Download or read book The Path Not Taken written by Jeff Horn and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-08-29 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In The Path Not Taken, Jeff Horn argues that—contrary to standard, Anglocentric accounts—French industrialization was not a failed imitation of the laissez-faire British model but the product of a distinctive industrial policy that led, over the long term, to prosperity comparable to Britain's. Despite the upheavals of the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars, France developed and maintained its own industrial strengths. France was then able to take full advantage of the new technologies and industries that emerged in the "second industrial revolution," and by the end of the nineteenth century some of France's industries were outperforming Britain's handily. The Path Not Taken shows that the foundations of this success were laid during the first industrial revolution. Horn posits that the French state's early attempt to emulate Britain's style of industrial development foundered because of revolutionary politics. The "threat from below" made it impossible for the state or entrepreneurs to control and exploit laborers in the British manner. The French used different means to manage labor unruliness and encourage innovation and entrepreneurialism. Technology is at the heart of Horn's analysis, and he shows that France, unlike England, often preferred still-profitable older methods of production in order to maintain employment and forestall revolution. Horn examines the institutional framework established by Napoleon's most important Minister of the Interior, Jean-Antoine Chaptal. He focuses on textiles, chemicals, and steel, looks at how these new institutions created a new industrial environment. Horn's illuminating comparison of French and British industrialization should stir debate among historians, economists, and political scientists.

Download or read book Orestes written by Voltaire and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-08-02 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Orestes was produced in 1750, an experiment which intensely interested the literary world and the public. In his Dedicatory Letters to the Duchess of Maine, Voltaire has the following passage on the Greek drama: "We should not, I acknowledge, endeavor to imitate what is weak and defective in the ancients: it is most probable that their faults were well known to their contemporaries. I am satisfied, Madam, that the wits of Athens condemned, as well as you, some of those repetitions, and some declamations with which Sophocles has loaded his Electra: they must have observed that he had not dived deep enough into the human heart. I will moreover fairly confess, that there are beauties peculiar not only to the Greek language, but to the climate, to manners and times, which it would be ridiculous to transplant hither. Therefore I have not copied exactly the Electra of Sophocles-much more I knew would be necessary; but I have taken, as well as I could, all the spirit and substance of it."

Download or read book Nationalizing Science written by Alan J. Rocke and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2000-11-08 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After looking at the early careers of Wurtz's two mentors, Liebig and Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Rocke describes Wurtz's life and career in the politically complex period leading up to 1853. He then discusses the turning point in Wurtz's intellectual life—his conversion to the "reformed chemistry" of Laurent, Gerhardt, and Williamson—and his efforts to persuade his colleagues of the advantages of the new system. In 1869, Adolphe Wurtz (1817-1884) called chemistry "a French science." In fact, however, Wurtz was the most internationalist of French chemists. Born in Strasbourg and educated partly in the laboratory of the great Justus Liebig, he spent his career in Paris, where he devoted himself to introducing German ideas into French scientific circles. His life therefore provides an excellent vehicle for considering the divergent trajectories of French and German chemistry—and, by extension, French and German science—during this crucial period. After looking at the early careers of Wurtz's two mentors, Liebig and Jean-Baptiste Dumas, Rocke describes Wurtz's life and career in the politically complex period leading up to 1853. He then discusses the turning point in Wurtz's intellectual life—his conversion to the "reformed chemistry" of Laurent, Gerhardt, and Williamson—and his efforts (social and political, as well as scientific) to persuade his colleagues of the advantages of the new system. He looks at political patronage, or the lack thereof, and at the insufficient material support from the French government, during the middle decades of the century. From there Rocke goes on to examine the rivalry between Wurtz and Marcellin Berthelot, the debate over atoms versus equivalents, and the reasons for Wurtz's failure to win acceptance for his ideas. The story offers insights into the changing status of science in this period, and helps to explain the eventual course of both French and German chemistry.

Download or read book Dictionnaire Napoleon written by Jean F. Tulard and published by . This book was released on 1989-01-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Journal of My Life written by Jacques-Louis Ménétra and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1986 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jaques-Louis Menetra's journal reads like a historian's dream come true. It conveys his understanding of what it meant to grow up in Paris, where he was born in 1738; to tramp around provincial shops on a journeyman's tour de France; to settle down as a Parisian master with a shop and family of his own; and to live through the great events of the Revolution as a militant in his local Section.

