: and there are a number of examples of internet tools which have been developed with the aim of helping both provider-led and patient-led partner notification. Evaluations of new diagnostics and new approaches to testing are required to ensure effective and cost-effective use and implementation of novel technologies and approaches.^Diagnostic devices are regulated at the EU-level under the Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical devices, and the Commission Decision of 3 February 2009 amending Decision 2002/364/EC on common technical specifications for IVD medical devices. Although there are minimum performance standards for devices to detect HIV, HBV and HCV, these do not exist for other infections. Self-testing and POC IVD devices also fall under the scope of the European Directive and are additionally required to perform appropriately, given the skills and means available to the intended users, and the variation that can reasonably be anticipated in their technique and environment. The regulation of health-related mobile phone apps and websites is currently being debated in both Europe and the US. There is country specific legislation regulating the availability of POC diagnostic devices directly to the public.^Quality control of the production of commercially available diagnostic tests is regulated by CE-marking. Quality assurance and quality control of testing facilities however are not regulated at the European level. European countries may have their own accreditation scheme. New testing technologies combined with modern information and communication systems will enable the development of novel testing pathways. These novel approaches have the potential to improve access to, and hence uptake of, testing among individuals and population groups at risk as well as increase the proportion of infected individuals treated earlier in infection. These novel approaches will have clinical impact by improving the prognosis for those with infections as well as public health impact by reducing onward transmission and thus incidence and prevalence of infection.^^Research priorities for novel technologies for HIV, HBV, HCV and STI testing include: developing models, or frameworks, for strategic, evidence based decision making on adoption of novel approaches to testing; technology adoption type reviews of novel technologies and approaches; operational research on the implementation of testing programmes; and continued development and improvement of the technical aspects of testing devices.

Download or read book A Rational Approach to Clinical Infectious Diseases written by Zelalem Temesgen and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2020-12-15 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written specifically for non-infectious disease specialists in both inpatient and outpatient settings, A Rational Approach to Clinical Infectious Diseases provides concise, practical guidance that mimics the decision-making process and reasoning employed by an ID physician. Using clear, understandable language, Dr. Zelalem Temesgen and his esteemed colleagues at the Mayo Clinic present the art and the context of infectious diseases together with the science, helping non-specialists apply a rational approach to the diagnosis and treatment of infectious conditions. Clearly explains the rationale of opting for one particular treatment or length of course over another in order to arrange appropriate management and follow-up. Provides focused ID decision support to questions such as: What diagnostic test should I order? What is the correct antibiotic for this patient/geographical region? Are IV or oral antibiotics most appropriate? How long should the antibiotic course be and when should it be de-escalated? What special considerations should be taken in immunocompromised patients? How often should complex infections be followed up? Uses a succinct, easy-to-read writing style, following a consistent format: Important characteristics/epidemiology; Clinical related data; Rash characteristics; Ancillary diagnostic studies; Treatment; and Other. Provides visual and quick-reference support with dozens of figures and tables throughout the text. Contains invaluable guidance to help non-specialists provide the best care for patients, stem antibiotic misuse and resistance, avoid adverse drug events, and avoid unnecessary costs.

Download or read book CURRENT Diagnosis Treatment in Family Medicine Second Edition written by Jeannette E. South-Paul and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2007-04-22 with total page 745 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most convenient, authoritative overview of family medicine and primary care -- completely updated and expanded! A Doody's Core Title ESSENTIAL PURCHASE! Praise for an earlier edition--"This portable, 700 page paperback is an excellent reference for practitioners caring for patients in ongoing settings. Information is complete, yet readily accessible. Information is prioritized well, making it easy to locate information rapidly. It will be a cost-effective addition to the shelves of thousands of hardworking family doctors. 5 STARS!"--Doody's Review Service Great for USMLE Step 3 review, board certification, and maintenance or recertification Concise, evidence-based coverage of the diseases and syndromes most commonly seen in clinical practice Organized according to the developmental lifespan, beginning with childhood and adolescence, focusing on the reproductive years, and progressing through adulthood and senior years -- includes end-of-life issues Complementary and alternative treatments included where appropriate Recommendations for both immediate and ongoing management strategies Numerous algorithms, charts, and tables encapsulate important information Conservative and pharmacologic therapies Patient education information Sections on Therapeutics, Genetics, and Prevention; Psychosocial Disorders; and Physician-Patient Issues NEW chapter patient-centered medicine