Download or read book Great Historical Geographical and Poetical Dictionary written by Louis Moreri and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2004-11 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Women and Politics in the Age of the Democratic Revolution written by Harriet Branson Applewhite and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 1990 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparative historical investigations of gender and political culture in 18th- and 19th-century revolutionary movements

Download or read book Historia written by Gianna Pomata and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2005 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays examine how the genre of historia reflects connections between the study of nature and the study of culture in early modern scholarly pursuits. The early modern genre of historia connected the study of nature and the study of culture from the early Renaissance to the eighteenth century. The ubiquity of historia as a descriptive method across a variety of disciplines--including natural history, medicine, antiquarianism, and philology--indicates how closely intertwined these scholarly pursuits were in the early modern period. The essays collected in this volume demonstrate that historia can be considered a key epistemic tool of early modern intellectual practices. Focusing on the actual use of historia across disciplines, the essays highlight a distinctive feature of early modern descriptive sciences: the coupling of observational skills with philological learning, empiricism with erudition. Thus the essays bring to light previously unexamined links between the culture of humanism and the scientific revolution. The contributors, from a range of disciplines that echoes the broad scope of early modern historia, examine such topics as the development of a new interest in historical method from the Renaissance artes historicae to the eighteenth-century tension between "history" and "system"; shifts in Aristotelian thought paving the way for revaluation of historia as descriptive knowledge; the rise of the new discipline of natural history; the uses of historia in anatomical and medical investigation and the writing of history by physicians; parallels between the practices of collecting and presenting information in both natural history and antiquarianism; and significant examples of the ease with which early seventeenth-century antiquarian scholars moved from studies of nature to studies of culture.

Download or read book Gendering European History 1780 1920 written by Barbara Caine and published by A&C Black. This book was released on 2002-07-16 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gendering European History covers the period from the French Revolution to the end of the First World War. Organised both chronologically and thematically, its central theme is the issue of gender and citizenship. The book encompasses the late eighteenth-century revolutionary period, nineteenth-century developments concerning work, urban and domestic life, national politics, gender in the fin de siecle and imperialism, and concludes with the gender crisis of the First World War. Caine and Sluga explore the question of sexual difference in relation to class, ethnicity and race, and the development of key historical debates about identity, work, home, politics, and citizenship in specific national contexts and across Europe. At the same time, they provide readers new to European history with general information about the social and political contexts in which those debates arose. Intended both as an introductory work for tertiary students and one that offers new interpretations for scholars in the field, this study is a synthethis, bringing together the extensive but often fragmented existing literature on gender in European history. It also raises new questions and introduces new sources, particularly in relation to the history of gender and nation-building. The result is a challenging view of the contours of European history in the period from the Enlightenment to the 1920's. Barbara Caine is Professor of History, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. Glenda Sluga is Senior Lecturer in History and Director of European Studies, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Download or read book Visualizing the Nation written by Joan B. Landes and published by Cornell University Press. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Popular images of women were everywhere in revolutionary France. Although women's political participation was curtailed, female allegories of liberty, justice, and the republic played a crucial role in the passage from old regime to modern society. In her lavishly illustrated and gracefully written book, Joan B. Landes explores this paradox within the workings of revolutionary visual culture and traces the interaction between pictorial and textual political arguments. Landes highlights the widespread circulation of images of the female body, notwithstanding the political leadership's suspicions of the dangers of feminine influence and the seductions of visual imagery. The use of caricatures and allegories contributed to the destruction of the masculinized images of hierarchic absolutism and to forging new roles for men and women in both the intimate and public arenas. Landes tells the fascinating story of how the depiction of the nation as a desirable female body worked to eroticize patriotism and to bind male subjects to the nation-state. Despite their political subordination, women too were invited to identify with the project of nationalism. Recent views of the French Revolution have emphasized linguistic concerns; in contrast, Landes stresses the role of visual cognition in fashioning ideas of nationalism and citizenship. Her book demonstrates as well that the image is often a site of contestation, as individual viewers may respond to it in unexpected, even subversive, ways.

Download or read book Picturing Machines 1400 1700 written by Wolfgang Lefevre and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004-07-16 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How technical drawings shaped early engineering practice. Technical drawings by the architects and engineers of the Renaissance made use of a range of new methods of graphic representation. These drawings—among them Leonardo da Vinci's famous drawings of mechanical devices—have long been studied for their aesthetic qualities and technological ingenuity, but their significance for the architects and engineers themselves is seldom considered. The essays in Picturing Machines 1400–1700 take this alternate perspective and look at how drawing shaped the practice of early modern engineering. They do so through detailed investigations of specific images, looking at over 100 that range from sketches to perspective views to thoroughly constructed projections. In early modern engineering practice, drawings were not merely visualizations of ideas but acted as models that shaped ideas. Picturing Machines establishes basic categories for the origins, purposes, functions, and contexts of early modern engineering illustrations, then treats a series of topics that not only focus on the way drawings became an indispensable means of engineering but also reflect the main stages in their historical development. The authors examine the social interaction conveyed by early machine images and their function as communication between practitioners; the knowledge either conveyed or presupposed by technical drawings, as seen in those of Giorgio Martini and Leonardo; drawings that required familiarity with geometry or geometric optics, including the development of architectural plans; and technical illustrations that bridged the gap between practical and theoretical mechanics.

Download or read book Women and the Limits of Citizenship in the French Revolution written by Olwen Hufton and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 1999-04-14 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The French masses overwhelmingly supported the Revolution in 1789. Economic hardship, hunger, and debt combined to put them solidly behind the leaders. But between the people's expectations and the politicians' interpretation of what was needed to construct a new state lay a vast chasm. Olwen H. Hufton explores the responses of two groups of working women – those in rural areas and those in Paris – to the revolution's aftermath. Women were denied citizenship in the new state, but they were not apolitical. In Paris, collective female activity promoted a controlled economy as women struggled to secure an adequate supply of bread at a reasonable price. Rural women engaged in collective confrontation to undermine government religious policy which was destroying the networks of traditional Catholic charity. Hufton examines the motivations of these two groups, the strategies they used to advance their respective causes, and the bitter misogyinistic legacy of the republican tradition which persisted into the twentieth century.

Download or read book The Body and the French Revolution written by Dorinda Outram and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-02-06 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, first published in 1989, is an analysis of what changed in 1789 with the French Revolution and what contemporary life owes to the event. It was not simply a series of events with worldwide repercussions, but also represented the foundation of the middle-class domination of social, cultural and political space, which survives today and is the site of major crises of public culture. One such site is the body. In spite of its prominence in consumer culture as an object of adornment and beautification, the human body retains none of its historic dignity and authority. The argument of this book is that the French Revolution played a crucial part in this diminution of the body. It traces revolutionary models of behaviour around the body and public life, and explains how such myths as the division between public and private, male and female worlds, and such masculine values as ‘objectivity’ were an integral part of the new public world created by the revolutionary middle class.

Download or read book Conserving the Enlightenment written by Jānis Langins and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2004 with total page 562 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of French military engineers at a crucial point in the evolution of modern engineering.

Download or read book Secrets of Nature written by William R. Newman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A fresh look at the role of astrology and alchemy in Renaissance thinking and everyday life.

Download or read book Affinity That Elusive Dream written by Mi Gyung Kim and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2008-01-25 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the eighteenth century, chemistry was transformed from an art to a public science. Chemical affinity played an important role in this process as a metaphor, a theory domain, and a subject of investigation. Goethe's Elective Affinities, which was based on the current understanding of chemical affinities, attests to chemistry's presence in the public imagination. In Affinity, That Elusive Dream, Mi Gyung Kim restores chemical affinity to its proper place in historiography and in Enlightenment public culture. The Chemical Revolution is usually associated with Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, who introduced a modern nomenclature and a definitive text. Kim argues that chemical affinity was erased from historical memory by Lavoisier's omission of it from his textbook. She examines the work of many less famous French chemists (including physicians, apothecaries, metallurgists, philosophical chemists, and industrial chemists) to explore the institutional context of chemical instruction and research, the social stratification that shaped theoretical discourse, and the crucial shifts in analytic methods. Apothecaries and metallurgists, she shows, shaped the main theory domains through their innovative approach to analysis. Academicians and philosophical chemists brought about two transformative theoretical moments through their efforts to create a rational discourse of chemistry in tune with the reigning natural philosophy. The topics discussed include the corpuscular (Cartesian) model in French chemistry in the early 1700s, the stabilization of the theory domains of composition and affinity, the reconstruction of French theoretical discourse in the middle of the eighteenth century, the Newtonian languages that plagued the domain of affinity just before the Chemical Revolution, Guyton de Morveau's program of affinity chemistry, Lavoisier's reconstruction of the theory domains of chemistry, and Berthollet's path as an affinity chemist.

Download or read book The Body Politic written by Antoine de Baecque and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on some 2,000 sources, this is a remarkable history of the French Revolution told through the study of images of the body as they appeared in the popular literature of the time.